Pinus mugo: Difference between revisions

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{{Other uses|Mountain pine (disambiguation)}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = LR/lcLC
| status_system = IUCN2IUCN3.31
|status_ref=<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Farjon, A.|year=2017|title=''Pinus mugo''|page=e.T42385A95729675|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42385A95729675.en|access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>
| image = Pinus mugo cone 01.jpg
| genus = Pinus
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| range_map = Pinus mugo range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution map:
:{{ColorboxColor box|#FFA77F}} ''Pinus mugo'' subsp. ''uncinata'' (syn. ''Pinus uncinata'').<br/>
:{{ColorboxColor box|#70A800}} ''Pinus mugo'' subsp. ''mugo'' and ''Pinus mugo'' subsp. ''rotundata''.<br/>
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies, cultivars, and forms
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="BioLib">{{Cite web
| title = Pinus mugo (Mountain Pine)
| work = BioLib
| publisher = BioLib
| date = 1999–2010
| url = https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2322/
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| subdivision = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|''P. mugo'' subsp. ''mugo'' <small>[[Antonio Turra|Turra]]</small> - Dwarf mountain pine
|''P. mugo'' subsp. ''rotundarotundata'' <small>[[Erwin Emil Alfred Janchen|Janch.]] & [[Hans Neumayer|H. Neumayer]]</small>
|''P. mugo'' subsp. ''uncinata'' <small>([[Louis Ramond de Carbonnières|Ramond]]) [[Karel Domin|Domin]]</small> - Mountain pine
|''P. mugo'' nothosubsp. ''rotundata'' <small>[[Erwin Emil Alfred Janchen|Janch.]] & [[Hans Neumayer|H. Neumayer]]</small>
|''P. mugo'' f. ''mughoides'' <small>([[Heinrich Moritz Willkomm|Willk.]]) [[Knud Ib Christensen|K.I.Chr.]]</small>
|''P. mugo'' ''Compacta''
|''P. mugo'' ''Frisia''
|''P. mugo'' ''Gnom''
|''P. mugo'' ''Hesse''
|''P. mugo'' ''Kobold''
|''P. mugo'' ''Kokarde''
|''P. mugo'' ''Mops''
|''P. mugo'' ''Pumilio''
|''P. mugo'' ''Slavinii''
|''P. mugo'' ''Variegata''
|''P. mugo'' ''Virgata''
}}
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}}}}
 
'''''Pinus mugo''''', known as '''dwarf mountain pine''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> '''mountain pine''', '''scrub mountain pine''', '''Swiss mountain pine''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> '''bog pine''', '''creeping pine''',<ref>{{cite book|author=Andersson, F.|year=2005|title=Coniferous Forests|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780444816276|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YoO8xKYSJAC&q=%22creeping+pine%22+pinus+mugo&pg=PA613}}</ref> '''dwarf mountain pine''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref>or '''mugo pine''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=PIMU80|taxon=Pinus mugo|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> '''mountain pine''', '''scrub mountain pine''', or '''Swiss mountain pine''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[pinophyta|conifer]], [[native plant|native]] to high elevation [[habitat]]s from southwestern to [[Central Europe]] and [[Southeast Europe]].
 
== Description ==
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== Taxonomy ==
There are three [[subspecies]]:<ref>Christensen, K.I. (1987). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175221/http://www.botanic-garden.ku.dk/kic/NJB07_383-408_Pin-mugo.pdf Taxonomic revision of the ''Pinus mugo'' complex and ''P.'' × ''rhaetica'' (''P. mugo'' × ''sylvestris'') (Pinaceae)]. ''Nordic Journal of Botany''. 7: 383–408.</ref>
There are three [[subspecies]]:
* '''''Pinus mugo'' subsp. ''mugo''''' — in the east and south of the range (southern & eastern [[Alps]], [[Balkan Peninsula]]), a low, shrubby, often multi-stemmed plant to {{convert|3|-|6|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} tall with mattematt-textured symmetrical [[conifer cone|cones]], which are thin-scaled.
* '''''Pinus mugo'' subsp. ''uncinata''''' — in the west and north of the range (from the Pyrenees northeast to Poland), a larger, usually single-stemmed tree to {{convert|20|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall with glossy-textured asymmetrical cones, the scales of which are much thicker on the upper side.<br/p>Some [[botanist]]s treat the western subspecies as a separate species, '''''Pinus uncinata''''', others as only a variety, ''P.&nbsp;mugo'' var. ''rostrata''. This subspecies in the Pyrenees marks the alpine [[tree line]] or timberline, the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing.</p>
* '''''Pinus mugo'' subsp. ''rotundata''''' — hybrid subspecies, of the two subspecies above that intergrade extensively in the western Alps and northern Carpathians.
 
An old name for the species, ''{{lang|la|Pinus montana}}'', is still occasionally seen, and a typographical error "''mugho''" (first made in a prominent 18th-century encyclopedia) is still often repeated.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
 
== Distribution ==
''Pinus mugo'' is native to the subalpine zones of the [[Pyrenees]], Alps, [[ErzgebirgeOre Mountains]], [[Carpathians]], northern and central [[Apennines]], and higher [[Balkan Peninsula]] mountains{{Snd}}[[Rila]], [[Pirin]], [[Korab]], [[Accursed Mountains]], etc. It is usually found from {{convert|1000|-|2200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, occasionally as low as {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the north of the range in Germany and Poland, and as high as {{convert|2700|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the south of the range in Bulgaria and the Pyrenees. Also in Kosovo it is found in the [[Bjeshkët e Nemuna]] National Park.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
 
In Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic region, ''P.&nbsp;mugo'' was introduced in the late 1700s and the 1800s, when it was planted in coastal regions for [[sand dune stabilization]], and later as ornamental plants around residences. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the species has naturalised and become [[invasive species|invasive]], displacing fragile dune and dune heath habitats. In Estonia and Lithuania ''P.&nbsp;mugo'' only occasionally naturalises outside plantations, sometimes establishing in raised bogs.<ref>{{cite web |author=Henrik Jørgensen |date=25 October 2010 |title=NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Pinus mugo |url=https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/p/pinus-mugo/pinus_mugo.pdf |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=[[NOBANIS]] - Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species}}</ref>
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== Cultivation ==
''Pinus mugo'' is widely cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]], for use as a small tree or shrub, planted in gardens and in larger pots and planters. It is also used in [[Japanese garden]] style landscapes, and for larger [[bonsai]] specimens. In Kosovo, its trunk is used as construction material for the vernacular architecture in the mountains called "Bosonica".{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
 
=== Cultivars ===
Numerous [[cultivars]] have been selected. The following have been given the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s's [[Award of Garden Merit]]:<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2017 |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |access-date=2 May 2018 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |page=78}}</ref>
 
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*’Humpy’ 'Humpy'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/69227/i-Pinus-mugo-i-Humpy/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Pinus mugo'' 'Humpy' | access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>
* 'Kissen'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/48246/Pinus-mugo-Kissen/Details | title = ''Pinus mugo'' 'Kissen' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
*’Mops’ 'Mops'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89481/i-Pinus-mugo-i-Mops/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Pinus mugo'' 'Mops' | access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>
*’Ophir’ 'Ophir'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/94086/i-Pinus-mugo-i-Ophir/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Pinus mugo'' 'Ophir' | access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}
 
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== Uses ==
AThe recentmugo trendpine is the increaseused in usecooking. ofThe thecones mugocan be made into a syrup called "pinecone syrup",<ref name="Piccolo">{{Cite web |title=Piccolo Restaurant - Minneapolis: Menu |url=http://www.piccolompls.com/menu.html |access-date=15 July 2010}}</ref> "pine incone cookingsyrup",<ref name="Colicchio">{{Cite web |last=Colicchio |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Colicchio |date=3 March 2009 |title=Tom Tuesday Dinner March 3, 2009 |url=http://www.tomtuesdaydinner.com/img/menu-03-03-2009.png |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071648/http://www.tomtuesdaydinner.com/img/menu-03-03-2009.png |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=15 July 2010 |work=Tom Tuesday Dinner |format=PNG}}</ref> or mugolio. [[Bud]]s and young cones are harvested from the wild in the spring and left to dry in the sun over the summer and into the fallautumn. The cones and buds gradually drip syrup, which is then boiled down to a concentrate and combined with sugar to make pine syrup.<ref name="Zing">{{Cite web
| title = Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup
| work = Zingerman's Mail Order
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091029035224/http://www.cubemarketplace.com/p-923-wild-mugolio-pine-syrup.aspx
| archive-date = 29 October 2009
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
The syrup is usually sold as "pinecone syrup"<ref name="Piccolo">{{Cite web
| title = Piccolo Restaurant - Minneapolis: Menu
| url = http://www.piccolompls.com/menu.html
| access-date = 15 July 2010}}</ref>
or "pine cone syrup".<ref name="Colicchio">{{Cite web
| last = Colicchio
| first = Tom
| author-link = Tom Colicchio
| title = Tom Tuesday Dinner March 3, 2009
| work = Tom Tuesday Dinner
| date = 3 March 2009
| url = http://www.tomtuesdaydinner.com/img/menu-03-03-2009.png
| format = PNG
| access-date = 15 July 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071648/http://www.tomtuesdaydinner.com/img/menu-03-03-2009.png
| archive-date = 17 July 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
Alternatively, the pinecones can be [[Maceration (food)|macerated]] in sugar, [[Fermentation|fermented]], and strained.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergo |first=Alan |date=2020-10-23 |title=Mugolio: Pine Cone Syrup |url=https://foragerchef.com/mugolio-pine-cone-syrup/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Forager {{!}} Chef |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
==Gallery==
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== See also ==
 
* [[Pinus × rhaetica|''Pinus'' × ''rhaetica'']]
 
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== Sources ==
* Christensen, K.I. (1987). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175221/http://www.botanic-garden.ku.dk/kic/NJB07_383-408_Pin-mugo.pdf Taxonomic revision of the ''Pinus mugo'' complex and ''P.'' × ''rhaetica'' (''P. mugo'' × ''sylvestris'') (Pinaceae)]. ''Nordic J. Bot''. 7: 383-408383–408.
 
==External links==
{{Commons category|Pinus mugo}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/mugo.htm Gymnosperm Database - ''Pinus mugo'']
* [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/PNPinus.htm Arboretum de Villadebelle - photos of cones (scroll down page)]
* [http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-mugo/ ''Pinus mugo''] and [http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-uncinata/ ''Pinus uncinata''] - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)
* {{PFAF|Pinus mugo}}
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q147475}}
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[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of the Alps]]
[[Category:Flora of the Carpathians]]
[[Category:Flora of the Pyrenees]]
[[Category:Flora of Austria]]