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{{Other uses|Mountain pine (disambiguation)}}
{{Speciesbox
| status =
| status_system =
|status_ref=<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Farjon, A.|year=2017|title=''Pinus mugo''|page=e.T42385A95729675|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42385A95729675.en|access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>
| image = Pinus mugo cone 01.jpg
| genus = Pinus
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| range_map = Pinus mugo range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution map:
:{{
:{{
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies, cultivars, and forms
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="BioLib">{{Cite web
| title = Pinus mugo (Mountain Pine)
| work = BioLib
| date = 1999–2010
| url = https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2322/
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| subdivision = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|''P. mugo'' subsp. ''mugo'' <small>[[Antonio Turra|Turra]]</small> - Dwarf mountain pine
|''P. mugo'' subsp. ''
|''P. mugo'' subsp. ''uncinata'' <small>([[Louis Ramond de Carbonnières|Ramond]]) [[Karel Domin|Domin]]</small> - Mountain pine
|''P. mugo'' nothosubsp. ''rotundata'' <small>[[Erwin Emil Alfred Janchen|Janch.]] & [[Hans Neumayer|H. Neumayer]]</small>
|''P. mugo'' f. ''mughoides'' <small>([[Heinrich Moritz Willkomm|Willk.]]) [[Knud Ib Christensen|K.I.Chr.]]</small>
|''P. mugo'' ''Compacta''
|''P. mugo'' ''Frisia''
|''P. mugo'' ''Gnom''
|''P. mugo'' ''Hesse''
|''P. mugo'' ''Kobold''
|''P. mugo'' ''Kokarde''
|''P. mugo'' ''Mops''
|''P. mugo'' ''Pumilio''
|''P. mugo'' ''Slavinii''
|''P. mugo'' ''Variegata''
|''P. mugo'' ''Virgata''
}}
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}}}}
'''''Pinus mugo''''', known as '''dwarf mountain pine''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> '''mountain pine''', '''scrub mountain pine''', '''Swiss mountain pine''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> '''bog pine''', '''creeping pine''',<ref>{{cite book|author=Andersson, F.|year=2005|title=Coniferous Forests|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780444816276|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YoO8xKYSJAC&q=%22creeping+pine%22+pinus+mugo&pg=PA613}}</ref>
== Description ==
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== Taxonomy ==
There are three [[subspecies]]:<ref>Christensen, K.I. (1987). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175221/http://www.botanic-garden.ku.dk/kic/NJB07_383-408_Pin-mugo.pdf Taxonomic revision of the ''Pinus mugo'' complex and ''P.'' × ''rhaetica'' (''P. mugo'' × ''sylvestris'') (Pinaceae)]. ''Nordic Journal of Botany''. 7: 383–408.</ref>
* '''''Pinus mugo'' subsp. ''mugo''''' — in the east and south of the range (southern & eastern [[Alps]], [[Balkan Peninsula]]), a low, shrubby, often multi-stemmed plant to {{convert|3|-|6|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} tall with
* '''''Pinus mugo'' subsp. ''uncinata''''' — in the west and north of the range (from the Pyrenees northeast to Poland), a larger, usually single-stemmed tree to {{convert|20|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall with glossy-textured asymmetrical cones, the scales of which are much thicker on the upper side.<
* '''''Pinus mugo'' subsp. ''rotundata''''' — hybrid subspecies, of the two subspecies above that intergrade extensively in the western Alps and northern Carpathians.
An old name for the species, ''{{lang|la|Pinus montana}}'', is still occasionally seen, and a typographical error "''mugho''" (first made in a prominent 18th-century encyclopedia) is still often repeated.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
== Distribution ==
''Pinus mugo'' is native to the subalpine zones of the [[Pyrenees]], Alps, [[
In Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic region, ''P. mugo'' was introduced in the late 1700s and the 1800s, when it was planted in coastal regions for [[sand dune stabilization]], and later as ornamental plants around residences. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the species has naturalised and become [[invasive species|invasive]], displacing fragile dune and dune heath habitats. In Estonia and Lithuania ''P. mugo'' only occasionally naturalises outside plantations, sometimes establishing in raised bogs.<ref>{{cite web |author=Henrik Jørgensen |date=25 October 2010 |title=NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Pinus mugo |url=https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/p/pinus-mugo/pinus_mugo.pdf |access-date=4 September 2020 |publisher=[[NOBANIS]] - Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species}}</ref>
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== Cultivation ==
''Pinus mugo'' is widely cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]], for use as a small tree or shrub, planted in gardens and in larger pots and planters. It is also used in [[Japanese garden]] style landscapes, and for larger [[bonsai]] specimens. In Kosovo, its trunk is used as construction material for the vernacular architecture in the mountains called "Bosonica".{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
=== Cultivars ===
Numerous [[cultivars]] have been selected. The following have been given the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Pinus mugo'' 'Humpy' | access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>
* 'Kissen'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/48246/Pinus-mugo-Kissen/Details | title = ''Pinus mugo'' 'Kissen' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
*
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Pinus mugo'' 'Mops' | access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>
*
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Pinus mugo'' 'Ophir' | access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}
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== Uses ==
| title = Wild Mugolio Pine Syrup
| work = Zingerman's Mail Order
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091029035224/http://www.cubemarketplace.com/p-923-wild-mugolio-pine-syrup.aspx
| archive-date = 29 October 2009
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
Alternatively, the pinecones can be [[Maceration (food)|macerated]] in sugar, [[Fermentation|fermented]], and strained.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergo |first=Alan |date=2020-10-23 |title=Mugolio: Pine Cone Syrup |url=https://foragerchef.com/mugolio-pine-cone-syrup/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Forager {{!}} Chef |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Gallery==
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== See also ==
* [[Pinus × rhaetica|''Pinus'' × ''rhaetica'']]
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== Sources ==
* Christensen, K.I. (1987). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175221/http://www.botanic-garden.ku.dk/kic/NJB07_383-408_Pin-mugo.pdf Taxonomic revision of the ''Pinus mugo'' complex and ''P.'' × ''rhaetica'' (''P. mugo'' × ''sylvestris'') (Pinaceae)]. ''Nordic J. Bot''. 7:
==External links==
{{Commons category|Pinus mugo}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/mugo.htm Gymnosperm Database - ''Pinus mugo'']
* [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/PNPinus.htm Arboretum de Villadebelle - photos of cones (scroll down page)]
* [http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-mugo/ ''Pinus mugo''] and [http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-uncinata/ ''Pinus uncinata''] - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)
* {{PFAF|Pinus mugo}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q147475}}
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[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of the Alps]]
[[Category:Flora of the Carpathians]]
[[Category:Flora of the Pyrenees]]
[[Category:Flora of Austria]]
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