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{{Other uses}}
{{distinguish|Taliban}}
▲{{short description|Character in The Tempest}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}{{Infobox character
| series = [[The Tempest]]
| creator = [[William Shakespeare]]
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There is a long history of enthusiastic speculation on the name's origin or derivation.
One of the most prominent suggestions concerns Caliban being an [[anagram]] of the Spanish word {{Lang|es|caníbal}} ([[Island Caribs|Carib people]]), the source of ''[[Human cannibalism|cannibal]]'' in English. The character may be seen as a satire on "Noble cannibal" from Montaigne's [[Essays (Montaigne)|''Essays'']] (A.30, "Of Cannibals").<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UF__a9tmGwC|title=A History of English Dramatic Literature|first=Adolphus William|last=Ward|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788171566860}}</ref>
Also popular has been comparison to {{Lang|rom|kaliban}} or {{Lang|rom|cauliban}} in the [[Romani language]], which mean black or with blackness.<ref name="Kluyber">[https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea017475mbp "Caliban appears to be derived from the Gipsy cauliban, 'blackness'", in: K. E. Chambers, ''William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems'', vol. 1. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1930, p. 494.]</ref><ref>Albert Kluyber, "Kalis and Calibon", in A. E. H. Swain (transl.), ''Englich studien'' XXI (1895): 326–28.</ref><ref>John Holland, ''A Hystorical Survey of the Gypsies'', London (printed for the author) 1816, p. 148.</ref><ref>For the Romani word, see B.C. Smart and H. T. Crofton (eds.), The Dialect of the English Gypsies, 2nd ed., London 1875, p. 92.</ref>
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== Notable stage portrayals ==
[[File:Alexandrov Caliban.jpg|thumb|{{ill|Fyodor Paramonov|ru|Парамонов, Фёдор Андреевич}} as Caliban in ''[[The Tempest]]'', [[Maly Theatre (Moscow)|Maly Theatre]], 1905]]
* 1960 – [[Patrick Wymark]] in the Marlowe Dramatic Society And Professional Players unabridged recording ([[Argo Records (UK)|Argo Records]],
*1963 – [[Roy Dotrice]] in the [[Royal Shakespeare Company|RSC]] production
*1964 – [[Hugh Griffith]] in the Shakespeare Recording Society unabridged recording ([[Caedmon Audio|Caedmon Records]], SRS 201)
*1968 – Peter Brooks and the RSC expressed the character of Caliban through violence and homosexuality, dubbed as Brooks' "experiment".{{
*1974 – [[Patrick Stewart]] in the [[BBC Radio 3]] production
*1978 – [[David Suchet]] in the RSC production directed by [[Clifford Williams (actor)|Clifford Williams]]
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=== Books ===
* 1878 – [[Ernest Renan]], ''Caliban, suite de "La Tempête", Drame philosophique,'' (Paris: Calmann Lévy).<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Calmann Lévy |date=1878 |location=Paris |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k885863m/f9.item |title=Caliban, suite de "La Tempête", Drame philosophique |last=Renan |first=Ernest |language=fr }}</ref>
* 1891 – The preface of ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'' by [[Oscar Wilde]] includes two sentences referring to Caliban: "The nineteenth century dislike of [[Literary realism|
* 1994 – ''Caliban's Hour'' by [[Tad Williams]] features Caliban, presented as a more noble character than the original.
* 2003 – [[Dan Simmons]] publishes the first book of his ''[[Ilium/Olympos]]'' duology, in which Caliban is an antagonist.
* 2003 – In ''[[Ilium (novel)|Ilium]]'', Caliban is a destructive, powerful humanlike entity who vacillates who he serves; at one point he served Prospero (the noosphere's personification), later works only for himself, but also sometimes aligned with the malevolent destroyer of worlds Setebos.
* 2004 – The title of ''[[Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation]]'' by [[Silvia Federici]] references ''The Tempest''.
* 2006 – The first book of the [[Cal Leandros series|''Cal Leandros'' series]] by [[Rob Thurman]] is published. It centres around Caliban "Cal" Leandros, a half-human, half-monster hybrid who kills monsters.
* 2012 – The title of the second book of [[The Expanse (novel series)|The Expanse]] [[space opera]] series by [[James S. A. Corey]], ''[[Caliban's War]]'', is a reference to the inhuman (or unhuman) characteristics of some of the protagonists; the name itself is not mentioned in the story, however.
* 2017 – The novel ''Miranda and Caliban'' by [[Jacqueline Carey]] is a backstory to and retelling of the events of ''The Tempest'' from the perspectives of the two titular characters.
=== Essays ===
* 1974 – [[Roberto Fernández Retamar]], ''Caliban: Notes towards a Discussion of Culture in Our America''<ref>{{cite journal |title=Caliban: Notes towards a Discussion of Culture in Our America| first=Roberto Fernández |last=Retamar |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=1974 |pages=7–72 |journal=The Massachusetts Review |jstor=25088398 }}</ref>
=== Film and television ===
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* In the 1980 [[BBC Television]] adaptation, Caliban was portrayed by [[Warren Clarke]].
* Caliban appears as the wild and lustful [[Greek people|Greek]] Kalibanos (played by [[Raúl Juliá]]) in [[Paul Mazursky]]'s film adaptation ''[[Tempest (1982 film)|Tempest]]'' (1982).
* In the 1989 animated Swedish film ''[[The Journey to Melonia]]'',
* In [[Peter Greenaway]]'s 1991 film ''[[Prospero's Books]]'', Caliban was played by Scottish dancer [[Michael Clark (dancer)|Michael Clark]].
* In the 1992 [[Shakespeare: The Animated Tales|animated version]], Caliban was voiced by [[Alun Armstrong]].
* Caliban appears as the bayou-dwelling "Gator Man" (played by [[John Pyper-Ferguson]]) in [[Jack Bender]]'s 1998 TV film ''[[The Tempest (1998 film)|The Tempest]]'' (set in Mississippi during the Civil War).
* In [[Julie Taymor]]'s [[The Tempest (2010 film)|2010 film adaptation]], Caliban is portrayed by [[Djimon Hounsou]].
* In ''[[Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (TV series)|The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina]]'', Caliban is a prince of Hell competing for Sabrina's throne, portrayed by [[Sam Corlett]]. This character happens to be knowledgeable and skilled in witchcraft, a reference to Shakespeare's Sycorax.
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* Caliban was the central character in James Clouser's rock ballet ''Caliban'', a 90-minute adaptation of ''The Tempest'' that was scored with live performances by [[St. Elmo's Fire (band)|St. Elmo's Fire]]. The rock ballet was performed in [[Houston]], [[Dallas]], and [[Chicago]] in 1976 and 1977.<ref>Guthrie, Norie. "Wheatfield Biography". ''Houston Folk Music Archive''.</ref><ref>Shelton, Suzanne (August 1976). ""Caliban": James Clouser's "Tempest" in Houston". ''Dance Magazine''.</ref>
* [[Caliban (Marvel Comics)|Caliban]] is the name of a character from Marvel comics. He is an albino mutant who lives underground with the Morlocks.<ref>[https://www.marvel.com/characters/caliban/in-comics Caliban: Marvel comics]</ref>
* Caliban is also a boss, and later, a standard enemy in [[Silent Hill Origins]], of which ''The Tempest'' is featured heavily in the [[Antonin Artaud|Artaud]] Theater stage.
* Adrian Herrero danced Caliban in the choreographic adaptation of ''The Tempest'' (''La Tempestad'') by the Ballet Contemporáneo of the Teatro General San Martín in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]], in 2008.
* The [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]] (directed by [[Danny Boyle]]) titled ''Isles of Wonder'' (a name inspired by ''The Tempest'') was heavily influenced by ''The Tempest''. The musical piece played during the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony#Lighting the Flame (00:24–00:38)|torch lighting ceremony]] was entitled "[[Caliban's Dream]]", and Caliban's monologue from Act 3, Scene ii was quoted by [[Kenneth Branagh]] in character as [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] at the start of the [[Industrial Revolution]] set piece. "[[And I Will Kiss]]", the title of another specially commissioned track from the ceremony, is also a quote from ''The Tempest'' (2:2:148-149). These two songs also appeared on the ceremony's [[Isles of Wonder (album)|official soundtrack]]. The [[2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony]] also featured a recitation of the same monologue, this time by [[Timothy Spall]] playing [[Winston Churchill]].
* In 2017, [[Sophie Stanton]] played Caliban in [[Phyllida Lloyd]]'s all-female [[Donmar Warehouse]] production set in a women's prison and performed by its inmates.
* In the [[Warhammer 40,000]] universe and tabletop game, a planet named Caliban was the homeworld of the First Legion of the [[Space Marine (Warhammer 40,000)|Space Marines]], the Dark Angels. The planet was destroyed after a war against traitor legions; what little remains of it has been turned into a ruined fortress, possibly in a reference to the island in the original play.
* In the anime series [[Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch From Mercury]], Calibarn (Most likely derived from both Caliban and the legendary sword [[Caliburn]]) is the name of a "monstrous" mobile suit used by the series protagonist, replacing the prior Gundam Aerial, itself a reference to ''The Tempest'''s [[Ariel (The Tempest)|Ariel]].
* In [[Warframe]], Caliban is a warframe said to be a combination of "Helminth" and "Sentient" life. This is effectively a merging of traditional warframe creation and the alien-like robotic designs of the Sentient faction, itself a reference to the half-human half-monster origins of its namesake.
* In [[Destiny 2]], Caliban’s Hand is an exotic armor piece which enhances the abilities of the Hunter Proximity Knife, the lore attached to the armor piece details that Caliban-8 was a character who, through cheating, beats the Hunter Vanguard in a card game, costing her her life, a decision he regrets as he ends up replacing her as is Hunter tradition according to the Vangaurd Dare. He is unable to rally hunters together until the Speaker motivates him.
== See also ==
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== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* ''[http://allpoetry.com/Caliban-at-Sunset- Caliban at Sunset]'', a poem by P. G. Wodehouse.
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Vaughan | first1 = Virginia Mason | year = 1985 | title = 'Something Rich and Strange': Caliban's Theatrical Metamorphoses | journal = Shakespeare Quarterly | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 390–405 | jstor = 2870303 | doi = 10.2307/2870303}}
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