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== Signs and symptoms ==
Common repetitive movements of SMD include head banging, arm waving, hand shaking, rocking and rhythmic movements, self-biting, self-hitting, and skin-picking;<ref name=DSM307.3/> other stereotypies are [[thumb-sucking]], dermatophagia, nail biting, [[trichotillomania]], [[bruxism]] and abnormal running or skipping.<ref name=Medscape>{{cite web |vauthors=Ellis CR, Pataki C |url= http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic909.htm |title= Childhood Habit Behaviors and Stereotypic Movement Disorder |publisher= Medscape |access-date= October 6, 2013}}</ref>
==Cause==
The cause of stereotypic movement disorder is unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stereotypic movement disorder: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001548.htm |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary (Non-Autistic) Motor Stereotypies |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/pediatric-neurology/conditions/motor-stereotypies/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Johns Hopkins Medicine |language=en}}</ref>
== Diagnosis ==
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==Treatment==
There is no consistently effective medication for SMD, and there is little evidence for any effective treatment.<ref name=Singer/> In non-autistic people, [[habit reversal training]] may be useful <ref name=Singer/> as well as [[Decoupling for body-focused repetitive behaviors|decoupling]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Melissa T.|last2=Mpavaenda|first2=Davis N.|last3=Fineberg|first3=Naomi A.|date=2019-04-24|title=Habit Reversal Therapy in Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and CONSORT Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials|journal=Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience|volume=13|pages=79|doi=10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00079|pmid=31105537|pmc=6491945|issn=1662-5153|doi-access=free}}</ref> No treatment is an option when movements are not interfering with daily life.<ref name=Medscape/>
== Prognosis ==
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==Epidemiology==
Although not necessary for the diagnosis, individuals with intellectual disability are at higher risk for SMD.<ref name=DSM307.3/> It is more common in boys, and can happen at any age<ref name=MedlinePlus/>
== References ==
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==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |
== External links ==
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