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[[File:Nimrod E-3D Sentry Air Early Warning Aircraft (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|A [[Royal Air Force]] [[Boeing E-3 Sentry]] over [[North Yorkshire]]]]
 
An '''airborne early warning and control''' ('''AEW&C''') system is an airborne [[radar]] [[early warning system]] designed to detect [[aircraft]], ships[[ship]]s, vehicles[[vehicle]]s, missiles,[[missile]]s and other incoming projectiles[[projectile]]s at long ranges, andas performwell as performing [[command and control]] of the [[battlespace]] in an[[aerial airwarfare|aerial engagement]]s by informing and directing friendly [[fighter aircraft|fighter]] and [[attack aircraft strikes]]. AEW&C units are also used to carry out [[Aerialaerial surveillance|surveillance]], including [[Airborneairborne ground surveillance|over ground]] and [[maritime surveillance|maritime targets]], and frequently perform [[battle management]] command and control (BMC2). When used at altitude, the radar system on theAEW&C aircraft allows the operators to detect, track and trackprioritize targets and distinguish betweenidentify friendly andaircraft from hostile aircraftones in real-time and from much farther away than a similar ground-based radarradars.<ref>Neufeld 1997, p. 276.</ref> Like a ground-based radarradars, itAEW&C systems can be detected and targeted by opposing forces, but becausedue ofto itsaircraft mobility and extended sensor range, itthey isare much less vulnerable to counter-attacks than ground systems.<ref>Neufeld 1997, p. 278.</ref>
 
AEW&C aircraft are used for both defensive and offensive air operations, and are toserve [[Northair Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATOforce]]s andin US-trainedthe orsame integratedrole [[air force]]sas what the [[combat information center]] is to a [[naval]] [[warship]]s, in addition to being a highly mobile and powerful radar platform. TheSo system is used offensively to direct fighters to their target locations,useful and defensively, directing counterattacks on enemy forces, both air and ground. So usefuladvantageous is theit advantageto ofhave command and controlsuch aircraft operating at a high altitude, that some navies also operate suchAEW&C aircraft fromfor their warships at sea, either coastal- or [[carrier-based]] and on both [[fixed-wing]] and [[rotary-wing]] platforms. In the case of USthe [[United States Navy]], the [[Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye]] AEW&C aircraft is assigned to its [[supercarrier]]s to protect them and augment their onboard command information centers (CICs). The designation "airborne early warning" (AEW) was used for earlier similar aircraft used in the less-demanding [[radar picket]] role,<ref>Gordon 2010, p. 3.</ref> such as the [[Fairey Gannet AEW.3]] and [[Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star]], and continues to be used by the RAF for its [[Boeing E-3 Sentry|Sentry AEW1]], while AEW&C (airborne early warning and control) emphasizes the [[Command and control (military)|command and control]] capabilities that may not be present on smaller or simpler radar picket aircraft. '''AWACS''' (Airborne Warning and Control System) is the name of the specific system installed in the E-3 and Japanese [[Boeing E-767]] AEW&C airframes, but is often used as a general synonym for AEW&C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/1998-03-11-Boeing-Delivers-First-Two-767-AWACS-Introduces-Newest-Member-of-AEW-C-Family|title=Boeing Delivers First Two 767 AWACS, Introduces Newest Member of AEW&C Family|website=MediaRoom}}</ref><ref name=gap />
 
The first known aerial engagement with both opposing sides using Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft was in the [[Indian subcontinent]], during the [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|February 2019 aerial engagements]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], with India using [[EL/W-2090|A-50I Phalcon]] and [[DRDO AEW&CS|DRDO Netra]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=DRDO|date=April 2021|title=Netra: The {{sic|Indigen|eous|hide=y}} Airborne Early Warning & Control System Eye in the Sky|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_April_2021.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323215520/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_April_2021.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-23 }}</ref> and Pakistan using the [[Saab 2000]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/cover-story/the-lessons/|title = Key takeaways from IAF-PAF's February 27 aerial engagement}}</ref>
 
==General characteristics==
[[File:Wellington Ic (R1629).jpg|thumb|Wellington Ic "Air Controlled Interception" showing rotating radar antenna]]
 
Modern AEW&C systems can detect aircraft from up to {{convert|400|km|nmi|abbr=on}} away, well out of range of most surface-to-air missiles. One AEW&C aircraft flying at {{convert|9000|m|abbr=on}} can cover an area of {{convert|312000|km2|abbr=on}}. Three such aircraft in overlapping orbits can cover the whole of [[Central Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/20120103_awacs-e.pdf |title=AWACS: Nato's eyes in the sky |publisher=Nato }}</ref> AEW&C systemssystem communicateindicates withclose friendlyand aircraft,far vectoringproximity fighters towards hostile aircraft or any flying unidentified object, providing datarange on threats and targets, help extend their sensorthe range of their sensors, and make offensive aircraft more difficultharder to track, sinceby theyavoiding no longerthe need for them to keep their own radar active, (which the enemy can bedetect. detectedSystems byalso thecommunicate enemy)with tofriendly detectaircraft, threatsvectoring fighters towards hostile aircraft or any unidentified flying object.
 
==History of development==
After having developed [[Chain Home]]—the first ground-based [[early-warning radar]] detection system—in the 1930s, the [[Cavity magnetron|British developed a radar set]] that could be carried on an aircraft for what they termed "Air Controlled Interception". The intention was to cover the North West approaches where German long range [[Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor]] aircraft were threatening shipping. A [[Vickers Wellington]] bomber (serial R1629) was fitted with a rotating antenna array. It was tested for use against aerial targets and then for possible use against German [[E boat]]s.<ref>''Air-Britain'', Aviation World, 2004,</ref><ref>Hodges, R, "Air controlled interception," ''Radar Development to 1945'' R W Burns (ed),</ref> Another radar equipped Wellington with a different installation was used to direct [[Bristol Beaufighter]]s toward [[Heinkel He 111]]s, which were air-launching [[V-1 flying bomb]]s.<ref>''Flypast''m April 1987: "The First AWACS".</ref><ref>R.H. Hamilton in Perkins, L.W., ed., Flight into Yesterday – A Memory or Two from Members of the Wartime Aircrew Club of Kelowna, L.P. Laserprint, Ltd., Kelowna, B.C., 2000, and 407 Squadron History 1941–1996 – a Narrative History, 407 Squadron, 1996.</ref>
 
In February 1944, the US Navy ordered the development of a radar system that could be carried aloft in an aircraft under Project Cadillac.<ref>Hirst 1983, p. 59.</ref> A prototype system was built and flown in August on a modified [[Grumman TBF Avenger|TBM Avenger]] [[torpedo bomber]]. Tests were successful, with the system being able to detect low flying formations at a range greater than {{convert|100|mi|km}}. US Navy then ordered production of the TBM-3W, the first production AEW aircraft to enter service. TBM-3Ws fitted with the [[AN/APS-20]] radar entered service in March 1945, with 27 eventually constructed.<ref>Hirst 1983, p. 64.</ref> It was also recognised that a larger land-based aircraft would be attractive, thus, under the ''Cadillac II'' program, multiple [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress]] bombers were also outfitted with the same radar.<ref>Hirst 1983, p. 60.</ref>
[[File:Lockheed EC-121M with F-4B (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Lockheed EC-121]]M one of the first AEW aircraft]]
The [[Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star|Lockheed WV and EC-121 Warning Star]], which first flew in 1949, served widely with US Air Force and US Navy. It provided the main AEW coverage for US forces during the Vietnam war.<ref name="jtc">Corell, John T. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513063318/http://www.afa.org/magazine/Nov2004/1104igloo.asp "Igloo White."] ''Air Force Magazine,'' Vol. 87, No. 11, November 2004 via ''web.archive.org''. Retrieved: 23 December 2010.</ref> It remained operational until replaced with the E-3 AWACS.<ref>Wilson 1998, p.&nbsp;72.</ref> Developed roughly in parallel, [[N-class blimp]]s were also used as AEW aircraft, filling gaps in radar coverage for the continental US, their tremendous endurance of over 200 hours being a major asset in an AEW aircraft.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jNwDAAAAMBAJ&dq=true&pg=PA117 "Navy Airship Longer Than Football Field."] ''Popular Mechanics'', September 1952, p. 117, bottom.</ref><ref name=SkyShips>''Sky Ships: A History of the Airship in the United States Navy'', Althoff, W.F., Pacifica Press, c1991, {{ISBN|0-935553-32-0}}</ref> Following a crash, the US Navy opted to discontinue lighter than air operations in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/10/gannett-navy-after-50-years-airship-program-resumes-102711/ |title = After 50 years, Navy resumes airship program |publisher = Navy Times |first = Kirk |last = Moore |date = 27 October 2011}}</ref>
 
In 1958, the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Tupolev|Tupolev Design Bureau]] was ordered to design an AEW aircraft.<ref name=Tu-114.1>Gordon 2006, p. 86.</ref> After determining that the projected radar instrumentation wouldn'twould not fit in a [[Tupolev Tu-95]] or a [[Tupolev Tu-116]], the decision was made to use the more capacious [[Tupolev Tu-114]] instead.<ref name=Tu-114.1 /> This solved the problems with cooling and operator space that existed with the narrower Tu-95 and Tu-116 fuselage.<ref name=Tu-114.1 /> To meet range requirements, production examples were fitted with an air-to-air refueling probe.<ref name=Tu-114.2>Gordon 2006, p. 87.</ref> The resulting system, the [[Tupolev Tu-126]], entered service in 1965 with the [[Soviet Air Forces]] and remained in service until replaced by the [[Beriev A-50]] in 1984.<ref name=Tu-114.2 />
 
During the Cold war, United Kingdom deployed a substantial AEW capability, initially with American [[Douglas A-1 Skyraider|Douglas AD-4W Skyraiders]], designated Skyraider AEW.1, which in turn were replaced by the [[Fairey Gannet AEW|Fairey Gannet AEW.3]], using the same AN/APS-20 radar.<ref name="Gibson10">{{harvnb|Gibson|2011|p=10}}</ref> With the retirement of conventional aircraft carriers, the Gannet was withdrawn and the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) installed the radars from the Gannets on [[Avro Shackleton]] MR.2 airframes, redesignated Shackleton AEW.2.<ref name ="Tyack 87"/> To replace the Shackleton AEW.2, an AEW variant of the [[Hawker Siddeley Nimrod]], known as the [[British Aerospace Nimrod AEW3|Nimrod AEW3]], was ordered in 1974. After a protracted and problematic development, this was cancelled in 1986, and seven E-3Ds, [[British military aircraft designation systems|designated]] Sentry AEW.1 in RAF service, were purchased instead.<ref name="spyflight">[http://www.spyflight.co.uk/nim%20aew.htm "BAe Nimrod AEW 3."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502141328/http://www.spyflight.co.uk/Nim%20aew.htm |date=2 May 2012 }} ''Spyflight.'' Retrieved: 21 October 2010.</ref><ref name ="Tyack 87">Tyack 2005, p. 87.</ref>
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==Current systems==
 
Many countries have developed their own AEW&C systems, although the [[Boeing E-3 Sentry]], [[Boeing E-7 Wedgetail|E-7A]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tirpak |first=John |date=2023-11-17 |title=NATO Picks E-7 as Its New AWACS; Six Aircraft to Start |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/nato-e-7-new-awacs-six-aircraft/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye]] are the most common systems worldwide.
 
===Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)===
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===Beriev A-50===
{{Main|Beriev A-50}}
[[File:Самолет ДРЛО А-50У (1).png|thumb|Beriev A-50]]
The Russian AirAerospace ForceForces isare currently using approximately 15–203-5 [[Beriev A-50|Beriev A-50 and A-50U "Shmel"]] in the AEW role. The "Mainstay" is based on the [[Ilyushin Il-76]] airframe, with a large non-rotating disk radome on the rear fuselage. These replaced the 12 [[Tupolev Tu-126]] that filled the role previously. The A-50 and A-50U will eventually be replaced by the [[Beriev A-100]], which features an AESA array in the radome and is based on the updated Il-476.<ref>Butowski, Piotr. "Model Reveals A-100 Configuration". ''[[Air International]]'', April 2014. Retrieved: 21 July 2014.</ref>
 
===KJ-2000===
[[File:Airborne early warning and control aircraft A-50U (Red 41).jpg|thumb|left|The [[KJ-2000]] is based on the [[Beriev A-50]] aircraft.]]
{{main|KJ-2000}}
[[File:KJ2000 at 2014 Zhuhai Air Show.jpg|left|thumb|KJ-2000 at 2014 Zhuhai Air Show]]
In May 1997, Russia and Israel agreed to jointly fulfill an order from China to develop and deliver an early warning system. China reportedly ordered one [[EL/M-2075|Phalcon]] for $250 million, which entailed retrofitting a Russian-made Ilyushin-76 cargo plane [also incorrectly reported as a Beriev A-50 Mainstay] with advanced Elta electronic, computer, radar and communications systems. Beijing was expected to acquire several Phalcon AEW systems, and reportedly could buy at least three more [and possibly up to eight] of these systems, the prototype of which was planned for testing beginning in 2000. In July 2000, the US pressured Israel to back out of the $1 billion agreement to sell China four Phalcon phased-array radar systems. Following the cancelled A-50I/Phalcon deal, China turned to indigenous solutions. The Phalcon radar and other electronic systems were taken off from the unfinished Il-76, and the airframe was handed to China via Russia in 2002. The Chinese AWACS has a unique phased array radar (PAR) carried in a round radome. Unlike the US AWACS aircraft, which rotate their rotodomes to give a 360 degree coverage, the radar antenna of the Chinese AWACS does not rotate. Instead, three PAR antenna modules are placed in a triangular configuration inside the round radome to provide a 360 degree coverage. The installation of equipment at the Il-76 began in late 2002 aircraft by Xian aircraft industries (Xian Aircraft Industry Co.). The first flight of an airplane [[KJ-2000]] made in November 2003. All four machines will be equipped with this type. The last to be introduced into service the Chinese Air Force until the end of 2007.<ref name="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/kj-2000.htm">{{cite webcitation needed|title=Kongjing-2000 (KJ-2000) Mainring |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/kj-2000.htm |website=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=1 April 2015January 2024}}</ref> China is also developing a carrier-based AEW&C, [[Xian KJ-600]] via Y-7 derived Xian JZY-01 testbed.
 
===Netra AEW&CS===
{{Main|DRDO AEW&CS}}
In 2003, the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) and [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) began a study of requirements for developing an Airborne Early Warning and Control (AWAC) system.<ref>{{cite press release |title= Development of Airborne Early Warning and Control System |publisher= Press Information Bureau, [[Government of India|GoI]] |date= 11 December 2003 |url= http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=123 |access-date = 25 July 2008}}</ref> In 2015, DRDO delivered 3 AWACs, called [[DRDO AEW&CS|Netra]], to the IAF with an advanced Indian AESA radar system fitted on the Brazilian [[Embraer ERJ family#Military models|Embraer EMB-145]] air frame.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-fill-gaps-in-aerial-vigilance/article17372941.ece |title=India to fill gaps in aerial vigilance |last=Peri |first=Dinaker |work=The Hindu |access-date=27 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Netra gives a 240-degree coverage of airspace. The Emb-145 also has air-to-air refuelling capability for longer surveillance time. The IAF also operates three Israeli [[EL/W-2090]] systems, mounted on [[Ilyushin Il-76]] airframes, the first of which first arrived on 25 May 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3721499,00.html |title=Arms deal underway, first Israeli Phalcon lands in India – Israel News |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528073812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3721499%2C00.html |archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=live |last1=Ben-Yishai |first1=Ron }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India set to decide big military aircraft deals |url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1068.htm |publisher=India Strategic |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] proposed a more advanced AWACS with a longer range and with a 360-degree coverage akin to the Phalcon system, based on the [[Airbus A330 MRTT#India|Airbus A330]] airframe,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-03-28/india-renews-indigenous-awacs-efforts |title = India Renews Indigenous AWACS Efforts |publisher = ainonline.com |first = Neelam |last = Mathews |date = 28 March 2019}}</ref> but given the costs involved there is also the possibility of converting used A320 airliners as well.<ref name="a320conv1">{{cite web |url = https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/38251/india-plans-to-kit-out-old-airliners-as-early-warning-jets-to-keep-pace-with-its-rivals |title = India To Modify Used Airliners Into Early-Warning Radar Jets To Keep Pace With Its Rivals |first = Thomas |last = Newdick |date = 18 December 2020 |work = The Warzone |publisher = Brookline Media Inc.}}</ref>▼
[[File:DRDO AEW&C Embraer ERJ 145.JPG|thumb|Netra AEW&C in Aero India 2017]]
▲In 2003, the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) and [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) began a study of requirements for developing an Airborne Early Warning and Control (AWAC) system.<ref>{{cite press release |title= Development of Airborne Early Warning and Control System |publisher= Press Information Bureau, [[Government of India|GoI]] |date= 11 December 2003 |url= http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=123 |access-date = 25 July 2008}}</ref> In 2015, DRDO delivered 3 AWACs, called [[DRDO AEW&CS|Netra]], to the IAF with an advanced Indian AESA radar system fitted on the Brazilian [[Embraer ERJ family#Military models|Embraer EMB-145]] air frame.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-fill-gaps-in-aerial-vigilance/article17372941.ece |title=India to fill gaps in aerial vigilance |last=Peri |first=Dinaker |work=The Hindu |access-date=27 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Netra gives a 240-degree coverage of airspace. The Emb-145 also has air-to-air refuelling capability for longer surveillance time. The IAF also operates three Israeli [[EL/W-2090]] systems, mounted on [[Ilyushin Il-76]] airframes, the first of which first arrived on 25 May 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3721499,00.html |title=Arms deal underway, first Israeli Phalcon lands in India – Israel News |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528073812/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3721499%2C00.html |archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=live |last1=Ben-Yishai |first1=Ron }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India set to decide big military aircraft deals |url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1068.htm |publisher=India Strategic |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103181410/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1068.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] proposed a more advanced AWACS with a longer range and with a 360-degree coverage akin to the Phalcon system, based on the [[Airbus A330 MRTT#India|Airbus A330]] airframe,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-03-28/india-renews-indigenous-awacs-efforts |title = India Renews Indigenous AWACS Efforts |publisher = ainonline.com |first = Neelam |last = Mathews |date = 28 March 2019}}</ref> but given the costs involved there is also the possibility of converting used A320 airliners as well.<ref name="a320conv1">{{cite web |url = https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/38251/india-plans-to-kit-out-old-airliners-as-early-warning-jets-to-keep-pace-with-its-rivals |title = India To Modify Used Airliners Into Early-Warning Radar Jets To Keep Pace With Its Rivals |first = Thomas |last = Newdick |date = 18 December 2020 |work = The Warzone |publisher = Brookline Media Inc.}}</ref>
 
IAF has plans to develop 6 more Netra AEW&CS based on [[Embraer ERJ family#Military models|Embraer EMB-145]] platform<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2023-09-22 |title=IAF plans for six more 'Netra' early warning aircraft |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-plans-for-six-more-netra-early-warning-aircraft/articleshow/103846316.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and another 6 based on Airbus A321 platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=DRDO to develop new early warning jets for IAF under ₹11,000 crore project |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-to-develop-new-early-warning-jets-for-iaf-under-rs-11000-crore-project-101631202114793.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=IAF uses Airbus-321 passenger aircraft for ferrying troops to forward areas |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-uses-airbus-321-passenger-aircraft-for-ferrying-troops-to-forward-areas20230916225250/ |website=aninews.in}}</ref> These systems are expected to have an enhanced performance including range and azimuth
 
===Boeing 737 AEW&C===
[[File:Turkish Air Force Boeing 737-700 KvW.jpg|thumb|A Boeing 737 AEW&C of the [[Turkish Air Force]]]]
{{Main|Boeing 737 AEW&C}}
The [[Royal Australian Air Force]], [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] and the [[Turkish Air Force]] are deploying [[Boeing 737 AEW&C]] aircraft. The Boeing 737 AEW&C has a fixed, [[active electronically scanned array]] radar antenna instead of a mechanically-rotating one, and is capable of simultaneous air and sea search, fighter control and area search, with a maximum range of over 600&nbsp;km (look-up mode). In addition, the radar antenna array is also doubled as an [[ELINT]] array, with a maximum range of over 850&nbsp;km at {{Convert|9000|m|ft}} altitude.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Radar-and-Electronic-Warfare-Systems/Multirole-Electronically-Scanned-Array-MESA-radar-United-States.html |title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS |work=janes.com |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429073901/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Radar-and-Electronic-Warfare-Systems/Multirole-Electronically-Scanned-Array-MESA-radar-United-States.html |archive-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Aeronaves Ágata 7 - FAB - EMB145 Erieye.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Brazilian Air Force]] [[Embraer R-99]]]]
 
===Erieye/GlobalEye===
{{Main|Erieye}} {{Main|GlobalEye}}
[[File:Aeronaves Ágata 7 - FAB - EMB145 Erieye.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Brazilian Air Force]] [[Embraer R-99]]]] The [[Swedish Air Force]] uses the [[Saab 340 AEW&C|S 100D Argus ASC890]] as its AEW platform. The S 100D Argus is based on the [[Saab 340]] with an [[Ericsson]] [[Erieye radar|Erieye PS-890]] radar. Saab also offers the [[Bombardier Global Express|Bombardier Global 6000]]-based [[GlobalEye]]. In early 2006, the [[Pakistan Air Force]] ordered six [[Erieye]] AEW equipped [[Saab 2000]]s from Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|author=07-Apr-2008 11:12 EDT |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/sweden-finalizes-saab-2000-aewc-contract-with-pakistan-02377/ |title=Sweden Finalizes Saab 2000 AEW&C Contract With Pakistan |publisher=Defenseindustrydaily.com |date=7 April 2008 |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> In December 2006, the [[Pakistan Navy]] requested three excess [[P-3 Orion]] aircraft to be equipped with Hawkeye 2000 AEW systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c4isrjournal.com/story.php?F=2416333 |title=C4ISRJournal.com |publisher=C4ISRJournal.com |date=11 December 2006 |access-date=1 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708110548/http://www.c4isrjournal.com/story.php?F=2416333 |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}</ref> China and Pakistan also signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) for the joint development of AEW&C systems.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Klasra |first1=Rauf |title=$278m AWACS deal struck with China |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=19041 |work=The News International |date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218180612/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=19041 |archive-date=18 December 2008}}</ref>
 
The [[Hellenic Air Force]], [[Brazilian Air Force]] and [[Mexican Air Force]] use the [[Embraer R-99]] with an [[Ericsson]] Erieye PS-890 radar, as on the S 100D.<ref>Hellenic Air Force: [http://www.haf.gr/en/mission/weapons/emb-145.asp Embraer EMB-145H AEW&C] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428095322/http://www.haf.gr/en/mission/weapons/emb-145.asp |date=28 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cision.com/saab/r/saab-receives-order-for-upgrade-of-mission-system-erieye-for-brazil,c9378232|title=Saab receives order for upgrade of mission system Erieye for Brazil|work=News Powered by Cision|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223065035/http://news.cision.com/saab/r/saab-receives-order-for-upgrade-of-mission-system-erieye-for-brazil,c9378232|archive-date=23 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Barreira |first1=Victor |title=Brazil seeks first modernised AEW&C aircraft in 2020 |url=https://www.janes.com/article/88475/brazil-seeks-first-modernised-aew-c-aircraft-in-2020 |website=Jane's 360 |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513184615/https://www.janes.com/article/88475/brazil-seeks-first-modernised-aew-c-aircraft-in-2020 |archive-date=13 May 2019 |location=Rio de Janeiro |date=13 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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===Others===
Israel has developed the IAI/Elta [[EL/M-2075]] Phalcon system, which uses an AESA ([[active electronically scanned array]]) in lieu of a rotodome antenna. The system was the first such system to enter service. The original [[EL/M-2075|Phalcon]] was mounted on a [[Boeing 707]]<ref name="B707 Phalcon, Israeli Weapons.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/aircraft/phalcon/Phalcon.html |title=B707 Phalcon, "Israeli Weapons.com" |publisher=Israeli-weapons.com |access-date=2012-03-31}}</ref> and developed for the Israeli Defense Force and for export. Israel uses [[IAI EL/W-2085]] airborne early warning and control multi-band radar system on [[Gulfstream G550]]; this platform is considered to be both more capable and less expensive to operate than the older Boeing 707-based Phalcon fleet.<ref>{{Cite news| first = Arie| last = Egozi | title = Israeli air force showcases G550 surveillance fleet | work = [[Flight International]] | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/03/23/339637/israeli-air-force-showcases-g550-surveillance-fleet.html | date = 23 March 2010 | access-date = 8 August 2010}}</ref>
 
In 2017, India announced plans to purchase six airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) ("AWACS") aircraft that can also perform aerial refuelling,<ref name="indiaawacs">{{cite web |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/next-gen-a-330-awacs-to-have-mid-air-refuelling-capability/articleshow/61862710.cms |title= Next-Gen {{sic|nolink=yA-330}} AWACS to have mid-air refuelling capability |date= 30 November 2017 |work= The Economic Times |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202640/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/next-gen-a-330-awacs-to-have-mid-air-refuelling-capability/articleshow/61862710.cms |archive-date= 5 March 2018}}</ref> with the first two AEW&C aircraft awaiting approval by Cabinet in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/air-force-set-to-get-two-more-warning-systems/story-KC4gyG7wnY3gfXnl26cqUO.html |title= Air Force set to get two more warning systems | first= Shishir |last= Gupta |work= Hindustan Times |date= 5 January 2020}}</ref> However, in September 2021, it was decided to use six [[Airbus A321]]s acquired from [[Air India]] instead.<ref>{{cite web |title= 'Eyes in sky': Centre clears project worth Rs 10,990 crore to build 6 'early-warning' aircraft |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eyes-in-sky-centre-clears-project-worth-rs-11-crore-to-build-6-early-warning-aircraft/articleshow/86083841.cms |first= Rajat |last= Pandit |date= 21 September 2021 |work= The Times of India |publisher= Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/india-to-convert-six-a319s-into-aew-c-aircraft-for-the-air-force/ |title= India to convert six A319s into AEW & C aircraft for the Air Force |first= Gastón |last= Dubois |date= 9 September 2021 |work= Aviaciónline}}</ref>
 
==Helicopter AEW systems==
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The [[AgustaWestland AW101|AgustaWestland EH-101A AEW]] of the [[Italian Navy]] is operated from the aircraft carriers {{ship|Italian aircraft carrier|Cavour||2}} and {{ship|Italian aircraft carrier|Giuseppe Garibaldi||2}}.<ref name="difesa">{{cite web |title=EH – 101 |url=https://www.difesa.it/SGD-DNA/Staff/DT/ARMAEREO/Programmi/Ala-Rotante/Pagine/EH101.aspx |publisher=Italian Ministry of Defense |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> During the 2010s, the Royal Navy opted to replace its Sea Kings with a modular "Crowsnest" system that can be fitted to any of their Merlin HM2 fleet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/thales-bags-selection-for-rn-crowsnest-system-412700/ | title=Thales bags selection for RN Crowsnest system | date=22 May 2015 | first=Craig | last=Hoyle | publisher=Flight Global}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/37615/uk-extends-sea-king-asac-7-life-out-to-2018 |title=Janes &#124; Latest defence and security news |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529145845/http://www.janes.com/article/37615/uk-extends-sea-king-asac-7-life-out-to-2018 |archive-date=29 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Crowsnest system was partially based upon the Sea King ASaC7's equipment; an unsuccessful bid by Lockheed Martin had proposed using a new multi-functional sensor for either the AW101 or another aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |first= Craig |last= Hoyle |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dsei-thales-outlines-sea-king-7-replacement-proposal-362116/ |title= Thales outlines Sea King 7 replacement proposal |work= Flight International |date= 15 September 2011 |access-date= 5 January 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111211012450/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dsei-thales-outlines-sea-king-7-replacement-proposal-362116/ |archive-date= 11 December 2011 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-surveillance-system-for-future-royal-navy-aircraft-carriers-revealed |title=New surveillance system for future Royal Navy aircraft carriers revealed |work=gov.uk |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717211148/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-surveillance-system-for-future-royal-navy-aircraft-carriers-revealed |archive-date=17 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The Russian-built [[Kamov Ka-31]] is deployed by the [[Indian Navy]] on the aircraft carriercarriers {{INS|Vikramaditya}} and {{sclassINS|TalwarVikrant|frigate2013|16}}s and will be deployedalso on the {{INSsclass|VikrantTalwar|2013frigate|61}}s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ka-31 Radar Picket Airborne Early Warning (AEW) Helicopter, Russia|newspaper=Airforce Technology |url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/ka31/|publisher=Airforce-technology|access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> The Russian Navy has two Ka-31R variants, at least one of which was deployed on their aircraft carrier {{ship|Russian aircraft carrier|Admiral Kuznetsov||2}} in 2016.<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.combataircraft.net/2016/10/21/carrier-based-ka-52k-bound-for-syria/ | title=Carrier-based Ka-52K bound for Syria | journal=Combat Aircraft | date=21 October 2016 | access-date=15 November 2016 | archive-date=16 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102930/http://www.combataircraft.net/2016/10/21/carrier-based-ka-52k-bound-for-syria/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> It is fitted with E-801M Oko (Eye) airborne electronic warfare radar that can track 20 targets simultaneously, detecting aircraft up to {{convert|150|km|abbr=on|-1}} away, and surface warships up to {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} distant.
 
==See also==
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* {{Cite magazine |last=Lake |first=Jon |title=Aircraft of the RAF – Part 10 Sentry AEW.1 |magazine=[[Air International]] |issue= 2 |date = February 2009 |volume=76 |location=Stamford, UK |publisher=Key Publishing |pages=44–47}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lloyd |first1=Alwyn T. |title=Boeing 707 & AWACS |series=in Detail and Scale |publisher=Aero Publishers |location=Falbrook, CA |year=1987 |isbn=0-8306-8533-2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Neufeld |first1=Jacob |last2=Watson |first2=George M. Jr. |last3=Chenoweth |first3=David |title=Technology and the Air Force. A Retrospective Assessment |publisher=United States Air Force |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1997 |pages=267–287}} http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA440094&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://wwwweb.webcitationarchive.org/6ANAdMrrI?url=web/20121007221217/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA440094&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |date=27 SeptemberOctober 2012 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pither |first=Tony |title=The Boeing 707 720 and C-135 |publisher=Air-Britain (Historians) |year=1998 |isbn=0-85130-236-X}}
* Tyack, Bill "Maritime Patrol in the Piston Engine Era" ''Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal'' '''33''', 2005 {{issn|1361-4231}}.
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