Content deleted Content added
m some stuff Tags: Reverted Visual edit |
→In religion: rescued dead link |
||
| (45 intermediate revisions by 36 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{short description|Fruit growing on woody vines in clusters}}
{{about|the fruits of the genus Vitis|the European grapevine|Vitis vinifera|other uses|Grape (disambiguation)}}{{short description|Edible berry of a flowering plant in the family Vitaceae}}▼
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Distinguish|Grapefruit}}
▲{{about|the fruits of the genus Vitis|the European grapevine|Vitis vinifera|other uses|Grape (disambiguation)
[[File:Abhar-iran.JPG|thumb|upright|Grapes]]
[[File:
A '''grape''' is a [[fruit]],
The cultivation of grapes began perhaps 8,000 years ago, and the fruit has been used as human food over history. Eaten fresh or in dried form (as [[raisin]]s, [[Zante currant|currants]] and [[Sultana (grape)|sultanas]]), grapes also hold cultural significance in many parts of the world, particularly for their role in [[winemaking]]. Other grape-derived products include various types of [[grape jam|jam]], [[grape juice|juice]], vinegar and oil.
{{Clear|left}}
{{nutritional value | name=Grapes, red or green
Line 14 ⟶ 18:
| fiber=0.9 g
| sugars=15.48 g
| calcium_mg=10
| iron_mg=0.36
Line 22 ⟶ 24:
| potassium_mg=191
| sodium_mg=2
| zinc_mg=0.07
| manganese_mg=0.071
Line 40 ⟶ 41:
== History ==
The [[Middle East]] is generally described as the homeland of
The [[Areni-1 winery|oldest known winery]] was found in [[Armenia]], dating to around 4000 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/|title=Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave|last=Owen|first=James|date=12 January 2011|website=National Geographic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603205116/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/|archive-date=2017-06-03|url-status=
[[Ancient Egypt]]ian [[hieroglyphics]] record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient [[Greeks (wine)|Greeks]], [[Cypriot wine| Cypriots]], [[Phoenicians (wine)|Phoenicians]], and [[Ancient Rome (wine)|Romans]] growing purple grapes both for eating and wine production.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ingredientsprofiles/Grape |title=Grape |date=October 2015 |website=Better Health Channel Victoria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109141333/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ingredientsprofiles/Grape |archive-date=2018-01-09 |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in [[North America]].
In 2005, a team of archaeologists concluded that some [[Chalcolithic]] wine jars, which were discovered in Cyprus in the 1930s, were the oldest of their kind in the world, dating back to 3,500 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gillhamvineyard.com/wine-history-cyprus/#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20winemaking%20in,dating%20back%20to%203%2C500%20BC. |title
In North America, native grapes belonging to various species of the genus ''Vitis'' proliferate in the wild across the continent, and were a part of the diet of many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], but were considered by early European colonists to be unsuitable for wine. In the 19th century, [[Ephraim Bull]] of [[Concord, Massachusetts]], cultivated seeds from wild ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'' vines to create the [[Concord grape]] which would become an important agricultural crop in the United States.<ref name="Robinson">Jancis Robinson, ''Vines, Grapes & Wines'' (Mitchell Beazley, 1986, {{ISBN|1-85732-999-6}}), pp. 8, 18, 228.</ref>
== Description ==
Line 66 ⟶ 67:
| year = 2007
| pmid = 17316172
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Anthocyanins and other [[pigment]] chemicals of the larger family of [[Polyphenols in grape|polyphenols]] in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02903.x
Line 75 ⟶ 77:
| year = 2002
| pmid = 12074959
| bibcode = 2002NYASA.957...21W | s2cid = 36937910
| doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00518-1
| last1 = Brouillard | first1 = R.
Line 87 ⟶ 89:
| year = 2003
| pmid = 14599515
| bibcode = 2003PChem..64.1179B }}</ref> Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a [[prolate spheroid]].
===Nutrition===
Raw grapes are 81% water, 18% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein]], and have negligible [[fat]] (table). A {{convert|100|g|oz|frac=2|abbr=off|adj=on}} reference amount of raw grapes supplies {{convert|288|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]] and a moderate amount of [[vitamin K]] (14% of the [[Daily Value]]), with no other [[micronutrient]]s in significant
== Grapevines ==
Line 202 ⟶ 204:
|9.9B
|-
| colspan="7" |Source: [https://www.tridge.com/trades/data?code=080610&reporter=WL&partner=WL&flow=e&classification=HS2012
|}
{{Clear|left}}
== Distribution and production ==
[[File:Top grapes countries producers in the world.png|upright=3.2|thumb|center|Top 20 grape producing countries in 2012.<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx Top 20 grape producing countries in 2012] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |date=2011-07-13
According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), 75,866 square kilometers of the world are dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as [[dried fruit]]. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be reconstituted for fruits canned "with no [[added sugar]]" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.
There are no reliable statistics that break down grape production by variety. It is believed that the most widely planted variety is [[Sultana (grape)|Sultana]], also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least 3,600 km<sup>2</sup> (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is [[Airén]]. Other popular varieties include [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Sauvignon blanc]], [[Cabernet Franc]], [[Merlot]], [[Grenache]], [[Tempranillo]], [[Riesling]], and [[Chardonnay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=29614 |title=The most widely planted grape in the world |work=freshplaza.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510092055/http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=29614 |archive-date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2010-04-10}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; clear:left; margin-right:1em;"
|+ Top producers of grapes{{Cn|date=April 2023}}for [[wine making]], by area planted
|-
! style="background:#ddf;"| Country
Line 296 ⟶ 298:
|78,034,332
|-
| colspan="7" |
|}{{Clear}}
== Table and wine grapes ==
[[File:Wine grapes03.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wine grapes on the vine]]
Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either [[Table grape|table]] or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make [[wine]] (wine grapes). The sweetness of grapes depends on when they are harvested, as they do not continue to ripen once picked.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/dining/ottolenghi-grape-recipes.html Grapes, Sour or Sweet, Are Ripe for Dessert]</ref> While almost all of them belong to the same species, ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through [[selective breeding]]. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.<ref name="wineloverspage_com">{{cite web |url=http://www.wineloverspage.com/dibbern/grapetaste07.phtml |title=WineLoversPage – Straight talk in plain English about fine wine |website=WineLoversPage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153541/http://www.wineloverspage.com/dibbern/grapetaste07.phtml |archive-date=2011-07-16}}</ref>
== Seedless grapes ==
Seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are [[Vegetative reproduction|vegetatively propagated]] by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]] techniques.
There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: [[Thompson Seedless]], [[Russian Seedless]], and [[Black Monukka]], all being cultivars of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern [[Ontario]].<ref>Reisch BI, Peterson DV, Martens M-H. [http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/bulletin/table/tabletext3.html "Seedless Grapes"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619010322/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/bulletin/table/tabletext3.html |date=2008-06-19 }}, in "Table Grape Varieties for Cool Climates", Information Bulletin 234, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, retrieved December 30, 2008.</ref>
An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched [[phytochemical]] content of grape seeds (see [[#Health claims|Health claims]], below).<ref>{{Cite journal
Line 340 ⟶ 342:
}}</ref>
== Uses ==
== Raisins, currants and sultanas ==▼
=== Culinary ===
Grapes are eaten raw, dried (as raisins, currants and sultanas), or cooked. Also, depending on grape cultivar, grapes are used in winemaking. Grapes can be processed into a multitude of products such as jams, juices, vinegars and oils.
Commercially cultivated grapes are classified as either table or wine grapes. These categories are based on their intended method of consumption: grapes that are eaten raw (table grapes), or grapes that are used to make wine (wine grapes).
Table grape cultivars normally have large, seedless fruit and thin skins. Wine grapes are smaller (in comparison to table grapes), usually contains seeds, and have thicker skins (a desirable characteristic in making wine). Most of the aroma in wine is from the skin. Wine grapes tend to have a high sugar content. They are harvested at peak sugar levels (approximately 24% sugar by weight.) In comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice" made from table grapes are normally around 15% sugar by weight.<ref name="wineloverspage_com" />
▲==== Raisins, currants and sultanas ====
{{Main|Raisin}}
[[File:Raisins 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Raisin]]s]]
Line 352 ⟶ 360:
A ''sultana'' was originally a raisin made from [[Sultana (grape)|Sultana grapes]] of Turkish origin (known as Thompson Seedless in the United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes or red grapes that are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana.
==== Juice ====
[[File:Grape Juice.jpg|thumb|upright|Grape juice]]
{{Main|Grape juice}}
Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or [[fermentation (wine)|fermented]] and made into [[wine]], [[brandy]], or [[vinegar]]. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the [[wine]] industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "[[must]]". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from [[Concord (grape)|Concord grapes]], while white grape juice is commonly made from [[Niagara (grape)|Niagara grapes]], both of which are varieties of {{Not a typo|native American}} grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.<ref>{{cite web |url=
==== Vinegars ====
''Husrum'', also known as ''[[verjuice]]'', is a type of vinegar made from sour grapes in the Middle East. It is produced by crushing unripened grapes, collecting and salting the juice, simmering it to remove foam, and then storing it with a layer of olive oil to prevent contamination and oxidation. It is then used as an acidic ingredient in salads and stuffed vegetables.<ref>Cosme, F., Pinto, T., & Vilela, A. (2018). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in grape juices: A chemical and sensory view. ''Beverages'', ''4''(1), 22, p. 9</ref> Unripened ''husrum'' grapes sent from [[Tel Ashkelon|Ashkelon]] to [[Egypt]] are mentioned in a 12th century document found in the [[Cairo Geniza]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Amar |first=Zohar |author-link=Zohar Amar |title=Agricultural Produce in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi |year=2000 |location=Jerusalem |pages=116 |language=he}}</ref> In Iran, a sour grape vinegar is used for making [[Shirazi salad]].
==Pomace and phytochemicals==
Winemaking from red and white grape flesh and skins produces substantial quantities of organic residues, collectively called [[pomace]] (also "marc"), which includes crushed skins, seeds, stems, and leaves generally used as [[compost]].<ref name="gomez">{{cite journal | last1=Gómez-Brandón | first1=María | last2=Lores | first2=Marta | last3=Insam | first3=Heribert | last4=Domínguez | first4=Jorge | title=Strategies for recycling and valorization of grape marc | journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology | volume=39 | issue=4 | date=2019-04-02 |
=== Skin ===
Line 377 ⟶ 388:
}}</ref> Total phenolic content is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin.<ref name="hozczp" /> Phenolic content of grape skin varies with [[cultivar]], soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.
[[Muscadine]] grapes contain a relatively high phenolic content among dark grapes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, Coign MJ |title=Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines |url=http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/1/57 |journal=Am. J. Enol. Vitic. |year=1996 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |doi=10.5344/ajev.1996.47.1.57 |s2cid=98822789 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119045158/http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/1/57 |archive-date=2006-11-19 |access-date=2006-11-21
| last1 = Pastrana-Bonilla | first1 = E.
| last2 = Akoh | first2 = C. C.
Line 490 ⟶ 501:
[[File:Armenian dolma.jpeg|upright=0.9|thumb|right|Using grape leaves in cuisine ([[Dolma]])]]
Although adoption of wine consumption is generally not recommended by health authorities,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110717/http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422 Alcohol, wine and cardiovascular disease]. American Heart Association.</ref> some research indicates moderate consumption, such as one glass of red wine a day for women and two for men, may confer health benefits.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100204225103/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/alcohol/ Alcohol]. Harvard School of Public Health.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Mukamal | first1 = K. J.
| last2 = Kennedy | first2 = M.
Line 507 ⟶ 518:
| year = 2007
| pmid = 17971339
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = De Lange | first1 = D. W.
Line 518 ⟶ 530:
| year = 2004
| pmid = 15478039
| s2cid = 260368051
}}</ref> Alcohol itself may have protective effects on the cardiovascular system.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02911.x
Line 529 ⟶ 542:
| year = 2002
| issue = 1 | pmid = 12074967
| bibcode = 2002NYASA.957..122S |
=== Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs ===
{{Main|Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs}}
The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop [[acute kidney failure]] (the sudden development of kidney failure) with [[anuria]] (a lack of urine production) and may be fatal.<ref>[http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211106.htm Raisins/Grapes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929143344/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F211106.htm |date=2007-09-29
== In religion ==
{{See also|Christian views on alcohol}}
Christians have traditionally used wine during worship services as a means of remembering the [[Blood of Christ|blood of Jesus Christ]] which was [[Atonement in Christianity|shed for the remission of sins]]. Christians who oppose the partaking of alcoholic beverages sometimes use grape juice as the "cup" or "wine" in the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]].<ref name="UMC – Grape Juice">{{cite web
The [[Catholic Church]] continues to use wine in the celebration of the [[Eucharist]] because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the [[Last Supper]], where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine become the [[Body of Christ|body]] and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as [[transubstantiation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P44.HTM |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1413 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=2012-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609042950/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P44.HTM |archive-date=2011-06-09
== Gallery ==
Line 551 ⟶ 564:
File:Seedless grapes of Kallidaikurichi.jpg|seedless grapes
File:Grapes in the Philippines 1.jpg|Grapes in the [[Philippines|La Union, Philippines]]
File:Beschimmelde druiven.jpg|Moldy grapes.
</gallery>
| |||