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{{Short description|Romantic or sexual relationship between people of the same sex}}
{{LGBT sidebar|expanded=culture}}
[[File:Happy couple (19246211491).jpg|thumb|alt=Happy couple|A
A '''same-sex relationship''' is a [[Romance (love)|romantic]] or [[Human sexuality|sexual]] relationship between people of the same [[sex]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=[[Debra Umberson]]|last2=Thomeer |first2=Mieke Beth |last3=Kroeger |first3=Rhiannon A. |last4=Lodge |first4=Amy Caroline |last5=Xu |first5=Minle |title=Challenges and Opportunities for Research on Same-Sex Relationships |journal=Journal of Marriage and the Family |date=2015 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=96–111 |doi=10.1111/jomf.12155 |pmid=25598552 |issn=0022-2445|pmc=4294225 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frost |first1=David M. |last2=Meyer |first2=Ilan H. |last3=Hammack |first3=Phillip L. |title=Health and Well-Being in Emerging Adults' Same-Sex Relationships: Critical Questions and Directions for Research in Developmental Science |journal=Emerging Adulthood (Print) |date=2015 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |doi=10.1177/2167696814535915 |pmid=27588221 |issn=2167-6968|pmc=5004769 }}</ref> ''[[Same-sex marriage]]'' refers to the institutionalized recognition of such relationships in the form of a [[marriage]]; [[civil union]]s may exist in countries where same-sex marriage does not.
The term ''same-sex relationship'' is not strictly related to the [[sexual orientation]] of the participants. As people of any orientation may participate in same-sex relationships (particularly depending on the legal, social and scientific definition of sex), some [[activists]] argue that referring to a same-sex relationship as a "[[Gay men|gay]] relationship" or a "[[lesbian]] relationship" is a form of [[bisexual erasure]].<ref name=nixon>{{cite web|last=Besen|first=Wayne|title=Cynthia Nixon Did Not Choose to be Gay|url=http://www.truthwinsout.org/pressreleases/2012/01/21761/|access-date=24 February 2012|publisher=Truth Wins Out|date=January 30, 2012|archive-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729121647/http://www.truthwinsout.org/pressreleases/2012/01/21761/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=nixon-clarify>{{cite web|title=Cynthia Nixon: Technically, I'm a Bisexual Who Has Chosen To Be In A Gay Relationship|date=30 January 2012 |url=http://www.towleroad.com/2012/01/cynthia-nixon-technically-im-a-bisexual-who-has-chosen-to-be-in-a-gay-relationship.html|publisher=towleroad.com|access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>
==In history==
The lives of many historical figures, including [[Socrates]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]], [[Edward II of England|Edward II]], [[Hadrian]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Vita Sackville-West]], [[Alfonsina Storni]] and [[Christopher Marlowe]] are believed to have included love and sexual relationships with people of their own sex. Terms such as ''[[Gay (term)|gay]]'' or ''[[bisexual]]'' have often been applied to them; some, such as [[Michel Foucault]], regard this as risking the anachronistic introduction of a contemporary [[social construction|construction]] of sexuality foreign to their times,<ref name=foucault>{{cite book |title=The History of Sexuality |first=Michel |last=Foucault |author-link=Michel Foucault |year=1986 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-394-41775-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsexuali03fouc }}</ref> though others challenge this.<ref>{{cite book |last=Norton |first=Rictor |date=2016 |title=Myth of the Modern Homosexual |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkTqDAAAQBAJ |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781474286923 }} The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as [http://rictornorton.co.uk/extracts.htm ''A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory''].</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Boswell |first=John |chapter=Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories |editor1-last=Duberman |editor1-first=Martin Bauml |editor2-last=Vicinus |editor2-first=Martha |editor3-last=Chauncey
===Forms===
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{{Further|Homoeroticism|Lesbian literature|Gay literature}}
[[File:Love play in China.jpg|thumb|''Young men sipping tea, reading poetry, and having sex''<br /> Individual panel from a hand scroll on same-sex themes, paint on silk; [[China]], [[Qing dynasty]] (
The record of same-sex love has been preserved through [[literature]] and [[art]].
In Iranian ([[Persian language|Persian]]) societies, homoeroticism was present in the work of such writers as [[Abu Nuwas]] and [[Omar Khayyam]]. A large corpus of literature, numbering in the hundreds of works, fostered the [[Homosexuality in Japan|shudo]] tradition in [[Japan]], together with a widespread tradition of homoerotic [[Shunga (art)|shunga]] art.<ref>Gregory M. Pflugfelder, ''Cartographies of Desire, passim''</ref>
In the Chinese literary tradition, works such as ''[[Homosexuality in China#Same-sex
In the 1990s, a number of American television comedies began to feature themes on same-sex relationships and characters who expressed same-sex attractions. The 1997 [[Coming out|coming-out]] of comedian [[Ellen DeGeneres]] on her show ''[[Ellen (TV series)|Ellen]]'' was front-page news in America and brought the show its highest ratings. However, public interest in the show swiftly declined after this, and the show was cancelled after one more season. Immediately afterward, ''[[Will & Grace]]'', which ran from 1998 to 2006 on [[NBC]], became the most successful series to date focusing on male-male sexual relationships. [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]'s ''[[Queer as Folk (North American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'', running from 2000 to 2005, was noted for its somewhat frank depiction of gay life, as well as its vivid sex scenes, containing the first simulated explicit sex scene between two men shown on American television.
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[[File:Weddinginholland.jpg|thumb|left|Two men marrying in [[Amsterdam]] within the first month that marriage was opened to [[Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands|same-sex couples]] in the [[Netherlands]] (2001)]]
[[File:Couple (19190361745).jpg|thumb|A female same-sex couple celebrating the US Supreme Court decision ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'', which recognized same-sex marriage nationwide]]
Government recognition of same-sex marriage is available in
Other countries, including several [[Europe]]an nations, have enacted laws allowing civil unions or domestic partnerships, designed to give gay couples similar rights as married couples concerning legal issues such as inheritance and immigration.
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*{{cite book | chapter=The Heterosexually Married Gay and Lesbian Parent | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yffzsKWvP6AC&pg=PA138 | title=Gay and Lesbian Parents | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | date=August 19, 1987 | last=Bozett | first=Frederick W. | page=[https://archive.org/details/gaylesbianparent00bozerich/page/138 138] | isbn=978-0-275-92541-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/gaylesbianparent00bozerich/page/138 }}</ref> LGBT parents can also include single people who are parenting; to a lesser extent, the term sometimes refers to families with LGBT children.
In the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 U.S. Census]], 33 percent of female same-sex couple households and 22 percent of male same-sex couple households reported at least one child under eighteen living in their home.<ref name=apa>[http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/policy/parents.html APA Policy Statement on Sexual Orientation, Parents & Children], American Psychological Association, July 28 & 30, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-04-06.</ref> The 2008 general social survey shows that LGBT parents raising children showed 49% were lesbian and bisexual women and 19% were bisexual or gay men. In the United States from 2007 to 2011 the negative public attitude condemning same sex parenting dropped from 50% to 35%.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Massey|first=Sean G.|author2=Merriwether A.M. |author3=Garcia J.R. |title=Modern Prejudice and Same-sex Parenting: Shift Judgement in Positive and Negative Parenting Situations|journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies|date=26 February 2013|volume=9|issue=2|pages=129–151|doi=10.1080/1550428X.2013.765257|pmid=23667347|pmc=3649868}}</ref> Some children do not know they have an LGBT parent; coming out issues vary and some parents may never come out to their children.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1300/J082v14n01_16 |author=Dunne EJ |title=Helping gay fathers come out to their children |journal=J Homosex |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=213–22 |year=1987 |pmid=3655343 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Buxton AP |title=A Family Matter: When a Spouse Comes Out as Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual |journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=49–70 |date=March 2005 |doi=10.1300/J461v01n02_04 |s2cid=142502027 |url=http://www.haworthpress.com/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?sid=3Q4EE45JK40W8L1DN0HJVF3U8WFT5DSC&ID=55278}}</ref> [[LGBT parenting]] in general, and [[LGBT adoption|adoption by LGBT couples]] may be controversial in some countries. In January 2008, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled that same-sex couples have the right to adopt a child.<ref>[
have a lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender parent, and about 200,000 are being raised by same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gates|first1=Gary J.|title=Marriage and Family: LGBT Individuals and Same-Sex Couples.|journal=Future of Children 25|volume=25|page=67|url=http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/census-lgbt-demographics-studies/marriage-and-family-lgbt-individuals-and-same-sex-couples/|access-date=December 17, 2016|date=2015-10-14|issue=2|doi=10.1353/foc.2015.0013|s2cid=146645073|archive-date=2020-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321231347/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/census-lgbt-demographics-studies/marriage-and-family-lgbt-individuals-and-same-sex-couples/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
There is ample evidence to show that children raised by same-gender parents fare as well as those raised by heterosexual parents. More than 25 years of research have documented that there is no relationship between parents' sexual orientation and any measure of a child's emotional, psychosocial, and behavioral adjustment. This data has demonstrated no risk to children as a result of growing up in a family with one or more gay parents.<ref name=pediatrics>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, etal |title=The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=349–64 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16818585 |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-1279|doi-access=
Professor Judith Stacey, of [[New York University]], stated:
==Same-sex sexuality==
Types of relationships vary from one couple to
{{excerpt|Interpersonal relationship|Romantic relationships|fragment=relationship types}}
The names of legal same-sex relationships vary depending on the laws of the land. Same-sex relationships may be legally recognized in the form of marriage, civil unions, domestic partnerships, or registered partnerships.▼
Some couples may choose to keep their relationship secret, because of family upbringing, religion, pressure from friends/family, or other reasons.
▲The names of legal same-sex relationships vary depending on the laws of the land.
===Sexual orientation===
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|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72AHO0rE2HoC&pg=PA4
|page=299}}</ref>
|title = How to tell if your husband is gay
|first = Rochelle
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|access-date=2008-01-31
|author=Sheri & Bob Stritof
|url=http://marriage.about.com/cs/straightspouses/a/straightspouse.htm
|archive-date=2007-12-23
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223124304/http://marriage.about.com/cs/straightspouses/a/straightspouse.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> and even more have had straight sex without having children.
===Laws against===
{{World homosexuality laws map|align=right|size=350px}}
A [[sodomy law]] defines certain [[Human sexual activity|sexual acts]] as [[sex crime]]s. The precise sexual acts meant by the term [[sodomy]] are rarely spelled out in the law, but is typically understood by courts to include any sexual act which does not lead to [[procreation]]. Furthermore, ''Sodomy'' has many [[synonym]]s: [[buggery]], [[crime against nature]], unnatural act, [[deviant sexual intercourse]]. It also has a range of similar [[euphemism]]s.<ref name="jeffweeks">{{cite book |last=Weeks |first=Jeff |title=Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 |publisher=Longman Publishing Group |date=January 1981 |location=London |isbn=978-0-582-48334-7}}</ref> While in theory, this may include heterosexual [[oral sex]], [[anal sex]], [[masturbation]], and [[bestiality]], in practice such laws are primarily enforced against sex between men (particularly anal sex).<ref name="andrewsullivan">{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |title=We're all sodomists now |date=2003-04-03 |url=http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20030324&s=sullivan032403 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050907140022/https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i%3D20030324%26s%3Dsullivan032403 |url-status=dead|publisher=The New Republic Online|archive-date=September 7, 2005 |access-date=2006-12-04}}</ref>
In the United States, the Supreme Court invalidated all sodomy laws in ''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]'' in 2003. 47 out of 50 states had repealed any specifically [[Anti-homosexualism|anti-homosexual-conduct]] laws at the time.
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}}</ref> As a risk category, MSM are not limited to small, self-identified, and visible sub-populations. ''MSM'' and ''gay'' refer to different things: behaviors and social identities. ''MSM'' refers to sexual activities between men, regardless of how they identify whereas gay can include those activities but is more broadly seen as a cultural identity. ''MSM'' is often used in medical literature and [[social research]] to describe such men as a group for clinical study without considering issues of self-identification.
As with any sexual relationship, people may begin with various forms of [[foreplay]] such as fondling, caressing, and kissing, and may or may not experiment with other practices, as they see fit. Sex between males can include [[
===Women who have sex with women (WSW)===
{{Main|Women who have sex with women}}
[[Women who have sex with women]] (WSW) is a term used to identify women who have sex with other women, but may or may not self-identify as lesbian or bisexual. Sex between two females can include [[tribadism]] and [[Non-penetrative sex|frottage]], [[
===Religious perspectives===
{{Main|Religion and homosexuality}}
[[File:Sergebac7thcentury.jpg|thumb|According to historian [[John Boswell]], Saints [[Saint Sergius|Sergius]] and [[Saint Bacchus|Bacchus]] may have been united in a pact called ''[[Adelphopoiesis]]'', or "brother-making".]]
Religions have had differing views about love and sexual relations between people of the same sex. A large proportion of the Abrahamic sects view sexual relationships outside of a heterosexual marriage, including sex between same-sex partners, negatively, though there are groups within each faith that disagree with orthodox positions and challenge their doctrinal authority. The Bible can also be understood literally, as homosexuality is viewed as sinful and problematic.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{cite journal|last1=Adamczyk|first1=Amy|last2=Kim|first2=Chunrye|last3=Paradis|first3=Lauren|title=Investigating Differences in How the News Media Views Homosexuality Across Nations: An Analysis of the United States, South Africa, and Uganda.|journal=Sociological Forum|volume=30|issue=4|page=6|doi=10.1111/socf.12207|year=2015}}</ref> Opposition to homosexual behavior ranges from quietly discouraging displays and activities to those who explicitly forbid same-sex sexual practices among adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexual relationships. Support of homosexual behavior is reflected in the acceptance of sexually heterodox individuals in all functions of the church, and the sanctification of same-sex unions. Furthermore, liberal Christians may not consider same-sex relations to be sinful.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com"/> Jews, Mainline Protestants and the religiously
Some churches have changed their doctrine to accommodate same-sex relationships. [[Reform Judaism]], the largest branch of [[Judaism]] outside [[Israel]] has begun to facilitate religious [[same-sex marriages]] for adherents in their synagogues. [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America|Jewish Theological Seminary]], considered to be the flagship institution of [[Conservative Judaism]], decided in March 2007 to begin accepting applicants in same-sex relationships, after scholars who guide the movement lifted the ban on ordaining people in same-sex relationships.<ref name="jewishseminary">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/27/national/main2611436.shtml |title=Conservative Jewish Seminary To Allow Gays |date=2007-03-27 |access-date=2007-05-04 |periodical=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> In 2005, the [[United Church of Christ]] became the largest Christian denomination in the United States to formally endorse same-sex marriage.
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