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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox
| name = Vilayat Khan
| image = Vilayat Khan 2014 stampsheet of India cr.jpg
| image_size = 260px
| caption = Vilayat Khan on a 2014 Indian postage-stamp sheet
| birth_name = Vilayat Khan
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|8|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gouripur, Bangladesh|Gouripur, Mymensingh]], [[East Bengal]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|03|13|1928|08|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = [[Sitar|sitar player]]
| years_active =
| awards = "Aftab-e-Sitar" (Sun of the Sitar) from the [[President of India]]<br/>"Bharat Sitar Samrat" by the Artistes Association of India<br/>Silver Medal at the [[1st Moscow International Film Festival]] in 1959<br/>
}}
Ustad '''Vilayat Khan''' (28 August 1928{{ref|birthdate}} – 13 March 2004) was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] [[sitar]] player
|newspaper=The Hindu
He recorded his first 78-RPM disc at the age of
==Early life==
Vilayat was born in [[Gouripur, Bangladesh|Gouripur, Mymensingh]] in then [[East Bengal]] in [[British India]] and current [[Bangladesh]].
However, Enayat Khan died when Vilayat was only ten, so much of his education came from the rest of his family: his uncle, sitar and surbahar maestro [[Wahid Khan]],<ref name=NYT/><ref name=TheHindu1>{{cite news|title=Vilayat Khan, a maverick musician|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/vilayat-khan-a-maverick-musician/article27581595.ece |newspaper=The Hindu
==Performing career==
Vilayat Khan performed at ''All Bengal Music Conference'', as his first concert, organized by Bhupen Ghosh in Kolkata with [[Ahmed Jan Thirakwa]] on tabla. His performance at the concert organized by Vikramaditya Sangeet Parishad, Mumbai in 1944 drew the headline "Electrifying Sitar". In the 1950s, Vilayat Khan worked closely with instrument makers, especially the famous sitar-makers Kanailal & Hiren Roy, to further develop the instrument. Also, he liked to perform without a [[tanpura]] drone, filling out the silence with strokes to his [[chikari]] strings.
Some [[raga]]s he would somewhat re-interpret (Bhankar, Jaijaivanti), others he invented himself (Enayatkhani Kanada, Sanjh Saravali, Kalavanti, Mand Bhairav), but he was first and foremost a traditional interpreter of grand, basic ragas such as Yaman, [[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Shree]], [[Todi (raga)|Todi]], [[Darbari]] and [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]]. He was known for improvisation with his knack for finding the different patterns in the ragas he played.
Vilayat Khan was both a traditional sitar player and a maverick innovator in his music. He was given a lot of credit for developing a sitar style called 'gayaki ang', where his sitar attempted to mimic the sound of the human voice and seemed to give the audience a sense that the sitar was singing. He invented a technique of bending a note after the sitar string was plucked, creating a sound after-effect from it. This technique later influenced other sitar players.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/>
When he died from lung cancer in 2004, Vilayat Khan had been recording for over 65 years and broadcasting on [[All India Radio]] almost as long. He had been touring outside India off and on for more than 50 years, and was probably the first Indian musician to play in England in 1951 after independence
Vilayat composed and conducted the score for three feature films – Satyajit Ray's ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (1958) in Bengali,<ref name=NYT/><ref name=TheHindu4>{{cite news|title=A life well lived|author= Manjari Sinha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article31337.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 October 2009|access-date=
==Personal life==
The [[Imdad Khan]] family is of [[Rajput]] lineage.<ref>Deepak Raja (2003), booklet for [[Ulhas Kashalkar]]'s ''Tribute to Vilayat Khan'' CD. India Archive Music IAMCD 1071, p. 21.</ref> In an informal continuation of his Rajput lineage, Vilayat Khan's father [[Enayat Khan]] kept a Hindu name of Nath Singh. Vilayat Khan himself composed many [[bandish]]es using the pen name, '''Nath Piya'''. In an interview given to Karan Thapar for BBC in early 2002, Vilayat Khan admitted to having the Rajput name – Kahan Singh.<ref>{{Citation|last=itvindia|title=FTF Ustad Vilayat Khan 3 4 2002|date=13 January 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9twgLWlMEV8&t=253 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/9twgLWlMEV8 |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=
Khan spent much of his life in [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]). He was married twice.<ref name=LAT/>
By his second marriage, Vilayat Khan had one son, Hidayat (b. 1975), also a professional sitarist. Vilayat Khan was survived also by his younger brother, [[Imrat Khan]]. The brothers played duets in their youth but had a severe falling-out and for years were not on speaking terms. Vilayat's nephews [[Rais Khan]], [[Nishat Khan]], and [[Irshad Khan]] are also sitar players.<ref name=NYT/>
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==Controversy==
In 1964 and 1968, respectively, Vilayat was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] awards – India's fourth and third highest civilian honours for service to the nation – but refused to accept them,<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/> declaring the committee musically incompetent to judge him. "Pointing out that sitar and its 'Parampara' (tradition) had seen the longest ever tradition in his family and his ancestors had chiseled the 'Gayaki Ang' (style mimicking the sound of human voice),
In January 2000, when he was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second highest civilian award, he again refused, going so far as to call it "an insult". This time he stated that he would not accept any award that other sitar players, his juniors and in his opinion less deserving, had been given before him. "If there is any award for sitar in India, I must get it first", he said, adding that "there has always been a story of wrong time, wrong person and wrong award in this country".<ref name=TheHindu/>
He alleged that the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] had been influenced by lobbying, politics and favouritism while deciding the awardees. He was awarded the 1995 [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour conferred by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Sangeet Natak Akademi ''Ratna Puraskar'' winners (Akademi Fellows) |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023617/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy|access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
Among other honours he turned down was the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Award in 1995. For a while, he also boycotted [[All India Radio]]. The only titles he accepted were the special decorations of "Bharat Sitar Samrat" by the ''Artistes Association of India'' and "Aftab-e-Sitar" (Sun of the Sitar) from President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]].
==Death and legacy==
Vilayat Khan died on 13 March 2004 at [[Mumbai]], India at age 75. The [[Press Trust of India]] reported that Vilayat Khan had lung cancer, diabetes and hypertension.<ref name=LAT/><ref name=
[[NDTV]] (New Delhi Television) reportedly quoted the prime minister of India, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], saying this in a statement, "Ustad Vilayat Khan was a child prodigy to whom goes the credit of taking the sitar beyond the shores of this country."<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/arts/vilayat-khan-76-musician-who-redefined-sitar-playing.html |author=Jon Pareles|date=15 March 2004|title=Vilayat Khan, 76, Musician Who
In September 2014, a postage stamp featuring Khan was released by [[India Post]] commemorating his contributions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=3 September 2014 |title=Four of eight commemorative stamps feature musical legends from State |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/four-of-eight-commemorative-stamps-feature-musical-legends-from-state/article6376803.ece |access-date=22 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
According to [[The Hindu]] newspaper, "As for the eternal question, who is the greatest of them all, it would appear that there are many greats and there is Vilayat Khan"..."an artist who had transformed his instrument to resemble the human voice"<ref name=TheHindu5>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-sixth-string-of-vilayat-khan-review-touch-of-music/article26290488.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2023|access-date=10 March 2024|author=Anuradha Raman|date=16 February 2019|title='The Sixth String of Vilayat Khan' review: Touch of Music (Walking in the footsteps of a sitar legend)|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928091257/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-sixth-string-of-vilayat-khan-review-touch-of-music/article26290488.ece}}</ref>
==Selected Discography==▼
;Primary artist
* ''India’s Master of the Sitar'' (1969, Capitol/EMI)
;Contributing artist
* ''[[The Rough Guide to the Music of India and Pakistan]]'' (1996, [[World Music Network]])
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