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{{Short description|Underground temple or tomb}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Tierradentro.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Tierradentro]] Archaeological park features hypogeums dating from 6th to 9th centuries AD.]] -->
[[File:Tomb-of-Senenmut.jpg|thumb|The entrance of a tomb at the [[Theban Necropolis]]—TT 353. The entrance was built by the order of [[Senenmut|Sen-en-Mut]], 97.36m long and 41.93m deep]]
[[File:hypogeum cyark 1.jpg|thumb|right|3D [[3D scanner|laser scan]] profile of the [[Hypogeum of the Volumnus family]]]]
[[File:hypogeum cyark 3.jpg|thumb|right|Tablinum inside Hypogeum of the Volumni, in the northern end of the crypt]]
[[File:hypogeum cyark 2.jpg|thumb|right|3D image of Tablinum inside Hypogeum of the Volumni, cut from a [[3D scanner|laser scan]]]]
[[File:Three Brother's hypogeum, Palmyra.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance of the Three Brothers' hypogeum in [[Palmyra]], Syria]]
[[File:Damascus, National Museum, Hypogeum of Yarhai (6362299863).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Hypogeum of Yarhai]], [[Damascus]], Syria]]
A '''hypogeum''' or '''hypogaeum''' (plural '''hypogea''' or '''hypogaea''', pronounced {{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|p|ɒ|g|eɪ|ə}}; literally meaning "underground", from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''hypo'' (under) and ''ghê'' (earth)<ref>[[James Stevens Curl]] (2006) ''A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture''</ref>) is an underground [[temple]] or [[tomb]].
Hypogea will often contain [[niche (architecture)|niche]]s for cremated human remains or [[Loculus (architecture)|loculi]] for buried remains. Occasionally tombs of this type are referred to as '''built tombs'''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hadjisavvas|first=Sophocles|title=The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume II|year=2013|publisher=[[Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications]]
The later Christians built similar underground shrines, [[crypt]]s and tombs, which they called [[catacombs]]. But this was only a difference in name, rather than purpose and rituals, and archeological and historical research shows they were effectively the same. Werner Jacobsen wrote, ▼
<blockquote>Like other ambitious Romans, the bishop-saints of the third and fourth centuries were usually buried in hypogea in the cemeteries outside the walls of their cities; often it was only miracles at their tombs that caused their successors to adopt more up-to-date designs. In Dijon the saint and bishop Benignus (d. c. 274) was buried in a large sarcophagus in a chamber tomb in the Roman cemetery. By the sixth century the tomb had long since fallen into disrepair and was regarded as pagan, even by Bishop Gregory of Langres."<ref>Werner Jacobsen, "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture" ''Speculum'' '''72'''.4 (October 1997:1107-1143) p. 1127.</ref></blockquote>▼
The term ''
▲Hypogea will often contain [[niche (architecture)|niche]]s for cremated human remains or [[Loculus (architecture)|loculi]] for buried remains. Occasionally tombs of this type are referred to as '''built tombs'''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hadjisavvas|first=Sophocles|title=The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume II|year=2013|publisher=[[Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications]]|url=|page=Preface|quote=two important built tombs, namely the [[Ikarou Street Tomb]] and the [[Lefkaritis Tomb]] were the primary reasons for the authoring of ''The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition'' Volume II.}}</ref>
▲''Hypogeum'' can also refer to any antique building or part of building built below ground such as the series of tunnels under the [[Colosseum]] which held slaves (particularly enemy captives) and animals while keeping them ready to fight in the gladiatorial games. The animals and slaves could be let up through trapdoors under the sand-covered arena at any time during a fight.
==Examples==
An early example of a hypogeum is found at the [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] [[Bronze Age]] site of [[Knossos]] on [[Crete]]. Hogan notes this underground vault was of a beehive shape and cut into the soft rock.<ref>
Hypogea were also found in [[Dynastic Egypt]], such as at the [[Northern Mazghuna pyramid]], [[Southern Mazghuna pyramid]] and [[Southern South Saqqara pyramid]]. The hypogea in ancient [[Palmyra]] contained [[Loculus (architecture)|loculi]] closed with slabs bearing sculptured [[Palmyrene funerary reliefs|portrait reliefs]], and sarcophagi with sculptured family banqueting scenes on their lids.
▲The later Christians built similar underground shrines, [[crypt]]s and tombs, which they called [[catacombs]]. But this was only a difference in name, rather than purpose and rituals, and
▲
Hypogea were constructed across the [[pre-Columbian]] New World during the first millennium AD. Some of these tombs were over 10 meters in diameter and contained two or three free-standing columns, ornamental [[pilasters]], and side chambers. The largest concentration of these hypogea are found in the [[National Archeological Park of Tierradentro]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in southwest [[Colombia]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |title = National Archeological Park of Tierradentro |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/743 |website= UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 24 Apr 2021}}</ref>
==Other subterranean constructions==
Other excavated structures, not used for ritual purposes, include the Greco-Roman [[cryptoporticus]]. Other cultures also have constructed underground structures, including the [[Dugout (shelter)|dugout]], [[souterrain]], [[yaodong]], [[fogou]], [[erdstall]], and [[kiva]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
* {{cite book | last = Curl | first = James Stevens | title = A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
| url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0 | url-access = registration |year = 2006| type = Paperback| edition = 2nd| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]| isbn = 0-19-860678-8
|page = [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0/page/880 880]}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Hypogeum}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090922211541/http://archive.cyark.org/hypogeum-of-the-volumnis-info Hypogeum of the Volumnis digital media archive] ([[creative commons]]-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from a [[University of Ferrara]]/[[CyArk]] research partnership
{{Man-made and man-related Subterranea}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Subterranea (geography)]]
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