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{{Short description|Opera}}
'''''Intolleranza 1960''''' (''Intolerance 1960'') is a one-act [[opera]] in two parts (''azione scenica in due tempi'') by [[Luigi Nono (composer)|Luigi Nono]]. The Italian [[libretto]] was written by Nono from an idea by [[Angelo Maria Ripellino]],<ref>Ripellino published "Mayakovsky and the Russian avant-garde theater" in 1959. The major arbitrator of Slavic literature in Italy (Stenzl wrote) is a comprehensive textbook for Intolleranza. There was a rift, as the libretto Nono massively cut, reworked and expanded. Jürg Stenzl, Luigi Nono, Rowohlt, Reinbek b. Hamburg, 1998, p. 53-58</ref> using documentary texts and poetry by [[Julius Fučík (journalist)|Julius Fučík]], "Reportage unter dem Strang geschrieben";<ref>Dietz, Berlin, 1948. F. Rausch, Translator</ref> [[Henri Alleg]], "La question (The Torture)"; [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]'s introduction to Alleg's poem; [[Paul Eluard]]'s poem "La liberté;"<ref>Nono used the verses 7, 8, 4, 16, 19</ref> "Our march" by [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]; and [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s "To Posterity". The plot concerns a refugee, who travels from [[Southern Italy]] looking for work. Along the way, he encounters protests, arrests and torture. He ends up in a concentration camp, where he experiences the gamut of human emotions. He reaches a river, and realises that everywhere is his home. The opera premiered on 13 April 1961 at the [[Teatro La Fenice]] in [[Venice]]. It has a running time of approximately 1 hour, 15 minutes.▼
{{Infobox opera
| name = Intolleranza 1960
| composer = [[Luigi Nono]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| other_name = ''Intolleranza''
| librettist = Nono
| language | language = Italian▼
| based_on =
| premiere_date = {{Start date|1961|04|13|df=y}}
| premiere_location = [[La Fenice]], Venice
}}
▲'''''Intolleranza 1960''''' (''Intolerance 1960'') is a one-act [[opera]] in two parts (''azione scenica in due tempi'') by [[Luigi Nono]], (composer)|Luigiand Nonois dedicated to his father-in-law, [[Arnold Schoenberg]]. The Italian [[libretto]] was written by Nono from an idea by [[Angelo Maria Ripellino]],<ref>Ripellino published "''[[Vladimir Mayakovsky|Mayakovsky]] and the Russian avant-garde theater"'' in 1959. The "major arbitratoragent offor Slavic literature in Italy" (Stenzl) wrote) is a comprehensive textbook for ''Intolleranza''. There was a rift, as the libretto Nono massively cut, reworked and expanded the libretto. [[Jürg Stenzl]], ''Luigi Nono'', Rowohlt, Reinbek b. Hamburg, 1998, ppp. 53-5853–58</ref> using documentary texts and poetry by [[Julius Fučík (journalist)|Julius Fučík]], "Reportage unter dem Strang geschrieben" [reportage written under the gallows];<ref>Dietz, Berlin, 1948. F. Rausch, Translatortranslator{{Title needed|date=July 2020}}</ref> [[Henri Alleg]], "La question" ("The Torture)"); [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]'s introduction to Alleg's poem; [[Paul EluardÉluard]]'s poem "La liberté;";<ref>Nono used the verses 7, 8, 4, 16, 19</ref> "Our march" by [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]; and [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s "To Posterity" ({{ill|An die Nachgeborenen|de|lt="An die Nachgeborenen"}}). The plot concerns a refugeemigrant, who travels from [[Southern Italy]] looking for work. Along the way, he encounters protests, arrests and torture. He ends up in a concentration camp, where he experiences the gamut of human emotions. He reaches a river, and realises that everywhere is his home. The opera premiered on 13 April 1961 at the [[Teatro La Fenice]] in [[Venice]]. It has a running time of approximately 1one hour, 15and fifteen minutes.
 
==Background and performance history==
''Intolleranza 1960'' was Luigi Nono's first work for the opera stage and is a flaming protest against intolerance and oppression and the violation of human dignity. The year in the title refers to the time of the work's origin. Nono himself said of this work that it "did mark a beginning for me, but in no sense did it constitute a ''tabula rasa'' or in response to 'divine inspiration{{'"}}.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/V47M311K33R78K2W.pdf | last=Irvine | first=John | title=Luigi Nono's ''Canti di vita e d'amore'': new phases of development 1960-621960–62 | journal=Contemporary Music Review | volume=18 | issue=2 | pages=87–109 | year=1999 | accessdate=2007-09-30 | doi=10.1080/07494469900640201}}</ref> It was commissioned for the 1961 [[Venice Biennale]] by its director Mario Labroca. The first performance was conducted by [[Bruno Maderna]] on 13 April 1961 at the [[Teatro La Fenice]] in Venice. The stage design was by the famous radical painter [[Emilio Vedova]], a friend of Nono's. The premiere was disrupted by [[neo-fascist]]s, who shouted "Viva la polizia" during the torture scene. Nono's opponents accused him of poisoning Italian music.<ref>Matthew Boyden, Nick Kimberley, Joe Staines: ''The Rough Guide to Opera'', Rough Guides, 33rd Editionedition, 2002, p. 550</ref> (Nono revised the work into a one-act version for a 1974 performance.)<ref name="Hodges">Hodges, Nicolas, "Record Review" of Luigi Nono's ''Intolleranza 1960'' and ''Prometeo'' (July 1996). ''[[Tempo (journal)|Tempo]]'' (New Ser.), '''197''': pp. 50-5150–51.</ref> A performance by the [[Opera Company of Boston,|Boston Opera]] in 1964, was suppressed by the [[John Birch Society]] and other right-wing activists. It was subsequently presented the following year, with Maderna conducting [[Sarah Caldwell]]'s production, with [[Beverly Sills]] in the cast.
 
Fabrice Fitch has commented that this work has "no plot as such", but rather consists of a series of scenes that illustrate aspects of intolerance.<ref name="Fitch">Fitch, Fabrice, "Reviews: Luigi Nono" (CD reviews) (1995). ''[[The Musical Times]]'', '''136''' (1829): p. 366.</ref> Nono himself interpreted the testimony of his work as follows:
 
:"<blockquote>''Intolleranza 1960"'' is the awakening of human awareness in a man who has rebelled against the demands of necessity -– an emigrant miner -– and searches for a reason and a "human" base for life. After several experiences of intolerance and domination, he is beginning to rediscover human relations, between himself and others, when he is swept away in a flood with other people. There remains his certainty in "a time when one wants to be a help to you". Symbol? Report? Fantasy? All three, in a story of our time.<ref>According to the booklet of the CD "''Intolleranza"'', Teldec 4509-97304-2, p. 10, quoted by Raymond Fearn: ''Italian Opera Since 1945'', Harwood Academic Publishers, 1998, p. 79 and 8079–80</ref></blockquote>
 
According to the publisher [[Schott Music|Schott]], the "title of the work has been altered from ''Intolleranza 1960'' to ''Intolleranza'' in order to emphasize the timelessness of the composition."
 
==Roles==
{| class="wikitable"
|+{{sronly|Roles,voice types, premiere cast}}
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere cast, 13 April 1961<ref>{{Almanacco|dmy=13-04-1961|match=Intolleranza 1960}}</ref><br>Conductor: [[Bruno Maderna]]
!Premiere cast<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://amadeusonline.net/almanacco.php?Start=0&Giorno=13&Mese=04&Anno=1961&Giornata=&Testo=&Parola=Stringa
| title = Almannaco 13 April 1961
| publisher = AmadeusOnline
▲ | language = Italian
| accessdate = 30 August 2010
}}</ref><br> 13 April 1961<br>(Conductor: Bruno Maderna)
|-
|A Migrant || [[tenor]] || [[Petre Munteanu]]
|-
|His Companion || [[soprano]] || [[Catherine Gayer]]
|-
|A Woman || [[contralto]] || [[Carla Henius]]
|-
|An Algerian || [[baritone]] || [[Heinz Rehfuss]]
Line 38 ⟶ 50:
''Setting: Fictional place in the present''
 
=== Part Oneone ===
'''Opening chorus''' (''Coro iniziale'')
 
Instead of an [[overture]], a large-scale ''[[a cappella]]'' chorus, "Live and be vigilant", is heard from behind a closed curtain.<ref>AM Ripellinos poem "Vivere e stare svegli" (Live and be vigilant), in A. AMRM. R., ''Non un giorno ma non adesso'', Grafica, Rome, 1960. See also: Luigi Nono, Some"Einige moregenauere informationHinweise aboutzu "''Intolleranza 1960"'', (originallypp. 1962)69–81, in {{cite book|title=Luigi Nono, texts: Texte, studiesStudien ofzu his music,seiner Musik|editor-last=Stenzl|editor-first=Jürg|editor-link=Jürg Stenzl (Eds.), |publisher=Atlantis|location=Zürich, Zurich, Freuburg, Freiburg|year=1975, p. 68-81, here p. |page=70}}</ref>
 
'''1st Scenescene: In a mining village'''
 
A migrant <ref>[[Alfred Andersch]] translated in the German edition of score, but not in his draft, "refugee"''emigrante'' as "emigrantsrefugee". Luigi Nono, texts, studies of his music, Jürg {{harvnb|Stenzl (Eds.), Atlantis, Zurich, |1975, LN (1962), some more detailed instructions to "Intolleranza 1960", |loc=p. 69, [Note] 1}}</ref> is tired of the strangerhard work in the Malochesmines minein isa tiredforeign land. He is consumed by desire to return to his homeland, from which he once fled.
 
'''2nd Scenescene: A woman rushes in.'''
 
A woman who had given the stranger in the mining village warmth and peace and love, tries to persuade him to stay. When she realizes that her lover is determined to go, she insults him and swears revenge. Nevertheless, she leaves with the migrant.
 
'''3rd Scenescene: In a city'''
 
He has reached a city while a large unauthorized peace demonstration is taking place. The police intervene and arrest some demonstrators, including the migrant, although he was not participating in the rally. His attempt to defend himself remains unsuccessful.
 
'''4th Scenescene: in a police station'''
 
Four police officers set to work to force the prisoners to confess. The man, however, stands firm to his story that he was on the way to his home, which goes through the city, and he therefore had nothing to confess.
 
'''5th Scenescene: The torture'''
 
All those arrested are brought to torture. The chorus of the tortured cries to the audience, asking whether it was deaf and would behave just like cattle in the pen of shame.
 
'''6th Scenescene: In a concentration camp'''
 
The chorus of prisoners desperately cries for freedom. The four policemen taunt their victims. The hero makes friends with another prisoner from Algeria. They plan to escape together.
 
'''7th Scenescene: After the escape'''
 
The migrant manages to escape with the Algerians from the concentration camp. While originally it had been only his wish to see his home, now his heart burns only with the desire for freedom.
 
===Part Twotwo===
 
'''1st Scenescene: Some absurdities of contemporary life'''
 
From all sides voices press upon the hero, voices which not only disturb and confuse him, but almost overpower him. The absurdities of contemporary life, such as the bureaucracy -– for example, "registration required", "Documents are the soul of the state", "certify, authenticate, notarize" -– and sensational newspaper headlines like "mother of thirteen children was a man" increase, and the scene ends with a big explosion.
 
'''2nd Scenescene: a meeting between a refugee and his companion'''
 
A silent crowd suffers from the impression of the slogans and the explosion. When a woman begins to speak out against war and disaster, it appears to the emigrant as a source of hope in his solitude. Henceforth, the two want to fight together for a better world.
 
'''3rd Scenescene: Projections of episodes of terror and fanaticism'''
 
To the hero appears the woman he has left in the mining village, and this confuses him. Together with his companion (compagna) he sends her away. Then the woman transforms herself along with a group of fanatics into ghosts and shadows. In the dream, she sees the migrant, the mine, the mocking slogan "Arbeit macht frei" over the entrance of the camp, and she sees the nightmares of the intolerance he holds with his companion, "Never, never again". The choir sings Mayakovsky's "Our march".
 
'''4th Scenescene: In the vicinity of a village on the banks of a great river'''
 
The hero and his companion have reached the great river, which forms the border of his native country. It is flooding; its level increases more and more. The deluge swallows roads, broken bridges, barracks, and crushes houses. Even the migrant and his companion are unable to save themselves. They die an agonizing death.
Line 92 ⟶ 104:
 
==Recordings==
* Teldec 4509 97304(2) German version by [[Alfred Andersch]]: Chorus of the [[Stuttgart State Opera]]; Stuttgart State Orchestra; [[Bernhard Kontarsky]], conductor (1993) <ref name="Hodges"/><ref name="Fitch"/>
* Dreyer Gaido CD 21030: ChorChorus undand Extrachorextra deschorus Bremerof Theaters[[Theater Bremen]]; [[Bremer Philharmoniker]]; [[Gabriel Feltz]], conductor (2001)
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Luigi Nono}}
{{Portal bar|Opera}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:1961 operas]]
[[Category:Italian-language operas]]
[[Category:Operas]]
[[Category:One-act operas]]
[[Category:Operas by Luigi Nono]]
[[Category:La FeniceOpera world premieres at La Fenice]]
[[Category:Music dedicated to family or friends]]
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