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{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Single rail trains|the type of steel roller coaster|Single-rail roller coaster}}
[[File:Chongqing Rail Transit Line 3 Monorail Train near Xuetangwan Station.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Chongqing Rail Transit]] has the longest and busiest monorail system in the world, with [[Line 3 (Chongqing Rail Transit)|Line 3]] being the longest and busiest ''single'' monorail line.]]
[[File:Monotrilho SP (3).jpg|thumb|[[Line 15 (São Paulo Metro)|São Paulo Metro Line 15]], is the longest and busiest monorail line in the Americas, and second worldwide.]]
A '''monorail'''
==Etymology==
The term possibly
==Differentiation from other transport systems==
[[File:Chq Monorail2 P1030386.jpg|thumb|right|Monorail on concrete columns in [[Line 2 (Chongqing Rail Transit)|Chongqing]], China]]
Monorails have found applications in airport
===Similarities===
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Monorail vehicles often appear similar to [[light rail]] vehicles, and can be staffed or unstaffed. They can be individual rigid vehicles, articulated single units, or multiple units coupled into trains. Like other [[Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit|advanced rapid transit]] systems, monorails can be driven by [[linear induction motor]]s; like conventional railways, vehicle bodies can be connected to the beam via [[bogie]]s, allowing curves to be negotiated.
Monorails are sometimes used in urban areas alongside conventional parallel railed metro systems. [[Mumbai Monorail]] serves alongside [[Mumbai Metro]],
===Differences===
Unlike some [[tram]]s and [[light rail]] systems, modern monorails are always separated from other traffic and pedestrians due to the geometry of the rail.<ref name="Greater Greater Washington 2018 b079">{{
As with other grade-separated transit systems, monorails avoid red lights, intersection turns, and traffic jams.<ref>Ryan, Phillip ''Monorails (All Aboard!)''(2010)</ref><ref name="The Seattle Times 2001 u148">{{cite web | title=Monorail pros and cons | website=The Seattle Times | date=February 18, 2001 | url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20010218&slug=monoprocon18m | access-date=September 17, 2023}}</ref> Surface-level trains, buses, automobiles, and pedestrians can collide each one with the other, while vehicles on dedicated, grade-separated rights-of-way such as monorails can collide only with other vehicles on the same system, with much fewer opportunities for collision. As with other elevated transit systems, monorail passengers receive sunlight and views.<ref>Schafer, Mike ''American Passenger Train'' (2001)</ref> Monorails can be quieter than diesel buses and trains. They obtain electricity from the track structure, whereas other modes of transit may use either third rail or overhead power lines and poles.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} Compared to the [[elevated train]] systems of New York, Chicago, and elsewhere, a monorail beamway casts a narrow shadow.<ref>Dorin, Patrick C. ''American Passenger Trains: WWII to Amtrak''(2009)</ref>
===Maglev===
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From 1950 to 1980, the monorail concept may have suffered, as with all public transport systems, from competition with the [[car|automobile]]. At the time, the [[Economic history of the United States#Post-World War II prosperity: 1945–1973|post–World War II optimism in America]] was riding high and people were buying automobiles in large numbers due to [[suburbanization]] and the [[Interstate Highway System]]. Monorails in particular may have suffered from the reluctance of public transit authorities to invest in the perceived high cost of un-proven technology when faced with cheaper mature alternatives. There were also many competing monorail technologies, splitting their case further. One notable example of a public monorail is the AMF Monorail that was used as transportation around the [[1964 New York World's Fair|1964–1965 World's Fair]].
This high-cost perception was challenged most notably in 1963 when the ALWEG consortium proposed to finance the construction of a major system in [[Los Angeles County, California]], in return for the right of operation. This was turned down by the [[Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors]] under pressure from [[Chevron Corporation|Standard Oil of California]] and [[General Motors]] (which were strong advocates for [[automobile dependency]]),<ref>{{cite book|title=American Society of Civil Engineers - Los Angeles Section: 100 Years of Civil Engineering Excellence 1913- 2013|author=American Society of Civil Engineers|author-link=American Society of Civil Engineers|pages=169–170|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]]|date=September 30, 2014}}</ref> and the later proposed subway system faced criticism by famed author [[Ray Bradbury]] as it had yet to reach the scale of the proposed monorail.
Several monorails initially conceived as transport systems survive on revenues generated from [[tourism]], benefiting from the unique views offered from the largely elevated installations.
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From the 1980s, most monorail mass transit systems are in [[Japan]], with a few exceptions. [[Tokyo Monorail]], is one of the world's busiest, averages 127,000 passengers per day and has served over 1.5 billion passengers since 1964.<ref>{{cite news | title = 1.5 billionth rides monorail to Haneda | newspaper = Japan Times | date = 2007-01-24 | url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20070125a2.html | access-date = 2007-01-24 | archive-date = 2012-07-19 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120719134846/search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20070125a2.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> China recently started development of monorails in the late 2000s, already home to the world's largest and busiest monorail system and has a number of mass transit monorails under construction in several of cities. A [[Bombardier Innovia Monorail]]-based system is under construction in [[Wuhu Metro|Wuhu]] and several "Cloudrail" systems developed by [[BYD Company|BYD]] under construction a number of cities such as [[Guang'an Metro|Guang'an]], [[Liuzhou]], [[Bengbu]] and [[Guilin]]. Monorails have seen continuing use in niche shuttle markets and amusement parks.
Modern mass transit monorail systems use developments of the ALWEG beam and
In 2004, [[Chongqing Rail Transit]] in [[China]] adopted a unique ALWEG-based design with rolling stock that is much wider than most monorails, with capacity comparable to [[heavy rail]]. This is because [[Chongqing]] is criss-crossed by numerous hills, mountains and rivers, therefore tunneling is not feasible except in some cases (for example, lines [[Line 1, Chongqing Rail Transit|1]] and [[Line 6, Chongqing Rail Transit|6]]) due to the extreme depth involved. Today it is the largest and busiest monorail system in the world.
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[[File:Monorail switch moving (São Paulo Metro).webm|thumb|right|A switch changing the direction of travel at Line 15 in São Paulo.]]
Straddle-beam monorails require that the beam moves for switching, which was an almost prohibitively ponderous procedure. Now the most common way of achieving this is to place a moving apparatus on top of a sturdy platform capable of bearing the weight of vehicles, beams and its own mechanism. Multiple-segmented beams move into place on rollers to smoothly align one beam with another to send the train in its desired direction, with the design originally developed by ALWEG capable of completing a switch in 12 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/switch.html|title=The Switch Myth|access-date=2007-01-15}}</ref> Some of these beam turnouts are quite elaborate, capable of switching between several beams or simulating a [[railroad]] [[Crossover (rail)|double-crossover]]. Vehicle specifications are generally not open to the public, as is standard for rolling stock built for public services
An alternative to using a [[Wye (rail)|wye]] or other form of switch, is to use a [[railway turntable|turntable]], where a car sits upon a section of track that can be reoriented to several different tracks. For example, this can be used to switch a car from being in a storage location, to being on the main line.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.american-rails.com/turntable.html|title=The Railroad Turntable|work=American-Rails.com|access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.workwithsounds.eu/sound/railway-turntable/|title=Railway turntable {{!}} Work With Sounds|website=www.workwithsounds.eu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-date=2018-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204070416/http://www.workwithsounds.eu/sound/railway-turntable/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The now-closed [[Sydney Monorail]] had a [[Transfer table|traverser]] at the depot, which allowed a train on the main line to be exchanged with another from the depot. There were about six lines in the depot, including one for maintenance.
===Grades===
[[Rubber-tired metro|Rubber-tired]] monorails are typically designed to cope with a 6% [[Grade (slope)|grade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hitachi-rail.com/products/monorail_system/advantages/steeper/index.html |title=Steeper Grade, Smaller Curve Radius |publisher=Hitachi Rail |access-date=2010-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719002052/http://www.hitachi-rail.com/products/monorail_system/advantages/steeper/index.html |archive-date=2011-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rubber-tired light rail or metro lines can cope with similar or greater grades – for example, the [[Lausanne Metro]] has grades of up to 12% and the [[Montreal Metro]] up to 6.5%,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/features/metro/story.html?id=c84a8361-0981-403c-b6df-8ce82fc71db2
==Monorail systems==
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Manufacturers of monorail rolling stock with operating systems include [[Hitachi Monorail]], [[BYD Company|BYD]], [[Bombardier Transportation]] (now [[Alstom]]), PBTS (a joint venture of [[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen]] & Bombardier),<ref>{{cite web |title=Bombardier's Chinese Joint Venture Wins its First Monorail Contract in China |url=https://rail.bombardier.com/en/about-us/worldwide-presence/australia/en.html/bombardier/news/2017/bt-20171218-bombardiers-chinese-joint-venture-wins-its-first-mon/en |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref> [[Intamin]] and EMTC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://emtcgo.co.kr/eng/agt/|title=Smart Monorail|access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref>
Other developers include [[CRRC Qingdao Sifang]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Monorail prototype unveiled |url=http://www.china.org.cn/business/2017-07/25/content_41278267.htm |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=China.org.cn |date=25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CRRC unveils China's first high-tech monorail train powered by magnet motor |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-05/30/content_25522955.htm |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=China Daily |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> [[China Railway Group Limited|China Railway Science and Industry Group]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Wuhan tests driverless suspended monorail |url=https://www.railjournal.com/technology/wuhan-tests-driverless-suspended-monorail/ |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=International Railway Journal |date=16 November 2020}}</ref> Zhongtang Air Rail Technology,<ref>{{
===Records===
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{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
*[[Bennie Railplane]]
*[[
*[[Gadgetbahn]]
*[[Hotchkiss Bicycle Railroad]]
*[[Lartigue Monorail]]
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