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{{Short description|City in Oryol Oblast, Russia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}
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| adm_ctr_of2 = city of oblast significance of Oryol
| adm_ctr_of2_ref = <ref name="Ref126" />
| inhabloc_cat = City
| inhabloc_cat_ref = <ref name="Ref126" />
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| pop_latest_ref =
| population_demonym =
<!-- history -->
| established_date = 1566
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| dialing_codes_ref =
| website = http://www.orel-adm.ru/
}}▼
'''Oryol
== History ==
[[File:Central Administration of the Central Bank of Russia for Oryol Oblast 01.jpg|thumb|left|The Central Bank of Russia for Oryol Oblast (photo 2018)]]
[[File:Памятник 400-летию Орла.jpg|thumb|right|A monument of 400th birthplace anniversary (photo 2016)]]
[[File:Bahnhof_von_Orjol_im_September_1941.jpg|thumb|Oryol railway station in September 1941]]
===
While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the [[Oka River]] and [[Orlik River]]s as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the [[Principality of Chernigov]]. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the [[Zvenigorod]] district of the [[Karachev]] Principality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The city was soon abandoned by its population after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the [[Golden Horde]]. The territory became a part of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in the 16th century.
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Oryol was once again moved between different [[oblast]]s in the 1920s and 1930s: first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then [[Central Black Earth Region]] between 1928 and 1934, finally in [[Kursk Oblast]]), finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937.
The [[Oryol Prison]] was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the [[
During the German-Soviet
The French air squadron [[Normandie-Niemen]] fought in the skies over Oryol.
Oryol was liberated on August 5, 1943 during the [[Operation Kutuzov|Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov"]] on the [[Battle of Kursk|Oryol-Kursk Bulge]]. The city was almost completely destroyed. By
September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first in the history of the Great Patriotic War parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region.▼
▲On September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first
▲Oryol was liberated on August 5, 1943 during the [[Operation Kutuzov|Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov"]] on the [[Battle of Kursk|Oryol-Kursk Bulge]]. The city was almost completely destroyed. By order №2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated Oryol. Since then the city has had the nickname, "City of the First Salute" and the day of the liberation from the Nazi invaders was celebrated as the city day.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
== Geography ==
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=== Time zone ===
Oryol has the same time zone as Moscow (Moscow time)
=== Location ===
Oryol stands on the banks of the [[Oka River]] and its tributary Orlik river in the [[Central Russian Upland]] of the [[East European Plain]], approximately {{convert|368|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southwest of
==={{anchor|Urban layout}}Layout===
Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. Little information exists about its early history; the earliest data available refers to 1636, when the city was rebuilt after its destruction during the [[Time of Troubles]]. According to historian T. G. Svistunova, the 16th-century Oryol fortress had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a city, an [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] and a [[posad]] surrounded by gaps. The city housed a cathedral, a [[voivode]]'s (warlord or military leader's) house, government buildings and courts for the [[boyar]] children; the prison consisted of gunners' yards, a blacksmith, and two parish churches near the prison towers. In the posad was a [[sloboda (settlement)|sloboda]]. In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by the voivode B. Koltovsky; it expanded with annexation of land beyond the Oka. Oryol remained a fortress city with a corresponding garrison; Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, and a Cossack sloboda developed near the Oka. Oryol lost its military character after the 1689 fire, when the partially-burned city fortress was not rebuilt.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
In central Oryol, streets fan out from the fortress; two main axes are the Upper and Lower Korchak Roads. Opposite the fortress was probably a second marketplace in the Zaotsk section, where the dragoon settlements had a relatively-regular layout along the river. Away from the river, the grid becomes a fan. The city{{snd}}its fortress, three marketplaces, two monasteries and a number of parish churches{{snd}}was developed from the river. Its structure was visible from the Oka: the central fortress, the fan-shaped center and the grid of the Zaotsk settlements. The city was connected by bridges, making Oryol a military fortress and a trade center.<ref>
The city's earliest plans, by Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev, date to 1728. A 1778 plan fixed its radial layout, and a radial-semicircular system was proposed the following year. In 1848, a new plan including Polesskaya Square was approved.
Oryol's modern layout was developed in 1939 by Suborov, an architect at the Leningrad branch of Giprogor. The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V. A. Gaikovich. Oryol's development required a new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 by V. A. Gaikovich and A. M. Suborov of Lengiprogor. The city's center was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was built in 1961. In 1966, construction of flood-control embankments in the central city began.<ref>
=== Climate ===
Oryol has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb''). Winters are moderately cold and changeable. The first half is softer, second with often warmings. Summers are warm, in separate years — they can be rainy or hot and
{{Weather box
|width = auto
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|Jan record high C = 7.0
|Feb record high C = 9.4
|Mar record high C =
|Apr record high C = 29.0
|May record high C = 32.8
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|Nov high C = 2.5
|Dec high C = -2.1
|year high C = 11.0
|Jan mean C = -6.1
|Feb mean C = -5.8
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|Nov mean C = 0.0
|Dec mean C = -4.3
|year mean C = 6.7
|Jan low C = −8.7
|Feb low C = −8.9
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|Nov low C = −2.2
|Dec low C = −6.7
|year low C = 2.6
|Jan record low C = −35.4
|Feb record low C = −37.2
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|Nov precipitation mm = 44
|Dec precipitation mm = 47
|year precipitation mm = 630
|Jan snow depth cm = 14
|Feb snow depth cm = 22
|Mar snow depth cm = 15
|Apr snow depth cm = 1
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 0
|Nov snow depth cm = 2
|Dec snow depth cm = 7
|year snow depth cm = 22
|Jan rain days = 6
|Feb rain days = 5
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| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27906.htm
| title = Weather and Climate - The Climate of IOryol
| access-date =
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru}}</ref>
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== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1897|70000|1926|75594|1939|110564|1959|151521|1970|232216|1979|304971|1989|336862|2002|333310|2010|317747|2021|303169|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}According to the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]], in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.▼
▲}}
▲According to the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]], in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.
Largest '''ethnic groups''' in 2010:
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=== Railway ===
Since 1868, there has been a railway connection between Oryol and Moscow.<ref>[http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_orel.html Train Station in Oryol {{in lang|ru}}] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323173327/http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_orel.html |date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Here converge 5 railway lines: on [[Yelets]],
The main terminals: Oryol Station, Station Luzhki-Oryol.
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==== Tram ====
[[File:Oryol_Tram2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Tatra T3SU tram]]
[[File:
On November 3, 1898, Oryol inaugurated an electric tram. The draft was prepared by the Belgian entrepreneur FF Gilon and firm «Compagnie mutuelle de tramways», which won the right to build not only a tram, but also lighting in the city. Oryol tram is one of the oldest electric tram systems in Russia. It is 1 year older than Moscow and 9 years — St. Petersburg. In 2017, the length of the lines in double-track calculation was {{convert|18.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}. For 2019, there are 3 routes, which are operated: [[Tatra T3]] (74 units), [[Tatra T6B5]] (13 units), 71-403 (1 unit), 71-405 (1 unit).
=== Aerial ===
[[File:Obelisk in honor of the aviators, Oryol.jpg|thumb|right|Monument ([[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]]) to Soviet pilots who fought for the liberation of Oryol land from Nazi invaders (photo 2018)]]
The city is served by the [[Oryol Yuzhny Airport]], which is currently not working.
==Education==
There are six [[Higher education|institutions of higher education]] in Oryol, as well as four branches of such institutions from other cities.
;Local
* [[Oryol Law Institute]]
* [[Oryol State Agrarian University]]
* [[Oryol State Institute of Culture]]
* Oryol State Institute of Economics and Trade
* [[Oryol State University]]
* [[Russian Federation Security Guard Service Federal Academy]]
;Branches
* Oryol Branch of the [[Russian University of Transport]] (Moscow)
* Oryol Branch of the [[Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration]] (Moscow)
* Oryol branch of the [[Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation]] (Moscow)
* Oryol branch of the Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law ([[Voronezh]])
==International cooperation==
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*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Razgrad]], Bulgaria (1968)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Offenbach am Main]], Germany (1988)
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Leeuwarden]], The Netherlands (
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Zhodzina]], Belarus (2016)
* {{flagicon|TKM}} [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]], Turkmenistan (2017)<ref>
{{div col end}}
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* [[Fedor Baranov]], fisheries scientist
* [[Denis Boytsov]], boxer
* [[Yulia Bravikova]], rhythmic gymnast▼
* [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]], security chief
* [[Afanasy Fet]], poet
* [[Nikolai Getman]], painter and Gulag survivor
* [[Timofey Granovsky]], historian
* [[Vasily Kalinnikov]] (
* [[Yakov Kasman]], pianist
* [[Anna Petrovna Kern]], socialite
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* [[Alexey Stakhanov]], celebrated miner/engineer
* [[Pyotr Stolypin]], statesman
* [[:pl:Maksymilian Stratanowski|Maksymilian Stratanowski]], painter▼
* [[Yakov Sverdlov]], Bolshevik revolutionary
* [[Ivan Turgenev]], novelist and playwright
* [[Aleksey Yermolov (general)|Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov]], military general
* [[Gennady Zyuganov]], politician
* Korsak-Koulagnikov, collegiate secretary Aleksey Ivanovich, titular councilor Vasili Ivanovich, provincial secretary Petr Grigorievich and his brother Mardari Grigorievich were reckoned among the nobility of the province of Orel in 1815 after examination the proofs of nobility registered in the 6th part of the Noble Register of Chernigov province <ref>Russian Heraldry Department, Fond 1343, inventory 23, file 7216 Korsak-Koulagenko family</ref>
▲* [[Yulia Bravikova]], rhythmic gymnast
▲* [[:pl:Maksymilian Stratanowski|Maksymilian Stratanowski]], painter
== References ==
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* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|orl|mun|list|orlovsky}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Orel (town) |volume= 20 | page = 251 |short= 1}}
* [http://www.orel-adm.ru/ Official website of Oryol] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://infoorel.ru/ Unofficial website of Oryol] {{in lang|ru}}
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[[Category:Oryol| ]]
[[Category:Orlovsky Uyezd (Oryol Governorate)]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Russia]]
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