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{{Short description|City in Oryol Oblast, Russia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}
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| adm_ctr_of2 = city of oblast significance of Oryol
| adm_ctr_of2_ref = <ref name="Ref126" />
| adm_ctr_of3 = [[Orlovsky District, Oryol Oblast|Orlovsky District]]
| adm_ctr_of3_ref = <ref name="Ref126" />
| inhabloc_cat = City
| inhabloc_cat_ref = <ref name="Ref126" />
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| pop_latest_ref =
| population_demonym =
| time_zone_ref = MSK
<!-- history -->
| established_date = 1566
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| dialing_codes_ref =
| website = http://www.orel-adm.ru/
}}▼
|date=June 2020}}
'''Oryol''' or '''Orel''' ({{lang-rus|Орёл|p|ɐˈrʲɵl|a=ɐˈrʲɵlru-Орёл.ogg|links=y}}, {{lit. ''|eagle''}}), also knowntransliterated as '''Orel''' or '''Oriol''',<ref>{{cite web | title=Oriol, Russia | website=Geographical Names|publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency| url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4168283&fid=5539&c=russia | access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> is a [[Classification of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Oryol Oblast]], Russia, situated on the [[Oka River]], approximately {{convert|368|km|sp=us}} south-southwest of [[Moscow]]. It is part of the [[Central Federal District]], as well as the [[Central Economic Region]].
 
== History ==
[[File:Central Administration of the Central Bank of Russia for Oryol Oblast 01.jpg|thumb|left|The Central Bank of Russia for Oryol Oblast (photo 2018)]]
[[File:Памятник 400-летию Орла.jpg|thumb|right|A monument of 400th birthplace anniversary (photo 2016)]]
[[File:Bahnhof_von_Orjol_im_September_1941.jpg|thumb|Oryol railway station in September 1941]]
 
=== KievanEarly Rushistory ===
While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the [[Oka River]] and [[Orlik River]]s as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the [[Principality of Chernigov]]. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the [[Zvenigorod]] district of the [[Karachev]] Principality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The city was soon abandoned by its population after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the [[Golden Horde]]. The territory became a part of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in the 16th century.
 
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Oryol was once again moved between different [[oblast]]s in the 1920s and 1930s: first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then [[Central Black Earth Region]] between 1928 and 1934, finally in [[Kursk Oblast]]), finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937.
 
The [[Oryol Prison]] was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. [[Christian Rakovsky]], [[Maria Spiridonova]], [[Olga Kameneva]] and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September&nbsp;11, 1941 on [[Joseph Stalin]]'s orders in the [[Medvedev Forest massacre]] outside Oryol.
 
During the German-Soviet warWar, Oryol was occupied by the [[Wehrmacht]] on October&nbsp;7, 1941.
 
The French air squadron [[Normandie-Niemen]] fought in the skies over Oryol.
 
Oryol was liberated on August&nbsp;5, 1943 during the [[Operation Kutuzov|Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov"]] on the [[Battle of Kursk|Oryol-Kursk Bulge]]. The city was almost completely destroyed. By orderOrder №2No .2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated Oryol. Since then, the city has had the nickname, "City of the First Salute", and the day of the liberation from the NaziGerman invaders was celebrated as the city's day.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}▼
September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first in the history of the Great Patriotic War parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region.▼
 
▲On September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first in the history of the Great Patriotic War parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region during the war.
▲Oryol was liberated on August&nbsp;5, 1943 during the [[Operation Kutuzov|Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov"]] on the [[Battle of Kursk|Oryol-Kursk Bulge]]. The city was almost completely destroyed. By order №2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated Oryol. Since then the city has had the nickname, "City of the First Salute" and the day of the liberation from the Nazi invaders was celebrated as the city day.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
 
== Geography ==
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=== Time zone ===
Oryol has the same time zone as Moscow (Moscow time). Time, relativeor to [[UTC]]+03:00.<ref>{{cite isweb|title=Статья +35.00 [Часовые зоны|url=http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_114656/b2707989c276b5a188e63bc41e7bcbcc18723de8/ 18]|website=consultant.ru}}</ref>
 
=== Location ===
Oryol stands on the banks of the [[Oka River]] and its tributary Orlik river in the [[Central Russian Upland]] of the [[East European Plain]], approximately {{convert|368|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southwest of [[Moscow]].
 
==={{anchor|Urban layout}}Layout===
 
Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. ThereLittle isinformation not much informationexists about theits initialearly stage of its existence:history; the earliest data available refers to 1636, when the city was rebuilt after it was completelyits destroyeddestruction during the [[Time of Troubles]]. According to the historian T. G. Svistunova, the 16th-century Oryol Fortress of the 16th centuryfortress had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a chopped "city", an "[[Ostrog (fortress)|Ostrogostrog]]" and a Posad,[[posad]] surrounded by gaps. The "city" housed a cathedral, a [[voivode]]'s (i.e. "warlord" or "military- leader"'s) house, government buildings and siege courts for the [[boyar]] children; on the territory of the prison, there were yardsconsisted of gunners' yards, collars and a blacksmith, as well asand two parish churches, which stood near the towers of the prison: Epiphany gunners and Nikolskaya collarstowers. OnIn the Posadposad therewas werea about[[sloboda 30 yards of the Sloboda(settlement)|sloboda]]. In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by the voivode B. Koltovsky.; Theit territoryexpanded of the city increased due to thewith annexation of the land beyond the riverOka. Oryol continued its existence asremained a fortress city with a corresponding garrison:; Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, and a Cossack Slobodasloboda appeareddeveloped near the Oka, and Streletskaya near the Karachevskaya (Korchakovskaya) road. Oryol lost its military character after the 1689 fire in 1689, when the city fortress was partially -burned downcity andfortress was no longernot rebuilt.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
 
In terms of planning,central Oryol is a typical sector-cape town. In its central part, therestreets isfan an array of streets divergingout from the fortress, with; two main axes ofare the Upper and Lower Korchak roadsRoads. occupied part of the area in front of the main settlement ofOpposite the fortress, overlooking the pier on the Oka. Opposite it, there was probably a second marketplace - in the Zaotsk partsection, where the dragoon settlements were located withhad a relatively -regular layout (the regularity was explained both by a one-time cutting of land and the desire to lay streets parallel and perpendicular toalong the river). With the distanceAway from the river, the rectangulargrid mesh gradually bevels and turns intobecomes a “fan”; the two main axes of this "fan" converge to a trapezoidal square, from where the street goes perpendicular to the river to the marketplace and to the bridge. The composition of the city was most effectively perceived from the river: all the main ensembles of the city - a{{snd}}its fortress, three marketplaces and, two monasteries, asand wella asnumber individualof parish churches{{snd}}was -developed turned tofrom the river. TheIts structure of the city was immediately visible from the riverOka: its division into three parts, the leading role of the central cape with the fortress, the fan-shaped (according to the direction of the rivers) layout of the central partcenter and the “regular” breakdowngrid of the Zaotsk settlements. The connection between all parts of the city was alsoconnected expressedby across the river - not only compositionally (the dominance of the interfluvial part over the riverside)bridges, butmaking also in planning - some streets of the central part of the city directly continued in the districts, crossing there through bridges. From the river one could understand the main functions of the city -Oryol a military fortress and a trade center.<ref>Tatyana{{cite Guk.thesis|title=Масштабность Scaleв inпланировке theгородов planningЦентральной ofРоссии cities: inНа centralпримере RussiaКалуги, (example of KalugaТулы, TulaРязани, RyazanОрла, OrelБрянска, BryanskКурска, Kursk)Белгорода|lang=ru|author=Татьяна pp. 84-86Николаевна|pages=84–86|place=Moscow|year=2001}}</ref>
 
The city's earliest plans are considered 1728, the authors of which areby Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev. In 1778, adate planto was1728. putA in1778 place thatplan fixed theits pre-regularradial layout of the city. In 1779, Oryoland receiveda itsradial-semicircular firstsystem regularwas plan.proposed Thisthe planfollowing is based on a radial-semicircular systemyear. In 1848, a new plan was approved, with theincluding Polesskaya Square clearlywas seenapproved.
 
TheOryol's generalmodern planlayout ofwas thedeveloped city,in or1939 ratherby the general layout of the planSuborov, wasan developedarchitect only by 1939 byat the Leningrad branch of Giprogor. The author of the project was the architect Suborov. The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V.A. Gaikovich. Since 1950, the team of authors, including Professor V.G. Gelfreikh and architects V.A. Gaikovich and Yu.V. Shchuko. The rapidOryol's development of Orel required the development of a new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 (VAby V. A. Gaikovich, and A. M. Suborov -of "Lengiprogor"). The centercity's of Eaglecenter was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was erectedbuilt in 1961. In 1966, the construction of flood-control embankments began, which regulate the channel of the Orlik and Oka rivers withinin the central (geometrically)city district of the citybegan.<ref>Tatyana{{cite Guk.thesis|title=Масштабность Scaleв inпланировке theгородов planningЦентральной ofРоссии cities: inНа centralпримере Russia (example of KalugaКалуги, TulaТулы, RyazanРязани, OrelОрла, BryanskБрянска, Kursk)Курска, pp.Белгорода|lang=ru|author=Татьяна 120-123Николаевна|pages=120–123|place=Moscow|year=2001}}</ref>
 
=== Climate ===
Oryol has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb''). Winters are moderately cold and changeable. The first half is softer, second with often warmings. Summers are warm, in separate years — they can be rainy or hot and droughtydry.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Oryol (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C =8 7.0
|Feb record high C = 9.4
|Mar record high C =18 23.20
|Apr record high C =27 29.80
|May record high C = 32.8
|Jun record high C = 35.4
|Jul record high C = 38.7
|Aug record high C = 39.5
|Sep record high C =30 31.73
|Oct record high C = 26.3
|Nov record high C = 1617.05
|Dec record high C = 9.67
|year record high C = 39.5
|Jan high C = −3.76
|Feb high C = −3−2.68
|Mar high C = 2.3.0
|Apr high C = 12.29
|May high C = 1920.51
|Jun high C = 2223.95
|Jul high C = 2425.96
|Aug high C = 2324.76
|Sep high C = 1718.32
|Oct high C = 10.15
|Nov high C = 12.95
|Dec high C = -2.71
|year high C = 1011.40
|Jan mean C = -6.31
|Feb mean C = -65.78
|Mar mean C = -10.38
|Apr mean C = 7.26
|May mean C = 1314.93
|Jun mean C = 17.59
|Jul mean C = 19.38
|Aug mean C = 1718.95
|Sep mean C = 12.17
|Oct mean C = 6.14
|Nov mean C = -0.80
|Dec mean C = -54.13
|year mean C = 6.27
|Jan low C = −9−8.07
|Feb low C = −9−8.9
|Mar low C = −4.73
|Apr low C = 2.68
|May low C = 8.47
|Jun low C = 12.24
|Jul low C = 14.15
|Aug low C = 12.79
|Sep low C = 78.60
|Oct low C = 23.70
|Nov low C = −2.82
|Dec low C = −7−6.7
|year low C = 2.26
|Jan record low C = −33−35.54
|Feb record low C = −37.2
|Mar record low C = −37.8
|Apr record low C = −18−17.92
|May record low C = −5.0
|Jun record low C = -0.4
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|Dec record low C = −35.0
|year record low C = −37.8
|Jan precipitation mmcolour = 43green
|FebJan precipitation mm = 3746
|MarFeb precipitation mm = 3341
|AprMar precipitation mm = 4339
|MayApr precipitation mm = 4240
|May precipitation mm = 50
|Jun precipitation mm = 69
|Jul precipitation mm = 7687
|Aug precipitation mm = 5954
|Sep precipitation mm = 6057
|Oct precipitation mm = 5456
|Nov precipitation mm = 4244
|Dec precipitation mm = 4347
|year precipitation mm = 601630
|Jan snow depth cm = 1514
|Feb snow depth cm = 2122
|Mar snow depth cm = 2115
|Apr snow depth cm = 101
|May snow depth cm = 70
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 30
|Nov snow depth cm = 62
|Dec snow depth cm = 7
|year snow depth cm = 22
|Jan precipitationrain days = 236
|Feb precipitationrain days = 205
|Mar precipitationrain days = 178
|Apr precipitationrain days = 1213
|May precipitationrain days = 1014
|Jun precipitationrain days = 1115
|Jul precipitationrain days = 815
|Aug precipitationrain days = 812
|Sep precipitationrain days = 1115
|Oct precipitationrain days = 14
|Nov precipitationrain days = 1711
|Dec precipitationrain days = 248
|year precipitationrain days = 136
|Jan snow days = 23
|Feb snow days = 21
|Mar snow days = 14
|Apr snow days = 4
|May sunsnow days = 2690.74▼
|Jun sunsnow days = 273.0▼
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0.3
|Oct snow days = 3
|Nov snow days = 13
|Dec snow days = 22
|year sunsnow days = 101▼
|Jan humidity = 84
|Feb humidity = 8182
|Mar humidity = 7577
|Apr humidity = 6568
|May humidity = 64
|Jun humidity = 6971
|Jul humidity = 7172
|Aug humidity = 6972
|Sep humidity = 7778
|Oct humidity = 82
|Nov humidity = 8687
|Dec humidity = 8786
|year humidity = 77
|Jan sun = 34.1
|Feb sun = 67.2
|Mar sun = 133.3
|Apr sun = 186.0
▲|May sun = 269.7
▲|Jun sun = 273.0
|Jul sun = 288.3
|Aug sun = 275.9
|Sep sun = 168.0
|Oct sun = 89.9
|Nov sun = 36.0
|Dec sun = 31.0
▲|year sun =
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodapogodaiklimat.ru.net/climate/27906.htm | title = Pogoda.ru.net| access-date = September 8, 2007
| title = Weather and Climate - The Climate of IOryol
| access-date = 8 November 2021
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru}}</ref>
|date=February 2012
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== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1897|70000|1926|75594|1939|110564|1959|151521|1970|232216|1979|304971|1989|336862|2002|333310|2010|317747|2021|303169|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}According to the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]], in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.▼
{{Infobox
|title=Oryol population
|label1=[[Russian Empire Census|1897 Census]]
|data1=70 000
|label2=[[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union|1926 Census]]
|data2=76 000
|label3=1939 Census
|data3=110 564
|label4=[[Soviet Census (1959)|1959 Census]]
|data4=151 521
|label5=[[Soviet Census (1970)|1970 Census]]
|data5=232 216
|label6=[[Soviet Census (1979)|1979 Census]]
|data6=304 971
|label7=[[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]
|data7=336 862
|label8=[[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]]
|data8=333 310
|label9=[[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]]
|data9=317 747
|label10=Estimate 2021
|data10=303 696
▲}}
▲According to the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]], in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.
 
Largest '''ethnic groups''' in 2010:
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=== Railway ===
Since 1868, there has been a railway connection between Oryol and Moscow.<ref>[http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_orel.html Train Station in Oryol {{in lang|ru}}] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323173327/http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_orel.html |date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Here converge 5 railway lines: on [[Yelets]], [[Moscow]], [[Kursk]], [[Bryansk]], Mikhailovsky mine.
 
The main terminals: Oryol Station, Station Luzhki-Oryol.
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==== Tram ====
[[File:Oryol_Tram2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Tatra T3SU tram]]
[[File:ОрёлOryol трамвайtram картаmap 2020-10-03.svg|thumb|Tram map of Oryol (2020)]]
On November 3, 1898, Oryol inaugurated an electric tram. The draft was prepared by the Belgian entrepreneur FF Gilon and firm «Compagnie mutuelle de tramways», which won the right to build not only a tram, but also lighting in the city. Oryol tram is one of the oldest electric tram systems in Russia. It is 1 year older than Moscow and 9 years — St. Petersburg. In 2017, the length of the lines in double-track calculation was {{convert|18.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}. For 2019, there are 3 routes, which are operated: [[Tatra T3]] (74 units), [[Tatra T6B5]] (13 units), 71-403 (1 unit), 71-405 (1 unit).
 
=== Aerial ===
[[File:Obelisk in honor of the aviators, Oryol.jpg|thumb|right|Monument ([[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]]) to Soviet pilots who fought for the liberation of Oryol land from Nazi invaders (photo 2018)]]
The city is served by the [[Oryol Yuzhny Airport]], which is currently not working.
 
==Education==
There are six [[Higher education|institutions of higher education]] in Oryol, as well as four branches of such institutions from other cities.
;Local
* [[Oryol Law Institute]]
* [[Oryol State Agrarian University]]
* [[Oryol State Institute of Culture]]
* Oryol State Institute of Economics and Trade
* [[Oryol State University]]
* [[Russian Federation Security Guard Service Federal Academy]]
 
;Branches
* Oryol Branch of the [[Russian University of Transport]] (Moscow)
* Oryol Branch of the [[Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration]] (Moscow)
* Oryol branch of the [[Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation]] (Moscow)
* Oryol branch of the Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law ([[Voronezh]])
 
==International cooperation==
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*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Razgrad]], Bulgaria (1968)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Offenbach am Main]], Germany (1988)
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Leeuwarden]], The Netherlands (1990-20021990–2002)
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Zhodzina]], Belarus (2016)
* {{flagicon|TKM}} [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]], Turkmenistan (2017)<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://iz.ru/653603/2017-10-03/orel-i-turkmenskii-mary-stali-gorodami-pobratimami]|title = Орел и туркменский Мары стали городами-побратимами|date = October 3, 2017}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
 
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* [[Fedor Baranov]], fisheries scientist
* [[Denis Boytsov]], boxer
* [[Yulia Bravikova]], rhythmic gymnast▼
* [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]], security chief
* [[Afanasy Fet]], poet
* [[Nikolai Getman]], painter and Gulag survivor
* [[Timofey Granovsky]], historian
* [[Vasily Kalinnikov]] (1866-19011866–1901), composer
* [[Yakov Kasman]], pianist
* [[Anna Petrovna Kern]], socialite
Line 448 ⟶ 445:
* [[Alexey Stakhanov]], celebrated miner/engineer
* [[Pyotr Stolypin]], statesman
* [[:pl:Maksymilian Stratanowski|Maksymilian Stratanowski]], painter▼
* [[Yakov Sverdlov]], Bolshevik revolutionary
* [[Ivan Turgenev]], novelist and playwright
* [[Aleksey Yermolov (general)|Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov]], military general
* [[Gennady Zyuganov]], politician
* Korsak-Koulagnikov, collegiate secretary Aleksey Ivanovich, titular councilor Vasili Ivanovich, provincial secretary Petr Grigorievich and his brother Mardari Grigorievich were reckoned among the nobility of the province of Orel in 1815 after examination the proofs of nobility registered in the 6th part of the Noble Register of Chernigov province <ref>Russian Heraldry Department, Fond 1343, inventory 23, file 7216 Korsak-Koulagenko family</ref>
* [[Vladimir Pikul]], composer and pianist
▲* [[Yulia Bravikova]], rhythmic gymnast
▲* [[:pl:Maksymilian Stratanowski|Maksymilian Stratanowski]], painter
 
== References ==
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* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|orl|mun|list|orlovsky}}
 
=== External links ===
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Orel (town) |volume= 20 | page = 251 |short= 1}}
* [http://www.orel-adm.ru/ Official website of Oryol] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://infoorel.ru/ Unofficial website of Oryol] {{in lang|ru}}
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[[Category:Oryol| ]]
[[Category:Orlovsky Uyezd (Oryol Governorate)]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Russia]]
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