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{{Short description|City in Oryol Oblast, Russia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}
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| other_name =
| other_lang =
| image_skyline = Oryol collage.png
| image_caption = '''Left''':A 400th anniversary monument of Oryol, Oryol City Hall, [[Ivan Turgenev|Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev nonument in Krituri Oddri Park]], '''Right''':Lenina (Lenin) Square and Theotokos Smolensk Church, Oryol Eagle Monument in Privokzalnaya Square, Orink River and Oryol financial heritage building, Orzol Saint Michael Church, (all item from above to bottom)
| image_map =
| map_caption =
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| adm_ctr_of2 = city of oblast significance of Oryol
| adm_ctr_of2_ref = <ref name="Ref126" />
| adm_ctr_of3 = [[Orlovsky District, Oryol Oblast|Orlovsky District]]
| adm_ctr_of3_ref = <ref name="Ref126" />
| inhabloc_cat = City
| inhabloc_cat_ref = <ref name="Ref126" />
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| pop_latest_ref =
| population_demonym =
| time_zone_ref = MSK
<!-- history -->
| established_date = 1566
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| dialing_codes_ref =
| website = http://www.orel-adm.ru/
}}
|date=June 2020}}
'''Oryol''' or '''Orel''' ({{lang-rus|Орёл|p|ɐˈrʲɵl|a=ɐˈrʲɵlru-Орёл.ogg|links=y}}, {{lit. ''|eagle''}}), also knowntransliterated as '''Orel''' or '''Oriol''',<ref>{{cite web | title=Oriol, Russia | website=Geographical Names|publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency| url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4168283&fid=5539&c=russia | access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> is a [[typesClassification of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Oryol Oblast]], Russia, situated on the [[RussiaOka River]], approximately {{convert|368|km|sp=us}} south-southwest of Moscow. It is part of the [[Central Federal District]], as well as the [[Central Economic Region]].
 
It is located on the [[Oka River]], approximately {{convert|368|km|sp=us}} south-southwest of [[Moscow]].
 
Population: 303,696 (est.2021); {{ru-census|p2010=317,747}}
 
Oryol is the City of the First Salute and the [[City of Military Glory]].
 
== History ==
[[File:Central Administration of the Central Bank of Russia for Oryol Oblast 01.jpg|thumb|left|The Central Bank of Russia for Oryol Oblast (photo 2018)]]
[[File:Памятник 400-летию Орла.jpg|thumb|right|A monument of 400th birthplace anniversary (photo 2016)]]
[[File:Bahnhof_von_Orjol_im_September_1941.jpg|thumb|Oryol railway station in September 1941]]
 
=== [[KievanEarly Rus]]history ===
While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the [[Oka River]] and [[Orlik River]]s as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the [[Principality of Chernigov]]. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the [[Zvenigorod]] district of the [[Karachev]] PrincipalinstyPrincipality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The city was soon abandoned by its population, after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the [[Golden Horde]]. The territory became a part of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in the 16th century.
 
=== [[Tsardom of Russia]] ===
[[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV Vasilyevich]] decreed that a new fortress be built on the spot in 1566, for the purpose of defending the southern borders of the country.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} The fortress was built quickly, with work starting in the summer of 1566 and ending in the spring of 1567. The location chosen was less than ideal strategically, as the fortress was located on a seasonally flooded low ground easily targeted from the neighboring high ground. [[False Dmitry I]] and his army passed through Oryol in 1605; [[Ivan Bolotnikov]] in 1606; [[False Dmitry II]] camped in Oryol for the winter of 1607–1608. Polish interventionforces sacked it in 1611 and 1615;. While the population fled after the second sacking and moved to [[Mtsensk]]., the Orlovsky Uyezd nonetheless continued to exist on paperadministratively.
 
Oryol was rebuilt in 1636. The question of moving the fortress to the more advantageous high ground was debated until the 1670s, but the move was never made. The fortress was deemed unnecessary and was taken apart in the early 18th century.
 
=== [[Russian Empire]] ===
In the mid-18th century Oryol became one of the major centers of grain production, with the Oka River being the major trade route until the 1860s when it was replaced by a railroad.
 
Oryol was granted town status in 1702. In 1708, Oryol was included as a part of [[Kiev Governorate]]; in 1719, [[Oryol Province]] was created within Kiev Governorate. The Province was transferred to the newly created [[Belgorod Governorate]] in 1727. On March&nbsp;11 (February&nbsp;28 [[Julian calendar|old style]])<!--check date-->, 1778 [[Oryol Vice-Royalty]] was created from parts of [[Voronezh Governorate|Voronezh]] and Belgorod Governorates. In 1779, the city was almost entirely rebuilt based on a new plan; and the Oryol River was renamed Orlik (lit: "little eagle").
 
=== [[Russian Republic]] ===
After the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, the city was in Bolshevik's hands, except for a brief period between October 13 and October 20, 1919, when it was controlled by [[Anton Denikin]]'s [[White movement|White Army]].
 
=== [[Soviet Union]] ===
Oryol was once again moved between different [[oblast]]s in the 1920s and 1930s (at: first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then [[Central Black Earth Region]] between 1928 and 1934, finally in [[Kursk Oblast]]), finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937.
 
The [[Oryol Prison]] was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. [[Christian Rakovsky]], [[Maria Spiridonova]], [[Olga Kameneva]] and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September&nbsp;11, 1941 on [[Joseph Stalin]]'s orders in the [[Medvedev Forest massacre]] outside Oryol.
 
During the German-Soviet War, Oryol was occupied by the [[Wehrmacht]] on October&nbsp;7, 1941.
==== [[Eastern Front (World War II)|During German-Soviet war]] ====
During the German-Soviet war, Oryol was occupied by the [[2nd Panzer Army|Guderian's Panzer group]] of the [[Wehrmacht]] on October&nbsp;3, 1941, burst from the south-west.
 
InThe the sky over the Oryol fought theFrench famousair squadron [[Normandie-Niemen]] fought in the skies over Oryol.
 
Oryol was liberated on August&nbsp;5, 1943 during the [[Operation Kutuzov|Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov"]] on the [[Battle of Kursk|Oryol-Kursk Bulge]]. The city was almost completely destroyed. By Order No .2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated Oryol. Since then, the city has had the nickname, "City of the First Salute", and the day of the liberation from the German invaders was celebrated as the city's day.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
September 19, 1943 in the Oryol was the first in the history of the Great Patriotic War parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region.
 
On September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region during the war.
Oryol was liberated on August&nbsp;5, 1943 during the [[Operation Kutuzov|Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov"]] on the [[Battle of Kursk|Oryol-Kursk Bulge]]. The city was almost completely destroyed. By order №2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated the Oryol. Since then the city is called the "City of the First Salute" and the day of the liberation from the Nazi invaders was celebrated as the city day.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
 
== Geography ==
[[File:Oryol2006.jpg|thumb|right|Orlik River]]
 
=== Time zone ===
Oryol has the same time zone as Moscow (Moscow time). Time, relativeor to [[UTC]]+03:00.<ref>{{cite isweb|title=Статья +35.00 [Часовые зоны|url=http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_114656/b2707989c276b5a188e63bc41e7bcbcc18723de8/ 18]|website=consultant.ru}}</ref>
 
=== Location ===
Oryol stands on the banks of the [[Oka River]] and its tributary Orlik river in the [[Central Russian Upland]] of the [[East European Plain]], approximately {{convert|368|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southwest of [[Moscow]].
 
==={{anchor|Urban layout}}Layout===
{{copy edit section|date=May 2021}}
Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. There is not much information about the initial stage of its existence: the earliest data available refers to 1636, when the city was rebuilt after it was completely destroyed during the Time of Troubles. According to the historian T.G. Svistunova, the Oryol Fortress of the 16th century had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a chopped "city", an "[[Ostrog (fortress)|Ostrog]]" and a Posad, surrounded by gaps. The "city" housed a cathedral, a [[voivode]]'s (i.e "warlord" or "military-leader") house, government buildings and siege courts for the [[boyar]] children; on the territory of the prison there were yards of gunners, collars and a blacksmith, as well as two parish churches, which stood near the towers of the prison: Epiphany gunners and Nikolskaya collars. On the posad there were about 30 yards of the Sloboda. In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by voivode B. Koltovsky. The territory of the city increased due to the annexation of the land beyond the river. Oryol continued its existence as a fortress city with a corresponding garrison: Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, Cossack Sloboda appeared near the Oka, and Streletskaya near the Karachevskaya (Korchakovskaya) road. Oryol lost its military character after the fire in 1689, when the city fortress was partially burned down and was no longer rebuilt.
 
Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. Little information exists about its early history; the earliest data available refers to 1636, when the city was rebuilt after its destruction during the [[Time of Troubles]]. According to historian T. G. Svistunova, the 16th-century Oryol fortress had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a city, an [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] and a [[posad]] surrounded by gaps. The city housed a cathedral, a [[voivode]]'s (warlord or military leader's) house, government buildings and courts for the [[boyar]] children; the prison consisted of gunners' yards, a blacksmith, and two parish churches near the prison towers. In the posad was a [[sloboda (settlement)|sloboda]]. In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by the voivode B. Koltovsky; it expanded with annexation of land beyond the Oka. Oryol remained a fortress city with a corresponding garrison; Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, and a Cossack sloboda developed near the Oka. Oryol lost its military character after the 1689 fire, when the partially-burned city fortress was not rebuilt.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
In terms of planning, Oryol is a typical sector-cape town. In its central part, there is an array of streets diverging from the fortress, with two main axes of the Upper and Lower Korchak roads. occupied part of the area in front of the main settlement of the fortress, overlooking the pier on the Oka. Opposite it, there was probably a second marketplace - in the Zaotsk part, where the dragoon settlements were located with a relatively regular layout (the regularity was explained both by a one-time cutting of land and the desire to lay streets parallel and perpendicular to the river). With the distance from the river, the rectangular mesh gradually bevels and turns into a “fan”; the two main axes of this "fan" converge to a trapezoidal square, from where the street goes perpendicular to the river to the marketplace and to the bridge. The composition of the city was most effectively perceived from the river: all the main ensembles of the city - a fortress, three marketplaces and two monasteries, as well as individual parish churches - turned to the river. The structure of the city was immediately visible from the river: its division into three parts, the leading role of the central cape with the fortress, the fan-shaped (according to the direction of the rivers) layout of the central part and the “regular” breakdown of the Zaotsk settlements. The connection between all parts of the city was also expressed across the river - not only compositionally (the dominance of the interfluvial part over the riverside), but also in planning - some streets of the central part of the city directly continued in the districts, crossing there through bridges. From the river one could understand the main functions of the city - a military fortress and a trade center.<ref>Tatyana Guk. Scale in the planning of cities in central Russia (example of Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan, Orel, Bryansk, Kursk) pp. 84-86</ref>
 
In central Oryol, streets fan out from the fortress; two main axes are the Upper and Lower Korchak Roads. Opposite the fortress was probably a second marketplace in the Zaotsk section, where the dragoon settlements had a relatively-regular layout along the river. Away from the river, the grid becomes a fan. The city{{snd}}its fortress, three marketplaces, two monasteries and a number of parish churches{{snd}}was developed from the river. Its structure was visible from the Oka: the central fortress, the fan-shaped center and the grid of the Zaotsk settlements. The city was connected by bridges, making Oryol a military fortress and a trade center.<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Масштабность в планировке городов Центральной России : На примере Калуги, Тулы, Рязани, Орла, Брянска, Курска, Белгорода|lang=ru|author=Татьяна Николаевна|pages=84–86|place=Moscow|year=2001}}</ref>
The earliest plans are considered 1728, the authors of which are Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev. In 1778, a plan was put in place that fixed the pre-regular layout of the city. In 1779, Oryol received its first regular plan. This plan is based on a radial-semicircular system. In 1848 a new plan was approved, with the Polesskaya Square clearly seen.
 
The city's earliest plans, by Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev, date to 1728. A 1778 plan fixed its radial layout, and a radial-semicircular system was proposed the following year. In 1848, a new plan including Polesskaya Square was approved.
The general plan of the city, or rather the general layout of the plan, was developed only by 1939 by the Leningrad branch of Giprogor. The author of the project was the architect Suborov. The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V.A. Gaikovich. Since 1950, the team of authors, including Professor V.G. Gelfreikh and architects V.A. Gaikovich and Yu.V. Shchuko. The rapid development of Orel required the development of a new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 (VA Gaikovich, A.M. Suborov - "Lengiprogor"). The center of Eagle was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was erected in 1961. In 1966, the construction of embankments began, which regulate the channel of the Orlik and Oka rivers within the central (geometrically) district of the city.<ref>Tatyana Guk. Scale in the planning of cities in central Russia (example of Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan, Orel, Bryansk, Kursk), pp. 120-123</ref>
 
Oryol's modern layout was developed in 1939 by Suborov, an architect at the Leningrad branch of Giprogor. The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V. A. Gaikovich. Oryol's development required a new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 by V. A. Gaikovich and A. M. Suborov of Lengiprogor. The city's center was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was built in 1961. In 1966, construction of flood-control embankments in the central city began.<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Масштабность в планировке городов Центральной России : На примере Калуги, Тулы, Рязани, Орла, Брянска, Курска, Белгорода|lang=ru|author=Татьяна Николаевна|pages=120–123|place=Moscow|year=2001}}</ref>
 
=== Climate ===
Oryol has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb''). Winters are moderately cold and changeable. The first half is softer, second with often warmings. Summers are warm, in separate years — they can be rainy or hot and droughtydry.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location=Oryol (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C =8 7.0
|Feb record high C = 9.4
|Mar record high C =18 23.20
|Apr record high C =27 29.80
|May record high C = 32.8
|Jun record high C = 35.4
|Jul record high C = 38.7
|Aug record high C = 39.5
|Sep record high C =30 31.73
|Oct record high C = 26.3
|Nov record high C = 1617.05
|Dec record high C = 9.67
|year record high C = 39.5
|Jan high C = −3.76
|Feb high C = −3−2.68
|Mar high C = 2.3.0
|Apr high C = 12.29
|May high C = 1920.51
|Jun high C = 2223.95
|Jul high C = 2425.96
|Aug high C = 2324.76
|Sep high C = 1718.32
|Oct high C = 10.15
|Nov high C = 12.95
|Dec high C = -2.71
|year high C = 1011.40
|Jan mean C = -6.31
|Feb mean C = -65.78
|Mar mean C = -10.38
|Apr mean C = 7.26
|May mean C = 1314.93
|Jun mean C = 17.59
|Jul mean C = 19.38
|Aug mean C = 1718.95
|Sep mean C = 12.17
|Oct mean C = 6.14
|Nov mean C = -0.80
|Dec mean C = -54.13
|year mean C = 6.27
|Jan low C = −9−8.07
|Feb low C = −9−8.9
|Mar low C = −4.73
|Apr low C = 2.68
|May low C = 8.47
|Jun low C = 12.24
|Jul low C = 14.15
|Aug low C = 12.79
|Sep low C = 78.60
|Oct low C = 23.70
|Nov low C = −2.82
|Dec low C = −7−6.7
|year low C = 2.26
|Jan record low C = −33−35.54
|Feb record low C = −37.2
|Mar record low C = −37.8
|Apr record low C = −18−17.92
|May record low C = −5.0
|Jun record low C = -0.4
Line 231 ⟶ 223:
|Dec record low C = −35.0
|year record low C = −37.8
|Jan precipitation mmcolour = 43green
|FebJan precipitation mm = 3746
|MarFeb precipitation mm = 3341
|AprMar precipitation mm = 4339
|MayApr precipitation mm = 4240
|May precipitation mm = 50
|Jun precipitation mm = 69
|Jul precipitation mm = 7687
|Aug precipitation mm = 5954
|Sep precipitation mm = 6057
|Oct precipitation mm = 5456
|Nov precipitation mm = 4244
|Dec precipitation mm = 4347
|year precipitation mm = 601630
|Jan snow depth cm = 1514
|Feb snow depth cm = 2122
|Mar snow depth cm = 2115
|Apr snow depth cm = 101
|May snow depth cm = 70
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 30
|Nov snow depth cm = 62
|Dec snow depth cm = 7
|year snow depth cm = 22
|Jan precipitationrain days = 236
|Feb precipitationrain days = 205
|Mar precipitationrain days = 178
|Apr precipitationrain days = 1213
|May precipitationrain days = 1014
|Jun precipitationrain days = 1115
|Jul precipitationrain days = 815
|Aug precipitationrain days = 812
|Sep precipitationrain days = 1115
|Oct precipitationrain days = 14
|Nov precipitationrain days = 1711
|Dec precipitationrain days = 248
|year precipitationrain days = 136
|Jan snow days = 23
|Feb snow days = 21
|Mar snow days = 14
|Apr snow days = 4
|May snow days = 0.4
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0.3
|Oct snow days = 3
|Nov snow days = 13
|Dec snow days = 22
|year snow days = 101
|Jan humidity = 84
|Feb humidity = 8182
|Mar humidity = 7577
|Apr humidity = 6568
|May humidity = 64
|Jun humidity = 6971
|Jul humidity = 7172
|Aug humidity = 6972
|Sep humidity = 7778
|Oct humidity = 82
|Nov humidity = 8687
|Dec humidity = 8786
|year humidity = 77
|Jan sun = 34.1
|Feb sun = 67.2
|Mar sun = 133.3
|Apr sun = 186.0
|May sun = 269.7
|Jun sun = 273.0
|Jul sun = 288.3
|Aug sun = 275.9
|Sep sun = 168.0
|Oct sun = 89.9
|Nov sun = 36.0
|Dec sun = 31.0
|year sun =
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodapogodaiklimat.ru.net/climate/27906.htm | title = Pogoda.ru.net| access-date = September 8, 2007
| title = Weather and Climate - The Climate of IOryol
| access-date = 8 November 2021
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru}}</ref>
|date=February 2012
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== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1897|70000|1926|75594|1939|110564|1959|151521|1970|232216|1979|304971|1989|336862|2002|333310|2010|317747|2021|303169|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}According to the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]], in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.
{{Infobox
|title=Oryol population
|label1=[[Russian Empire Census|1897 Census]]
|data1=70 000
|label2=[[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union|1926 Census]]
|data2=76 000
|label3=1939 Census
|data3=110 564
|label4=[[Soviet Census (1959)|1959 Census]]
|data4=151 521
|label5=[[Soviet Census (1970)|1970 Census]]
|data5=232 216
|label6=[[Soviet Census (1979)|1979 Census]]
|data6=304 971
|label7=[[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]
|data7=336 862
|label8=[[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]]
|data8=333 310
|label9=[[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]]
|data9=317 747
|label10=Estimate 2021
|data10=303 696
}}
According to the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]], in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.
 
Largest '''ethnic groups''' in 2010:
Line 391 ⟶ 364:
 
=== Railway ===
Since 1868, there has been a railway connection between Oryol and Moscow.<ref>[http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_orel.html Train Station in Oryol {{in lang|ru}}] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323173327/http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_orel.html |date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> Here converge 5 railway lines: on [[Yelets]], [[Moscow]], [[Kursk]], [[Bryansk]], Mikhailovsky mine.
 
The main terminals: Oryol Station, Station Luzhki-Oryol.
Line 397 ⟶ 370:
==== Tram ====
[[File:Oryol_Tram2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Tatra T3SU tram]]
[[File:ОрёлOryol трамвайtram картаmap 2020-10-03.svg|thumb|Tram map of Oryol (2020)]]
On November 3, 1898, Oryol inaugurated an electric tram. The draft was prepared by the Belgian entrepreneur FF Gilon and firm «Compagnie mutuelle de tramways», which won the right to build not only a tram, but also lighting in the city. Oryol tram is one of the oldest electric tram systems in Russia. It is 1 year older than Moscow and 9 years — St. Petersburg. In 2017, the length of the lines in double-track calculation was {{convert|18.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}. For 2019, there are 3 routes, which are operated: [[Tatra T3]] (74 units), [[Tatra T6B5]] (13 units), 71-403 (1 unit), 71-405 (1 unit).
 
=== Aerial ===
[[File:Obelisk in honor of the aviators, Oryol.jpg|thumb|right|Monument ([[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]]) to Soviet pilots who fought for the liberation of Oryol land from Nazi invaders (photo 2018)]]
The city is served by the [[Oryol Yuzhny Airport]], which is currently not working.
 
==Education==
There are six [[Higher education|institutions of higher education]] in Oryol, as well as four branches of such institutions from other cities.
;Local
* [[Oryol Law Institute]]
* [[Oryol State Agrarian University]]
* [[Oryol State Institute of Culture]]
* Oryol State Institute of Economics and Trade
* [[Oryol State University]]
* [[Russian Federation Security Guard Service Federal Academy]]
 
;Branches
* Oryol Branch of the [[Russian University of Transport]] (Moscow)
* Oryol Branch of the [[Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration]] (Moscow)
* Oryol branch of the [[Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation]] (Moscow)
* Oryol branch of the Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law ([[Voronezh]])
 
==International cooperation==
Line 413 ⟶ 402:
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Razgrad]], Bulgaria (1968)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Offenbach am Main]], Germany (1988)
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Leeuwarden]], The Netherlands (1990-20021990–2002)
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Zhodzina]], Belarus (2016)
* {{flagicon|TKM}} [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]], Turkmenistan (2017)<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://iz.ru/653603/2017-10-03/orel-i-turkmenskii-mary-stali-gorodami-pobratimami]|title = Орел и туркменский Мары стали городами-побратимами|date = October 3, 2017}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
 
Line 436 ⟶ 425:
* [[Fedor Baranov]], fisheries scientist
* [[Denis Boytsov]], boxer
* [[Yulia Bravikova]], rhythmic gymnast
* [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]], security chief
* [[Afanasy Fet]], poet
* [[Nikolai Getman]], painter and Gulag survivor
* [[Timofey Granovsky]], historian
* [[Vasily Kalinnikov]] (1866-19011866–1901), composer
* [[Yakov Kasman]], pianist
* [[Anna Petrovna Kern]], socialite
Line 455 ⟶ 445:
* [[Alexey Stakhanov]], celebrated miner/engineer
* [[Pyotr Stolypin]], statesman
* [[:pl:Maksymilian Stratanowski|Maksymilian Stratanowski]], painter
* [[Yakov Sverdlov]], Bolshevik revolutionary
* [[Ivan Turgenev]], novelist and playwright
* [[Aleksey Yermolov (general)|Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov]], military general
* [[Gennady Zyuganov]], politician
* Korsak-Koulagnikov, collegiate secretary Aleksey Ivanovich, titular councilor Vasili Ivanovich, provincial secretary Petr Grigorievich and his brother Mardari Grigorievich were reckoned among the nobility of the province of Orel in 1815 after examination the proofs of nobility registered in the 6th part of the Noble Register of Chernigov province <ref>Russian Heraldry Department, Fond 1343, inventory 23, file 7216 Korsak-Koulagenko family</ref>
* [[Vladimir Pikul]], composer and pianist
* [[Yulia Bravikova]], rhythmic gymnast
* [[:pl:Maksymilian Stratanowski|Maksymilian Stratanowski]], painter
 
== References ==
Line 473 ⟶ 462:
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|orl|mun|list|orlovsky}}
 
== External links ==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Orel (town) |volume= 20 | page = 251 |short= 1}}
* [http://www.orel-adm.ru/ Official website of Oryol] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://infoorel.ru/ Unofficial website of Oryol] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=765 The murder of the Jews of Oryol] during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website.
 
{{Oryol Oblast}}
 
{{Cities of Military Glory}}
{{Cities of Military Glory}}{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Oryol| ]]
[[Category:Orlovsky Uyezd (Oryol Governorate)]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Russia]]
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