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{{Short description|River in Manitoba, Canada}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Other places}}
{{Infobox river
{{Geobox|River
| name = Hayes River
<!-- *** Heading *** -->
| name_native =
| name = Hayes River
| native_namename_native_lang =
| other_namename_other =
| name_etymology = Named for Sir [[James Hayes (Prince Rupert's secretary)|James Hayes]], a [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) charter member
| category =
<!--------------------- ***IMAGE Names& ****MAP -->
| image = YorkFactoryaerial.jpg
| etymology = Named for Sir [[James Hayes (Prince Rupert's secretary)|James Hayes]], a [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) charter member
| image_caption = [[York Factory]] on the Hayes River, circa 1925
| nickname =
| map =
<!-- *** Image *** -->
| imagemap_size =
| map_caption =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Manitoba#Canada
| image_size =
| pushpin_map_size =
<!-- *** Country *** -->
| pushpin_map_caption= Location of the mouth of the Hayes River in Manitoba.
| country = Canada
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| state = Manitoba
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| state_type = Province
| subdivision_name1 = [[Canada]]
| region = [[Northern Region, Manitoba|Northern Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| district =
| subdivision_name2 = [[Manitoba]]
| municipality =
| subdivision_type3 = Region
<!-- *** Family *** -->
| subdivision_name3 = [[Northern Region, Manitoba|Northern Region]]
| parent = [[Hudson Bay]] [[drainage basin]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| tributary_left = [[Fox River (Manitoba)|Fox River]]
| subdivision_name4 =
| tributary_right = [[Gods River]]
| citysubdivision_type5 =
| landmarksubdivision_name5 =
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
<!-- *** River locations *** -->
| length = {{cvt|483|km}}
| source = [[Molson Lake (Manitoba)|Molson Lake]]
| width_min =
| source_location = | source_region = | source_country =
| width_avg =
| source_elevation = 221
| width_max =
| source_lat_d = 54| source_lat_m = 18| source_lat_s = 55| source_lat_NS = N
| depth_min =
| source_long_d = 96| source_long_m = 41| source_long_s = 31| source_long_EW = W
| source1depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| source1_location = | source1_region = | source1_country =
| discharge1_location=
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_min =
| source1_lat_d = | source1_lat_m = | source1_lat_s = | source1_lat_NS =
| discharge1_avg = {{cvt|590|m3/s|cuft/s}}
| source1_long_d = | source1_long_m = | source1_long_s = | source1_long_EW =
| source_confluencedischarge1_max =
<!----------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_region = | source_confluence_country =
| source1 = [[Molson Lake (Manitoba)|Molson Lake]]
| source_confluence_elevation =
| source1_location =
| source_confluence_lat_d = | source_confluence_lat_m = | source_confluence_lat_s = | source_confluence_lat_NS =
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|54|18|55|N|96|41|31|W|display=inline}}
| source_confluence_long_d = | source_confluence_long_m = | source_confluence_long_s = | source_confluence_long_EW =
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|221|m}}
| mouth = Hudson Bay
| mouth = [[Hudson Bay]]
| mouth_location = | mouth_region = | mouth_country =
| mouth_elevationmouth_location = 0
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|57|03|27|N|92|10|45|W|display=inline,title}}
<!-- Coordinates per Geographical Names Database of Geographical Names of Canada - see reference; elevation at these coordinates -->
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m}}
| mouth_lat_d = 57| mouth_lat_m = 03| mouth_lat_s = 27| mouth_lat_NS = N
| progression =
| mouth_long_d = 92| mouth_long_m = 10| mouth_long_s = 45| mouth_long_EW = W
| river_system = [[Hudson Bay drainage basin]]
<!-- *** Dimensions *** -->
| basin_size = {{cvt|108000|km2}}
| length = 483
| tributaries_left = [[Fox River (Manitoba)|Fox River]]
| width =
| tributaries_right = [[Gods River]]
| depth =
| custom_label =
| volume =
| custom_data =
| watershed = 108000
| extra =
| discharge = 590
| discharge_max =
| discharge_min =
<!-- *** Free fields *** -->
| free = | free_type =
<!-- *** Maps *** -->
| map = Canada Manitoba location map 2.svg
| map_caption = Location of the mouth of the Hayes River in Manitoba.
| map_background =
| map_locator = Manitoba
<!-- *** Website *** -->
| website =
| commons =
<!-- *** Footnotes *** -->
| footnotes =
}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2010}}
 
The '''Hayes River''' is a river in [[Northern Region, Manitoba|Northern Region]], [[Manitoba]]Canada, [[Canada]] that flows from [[Molson Lake (Manitoba)|Molson Lake]] to [[Hudson Bay]] at [[York Factory, Manitoba|York Factory]].<ref name="CdnEncyc">{{cite webencyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hayes-river |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519222550/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003646 |url-status= live |archive-date= May 19, 2005 |title= Hayes River|last= Marsh|first= James H |workencyclopedia= [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|publisher= [[The Historica Dominion InstituteCanada]]|accessdatedate=January 2010-07-2623, 2014}}</ref> It was historically an historically important river in the development of Canada, and is todaynow a [[Canadian Heritage Rivers System|Canadian Heritage River]] and the longest naturally flowing river in Manitoba.<ref name="CHRSFacts">{{cite web|url= http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/Hayes/Hayes-F_eHayes_e.htm php|title= Hayes River - Facts|publisher= [[Canadian Heritage Rivers System]]|accessdateaccess-date= 2010-07-26|archive-date= September 23, 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203144/http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/Hayes/Hayes_e.php|url-status= dead}}</ref>
 
==Course==
The river begins at the northern end of Molson Lake (about {{convert|90|km}} northeast of the northern tip of [[Lake Winnipeg]]) at an elevation of {{convert|221|m|ft|0}} and flows northeastward.
The river begins at an elevation of {{convert|221|m|ft|0}} at Molson Lake which is about {{convert|90|km}} northeast of the northern tip of [[Lake Winnipeg]]. A tributary of Molson Lake, Paimusk Creek, begins less than {{convert|3|km|0}} east of the [[Nelson River]]. It leaves Molson Lake and flows north and northeast to Robinson Lake about {{convert|16|km|0}} northeast. Just before reaching Robinson Lake the [[Echimamish River]] comes in from the west. This curious river connects directly to the [[Nelson River]] and was used by the voyageurs to travel from [[York Factory]] on Hudson Bay, up the Hayes and across to the Nelson and downstream to [[Norway House, Manitoba]] at the north end of Lake Winnipeg. Northeast of Robinson Lake is Robinson Falls and the mile-long Robinson portage which was the longest portage between Hudson Bay and Edmonton. Somewhere in this area is Hill Gates, a mile-long narrow gorge. Beyond this it cuts across Logan Lake, passes the settlement of Wetikoweskwattam to Opiminegoka Lake, where it takes the northeast-flowing Lawford River, flows through Windy Lake and over Wipanipanis Falls to Oxford Lake at a point about {{convert|80|km}} northeast of its source at Molson Lake. It flows out of the lake at [[Oxford House, Manitoba|Oxford House]] then southeast over Trout Falls to [[Knee Lake]]. Exiting Knee Lake, the Hayes passes over a series of rapids and via several channels and widens into Swampy Lake. At the east end of Swampy Lake, about {{convert|200|km}} miles northeast of Molson Lake and {{convert|240|km}} from Hudson bay is the Dramstone where west-bound travelers took a dram to celebrate leaving the most difficult part of the river. Including the rapids downstream from Knee Lake, in a {{convert|80|km}} stretch the Hayes loses 5/7ths of its elevation in 1/6 of its length. From Swampy Lake it runs through a stretch of constant rapids, past Brassy Hill, rising {{convert|140|m|ft|0}} above the river, and takes in the right tributary High Hill River. The river continues northeast through a small [[canyon]] for about {{convert|100|km|mi|0}}, therein passing over the Whitemud Falls and Berwick Falls, and takes in the major left tributary [[Fox River (Manitoba)|Fox River]] at an elevation of {{convert|43|m|ft|0}}. The Hayes River continues northeast and takes in the major right tributary [[Gods River]] at an elevation of {{convert|24|m|ft|0}}, and finally reaches its mouth at Hudson Bay, immediately to the south of the mouth of the larger [[Nelson River]] and to the north of the mouth of the smaller Machichi River. {{convert|200|km}} upriver from York Factory was Rock Depot where [[York boats]] had to be replaced by smaller canoes. It was 30 portages and {{convert|425|km}} from Rock Depot to [[Norway House]].<ref>James Raffan,"Emperor of the North: Sir George Simpson and the Remarkable Story of the Hudson's Bay Company, 2007, page 126</ref>
 
Near Molson Lake, the [[Echimamish River]] connects with the Hayes. The Echimamish is a [[river bifurcation]] that connects the Hayes to the [[Nelson River]], which flows out of Lake Winnipeg. This river connector was used by the voyageurs to travel from [[York Factory]] on Hudson Bay, up the Hayes and across to the Nelson and on to [[Norway House]] at the north end of Lake Winnipeg.
Different parts of the Hayes formerly had different names. According to one source<ref>Eric W. Morse,'Fur Trade Routes of Canada/Then and Now',page 36,1971</ref> they were: "Hayes River" from the mouth to Gods River, "Steel River" to the Fox River, "Hill River" to Knee Lake, "Trout River" to Oxford Lake, and above Oxford Lake, Weepinipanish River and Franklin's River. Another source has: Trout, Bourbon, Jack Tent, Factory, Steel, Rabbit, and Hill Rivers, and the Rivière du Roc.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.northernsoul.ca/pdf/Canoe%20&%20Kayak%20Canoe%20Journal%20-%20Spirits%20Hayes.pdf |format= PDF|title= Spirits on the Hayes|first= Ann|last= Beman|year= 2003|journal= Canoe Journal|pages= 38–42|accessdate= 2008-01-24}}</ref>
 
Northeast of Robinson Lake is Robinson Falls and the mile-long Robinson portage which was the longest portage between Hudson Bay and [[Edmonton]]. Somewhere in this area is Hill Gates, a mile-long narrow gorge. Beyond this it cuts across Logan Lake, passes the settlement of Wetikoweskwattam to Opiminegoka Lake, where it takes the northeast-flowing Lawford River, flows through Windy Lake and over Wipanipanis Falls to Oxford Lake. It flows out of the lake at [[Oxford House, Manitoba|Oxford House]] then southeast over Trout Falls to [[Knee Lake]]. Exiting Knee Lake, the Hayes passes over a series of rapids and via several channels and widens into Swampy Lake.
==Watershed==
The river’s physical characteristics include [[whitewater rapids]], large lake systems, waterfalls, deep valleys and gorges, as well as [[tidal flats]].<ref name="CHRSFacts" /> It is {{convert|483|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, has a mean discharge of 590 m<sup>3</sup>/s (772 yd<sup>3</sup>/s), and its drainage basin is {{convert|108,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html/#arctic |title= Rivers - Other Rivers Flowing Into Hudson Bay, James Bay or Ungava Bay|work= Facts about Canada|publisher= Atlas of Canada|date= 2009-08-17|accessdate= 2010-07-26}}</ref>
 
At the east end of Swampy Lake, about {{convert|200|km}} northeast of Molson Lake and {{convert|240|km}} from Hudson bay is the Dramstone where west-bound travelers took a dram to celebrate leaving the most difficult part of the river. Including the rapids downstream from Knee Lake, in a {{convert|80|km|mi|adj=on}} stretch the Hayes loses 5/7ths of its elevation in 1/6 of its length. From Swampy Lake it runs through a stretch of rapids, past Brassy Hill, rising {{convert|140|m|ft|0}} above the river, and takes in the right tributary High Hill River. The river continues northeast through a small canyon for about {{convert|100|km|mi|0}}, therein passing over the Whitemud Falls and Berwick Falls, and takes in the major left tributary [[Fox River (Manitoba)|Fox River]] at an elevation of {{convert|43|m|ft|0}}.
==History==
Long before Europeans came to Canada, [[First Nations in Manitoba|Manitoba First Nations]] were using the Hayes River as ancient campsites according to pictographs. It traverses the traditional territory of four First Nations: Norway House Cree Nation, Bunibonibee Cree Nation, Shamattawa First Nation, and York Factory Cree Nation. It continues to be an important source of traditional harvesting for the First Nations.
 
The Hayes River continues northeast and takes in the major right tributary [[Gods River]] at an elevation of {{convert|24|m|ft|0}}, and reaches its mouth at Hudson Bay, immediately to the south of the mouth of the larger Nelson River and to the north of the mouth of the smaller Machichi River. {{convert|200|km}} upriver from York Factory was Rock Depot where [[York boats]] had to be replaced by smaller canoes. It was 30 portages and {{convert|425|km}} from Rock Depot to Norway House.<ref>James Raffan,"Emperor of the North: Sir George Simpson and the Remarkable Story of the Hudson's Bay Company, 2007, page 126</ref>
After the arrival of Europeans in North America, the river became an important link in the development of Canada. In 1684, the Hayes River was named for Sir [[James Hayes (Prince Rupert's secretary)|James Hayes]], a [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) charter member and secretary to [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/people/builders/lordes.asp |title= Builders |work= Our history - People|publisher= [[Hudson's Bay Company]]|accessdate= 2010-07-26}}</ref> by French trader/explorer [[Pierre Radisson]] At its mouth, the HBC established York Factory in 1684, which served as its North American headquarters until 1957. The Hayes was the main route between York Factory and [[Norway House, Manitoba|Norway House]] in the interior of the continent for explorers, [[fur trade]]rs, [[Voyageurs]] and European settlers from 1670 to 1870. To get to the Hayes from Norway House required a short trip down the [[Nelson River]], then a turn onto the tiny Echimamish River up to the Painted Stone Portage. This tiny {{convert|10|m|ft|0}} of stone separates the Hayes [[drainage basin|watershed]] from that of the Nelson. This route became the last leg of the [[York Factory Express]] known as "the Communication", once that was established in the early 19th Century, connecting the HBC regional headquarters of the [[Columbia District]] at [[Fort Vancouver]] to York Factory.
 
Different parts of the Hayes formerly had different names. According to one source,<ref>Eric W. Morse,'Fur Trade Routes of Canada/Then and Now', page 36,1971</ref> they were: "Hayes River" from the mouth to Gods River, "Steel River" to the Fox River, "Hill River" to Knee Lake, "Trout River" to Oxford Lake, and above Oxford Lake, Weepinipanish River and Franklin's River. Another source has: Trout, Bourbon, Jack Tent, Factory, Steel, Rabbit, and Hill Rivers, and the Rivière du Roc.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.northernsoul.ca/pdf/Canoe%20&%20Kayak%20Canoe%20Journal%20-%20Spirits%20Hayes.pdf |title= Spirits on the Hayes|first= Ann|last= Beman|year= 2003|journal= Canoe Journal|pages= 38–42|access-date= 2008-01-24}}</ref>
[[Image:YorkFactoryaerial.jpg|thumb|right|230px|York Factory on the Hayes River, circa 1925.]]
 
==Natural historyWatershed==
The river's physical characteristics include [[whitewater rapids]], large lake systems, waterfalls, deep valleys and gorges, as well as [[tidal flats]].<ref name="CHRSFacts" /> It is {{convert|483|km}} long, has a mean discharge of {{convert|590|m3/s|cuft/s}}, and its drainage basin covers {{convert|108,000|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html/#arctic|title= Rivers - Other Rivers Flowing Into Hudson Bay, James Bay or Ungava Bay|work= Facts about Canada|publisher= Atlas of Canada|date= 2009-08-17|access-date= 2010-07-26|archive-date= 2013-01-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130122002203/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html/#arctic|url-status= dead}}</ref>
The Hayes flows through some of the most pristine natural areas of Manitoba. It is home to [[polar bear]], [[wolverine]], [[woodland caribou]], the [[ivory gull]], [[sturgeon]], [[brook trout]], [[beluga whales]], [[bald eagles]] and [[moose]], as well as a wide range of other wildlife. Traveling from south to north, its banks are lined with dense spruce forests, which change to a mosaic of stunted [[black spruce]], [[tamarack]] and bogs.<ref name="CHRSFacts" />
 
==History==
Currently, environmental assessments are being conducted in view of the construction of an all weather bridge north of Wipanipanis Falls where a winter road crosses the Hayes.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
[[File:Extremely wearisome journeys at the portages.jpg|thumb|250px|left|A brigade of York boats at a portage on the voyageur route by [[Peter Rindisbacher]] in 1821]]
Long before Europeans came to Canada, [[First Nations in Manitoba|Manitoba First Nations]] were using the Hayes River as ancient campsites according to pictographs. It traverses the traditional territory of four [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]]: [[Norway House Cree Nation]], [[Bunibonibee Cree Nation]], [[Shamattawa First Nation]], and York Factory Cree Nation. It continues to be an important source of traditional harvesting for the First Nations.
 
After the arrival of Europeans in North America, the river became an important link in the development of Canada. In 1684, the Hayes River was named for Sir [[James Hayes (Prince Rupert's secretary)|James Hayes]], a [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) charter member and secretary to [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/people/builders/lordes.asp |title= Builders |work= Our history - People|publisher= [[Hudson's Bay Company]]|access-date= 2010-07-26}}</ref> by the French trader and explorer [[Pierre-Esprit Radisson]]. At its mouth, the HBC established York Factory in 1684, which served as its North American headquarters until 1957. The Hayes was the main route between York Factory and Norway House in the interior of the continent for explorers, [[fur trade]]rs, [[voyageurs]] and European settlers from 1670 to 1870. To get to the Hayes from Norway House required a short trip down the Nelson River, then a turn onto the Echimamish River. This route became the last leg of the [[York Factory Express]] known as "the Communication", once that was established in the early 19th century, connecting the HBC regional headquarters of the [[Columbia District]] at [[Fort Vancouver]] to York Factory.
The Hayes River became a [[Canadian Heritage River]] on June 11, 2006.<ref name="CHRSFacts" />
 
==Natural history==
The Hayes flows through some of the most pristine natural areas of Manitoba. It is home to [[polar bear]], [[wolverine]], [[Boreal woodland caribou|woodland caribou]], the [[ivory gull]], [[sturgeon]], [[brook trout]], [[beluga whale]]s, [[bald eagle]]s, and [[moose]], as well as a wide range of other wildlife. Travelling downstream, its banks are lined with dense spruce forests, which change to a mosaic of stunted [[black spruce]], [[tamarack]], and bogs.<ref name="CHRSFacts" />
 
The Hayes River became a [[Canadian Heritage River]] on June 11, 2006.<ref name="CHRSFacts" /> Today, the river remains untouched. No dams or development mar its course. It is the longest naturally flowing river in Manitoba and therefore a popular recreational canoe route. It offers visitors and local people recreational and heritage experience opportunities including canoeing and boating, hunting, fishing, and learning about Canada’s fur trade.<ref name="CHRSFacts" />
==Economy==
Today, the river remains untouched. No dams or development mar its course. It is the longest naturally flowing river in Manitoba and therefore a favorite recreational [[canoe]] route. It offers visitors and local people recreational and heritage experience opportunities including canoeing and boating, hunting, fishing, and learning about Canada’s fur trade.<ref name="CHRSFacts" />
 
==Tributaries==
Line 137 ⟶ 127:
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite cgndb|id= GAKMR|title= Hayes River|accessdateaccess-date= 2010-07-26}}
*{{cite web |title= Hayes River|publisher= [[Natural Resources Canada]]|date= 2010-02-04|work= [[Atlas of Canada]] |url= http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/topo/map?mapsize=750%20666&mapxy=27818.7142435%20737654.55472&scale=3000000&feature_na=Hayes%20River&searchstring=hayes%20river&layers=fapfeature%20fapfeature%20north_arrow%20other_features%20million_grid%20t50k_grid%20grid_50k_3%20roads%20hydrography%20boundary%20builtup%20vegetation%20populated_places%20railway%20power_network%20manmade_features%20designated_areas%20water_features%20water_saturated_soils%20relief%20contours%20toponymy%20contour%20nodata_ntdb_50k&map_layer%5bnortharrow%5d_class%5b0%5d_style%5b0%5d=ANGLE%20-0.6719334472250722&urlappend=%26unique_key%3Da97e9beebee311d892e2080020a0f4c9%26map.layer%5btextzoom03%5d%3DFEATURE+POINTS+167099.454392+888724.90652+END+TEXT+%22Hayes+River%22+END%26map.layer%5btextzoom46%5d%3DFEATURE+POINTS+167099.454392+888724.90652+END+TEXT+%22Hayes+River%22+END%26map.layer%5blineresultzoom0%5d%3DDATA+fap_rivers%26map.layer%5blineresultzoom1%5d%3DDATA+fap_rivers%26map.layer%5blineresultzoom2%5d%3DDATA+fap_rivers%26map.layer%5barrowzoom03%5d%3DFEATURE+POINTS+167099.454392+888724.90652+END+END |accessdateaccess-date= 2011-03-01}}
{{Refend}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/Hayes/Hayes_e.htmphp Canadian Heritage Rivers System - Hayes River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203144/http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/Hayes/Hayes_e.php |date=2015-09-23 }} (includes alsofact sheet, photos and area map)
 
{{Canadian Heritage Rivers System}}
{{authority control}}
 
[[Category:Rivers of Northern Manitoba]]
[[Category:Canadian Heritage Rivers]]
[[Category:Northern Region, Manitoba]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Hudson Bay]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_River"