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{{Redirect|Sandstorm}}
{{Redirect|Black blizzard|the Yoshihiro Tatsumi manga|Black Blizzard (manga)}}
[[File:Sandsturm in der Namib (2017).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|An aerial view of a sandstorm over the [[Namib Desert]]]]
<noinclude>{{Infobox weather type
|name=Dust storm
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{{Weather}}</noinclude>
A '''dust storm''', also called a '''sandstorm''', is a [[meteorological phenomenon]] common in [[arid]] and [[semi-arid]] regions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/airborne-dust-hazard-human-health-environment-and-society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218183419/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/airborne-dust-hazard-human-health-environment-and-society |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |title=Airborne Dust: A Hazard to Human Health, Environment and Society |publisher=WMO - Bulletin: Vol 64 (2) - 2015 |date=2022}}</ref> Dust storms arise when a [[Outflow boundary|gust front]] or other strong [[wind]] blows loose [[sand]] and [[dirt]] from a dry surface. Fine particles are transported by [[Saltation (geology)|saltation]] and suspension, a process that moves soil from one place and [[Deposition (sediment)|deposits]] it in another.
The arid regions of [[North Africa]],
|url = http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Publications/Global%20Alarm%20eng.pdf
|title = Physics, Mechanics and Processes of Dust and Sandstorms
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== Causes ==
[[File:Global movement of dust from an Asian dust storm animation.gif|thumb|left
As the force of dust passing over loosely held particles increases, particles of sand first start to vibrate, then to move across the surface in a process called [[Saltation (geology)|saltation]]. As they repeatedly strike the ground, they loosen and break off smaller particles of dust which then begin to travel in suspension. At wind speeds above that which causes the smallest to suspend, there will be a population of dust grains moving by a range of mechanisms: suspension, saltation and [[Downhill creep|creep]].<ref name="vrs" />
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Particles become loosely held mainly due to a prolonged drought or arid conditions, and high wind speeds. Gust fronts may be produced by the outflow of rain-cooled air from an intense [[thunderstorm]]. Or, the wind gusts may be produced by a dry [[cold front]]: that is, a cold front that is moving into a dry air mass and is producing no [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]]—the type of dust storm which was common during the [[Dust Bowl]] years in the U.S. Following the passage of a dry cold front, [[convection|convective]] instability resulting from cooler air riding over heated ground can maintain the dust storm initiated at the front.
In desert areas, dust and sand storms are most commonly caused by either thunderstorm outflows, or by strong pressure gradients which cause an increase in wind velocity over a wide area. The vertical extent of the dust or sand that is raised is largely determined by the stability of the atmosphere above the ground as well as by the weight of the [[particulates]]. In some cases, dust and sand may be confined to a relatively-shallow layer by a low-lying [[temperature inversion]]. In other instances, dust (but not sand) may be lifted as high as {{convert|6000|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. Dust storms are a major health hazard.
[[Drought]] and [[wind]] contribute to the emergence of dust storms, as do poor [[farming]] and grazing practices by exposing the dust and sand to the wind. [[Wildfires]] can lead to dust storms as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/amp/wildfires-often-lead-to-dust-storms-and-theyre-getting-bigger-194400|title=Wildfires often lead to dust storms – and they're getting bigger|date=18 November 2022 }}</ref>
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== Physical and environmental effects ==
[[File:A Sand Wind on the Desert.jpg|thumb
A sandstorm can transport and carry large volumes of sand unexpectedly. Dust storms can carry large amounts of dust, with the leading edge being composed of a wall of thick dust as much as {{convert|1.6|km|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} high. Dust and sand storms which come off the [[Sahara Desert]] are locally known as a [[simoom]] or simoon (sîmūm, sîmūn). The ''[[haboob]]'' (həbūb) is a sandstorm prevalent in the region of [[Sudan]] around [[Khartoum]], with occurrences being most common in the summer.
The [[Sahara]] desert is a key source of dust storms, particularly the [[Bodélé Depression]]<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/1/1/014005|title=The Bodélé depression: A single spot in the Sahara that provides most of the mineral dust to the Amazon forest|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=1|issue=1|pages=014005|year=2006|last1=Koren|first1=Ilan|last2=Kaufman|first2=Yoram J|last3=Washington|first3=Richard|last4=Todd|first4=Martin C|last5=Rudich|first5=Yinon|last6=Martins|first6=J Vanderlei|last7=Rosenfeld|first7=Daniel|bibcode=2006ERL.....1a4005K|doi-access=free}}</ref> and an area covering the confluence of [[Mauritania]], [[Mali]], and [[Algeria]].<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3650666 |doi=10.1111/1475-5661.00013|title=Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories|journal=Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers|volume=26|issue=2|pages=165|year=2001|last1=Middleton|first1=N. J.|last2=Goudie|first2=A. S.|bibcode=2001TrIBG..26..165M }}</ref> Sahara dust is frequently emitted into the Mediterranean atmosphere and transported by the winds sometimes as far north as central Europe and Great Britain.<ref>{{cite journal|isbn=9780889866171|title=Airborne Transport of Saharan Dust to the Mediterranean and to the Atlantic|journal=Environmental Modelling and Simulation|volume=EMS-2006|pages= 54–59|year=2006|last1=Pericleous|first1=Koulis|last2=Fisher|first2=BEA|display-authors=1}}</ref>
Saharan dust storms have increased approximately 10-fold during the half-century since the 1950s, causing [[topsoil]] loss in [[Niger]], [[Chad]], northern [[Nigeria]], and [[Burkina Faso]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wesr.unep.org/redesign/media/docs/assessments/global_assessment_of_sand_and_dust_storms.pdf |title=Global Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms |publisher=The United Nations Environment Programme |date=2022}}</ref> In Mauritania there were just two dust storms a year in the early 1960s; there are about 80 a year since 2007, according to English [[geographer]] [[Andrew Goudie (geographer)|Andrew Goudie]], professor at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>Brown, Lester R. (June 27, 2007) [http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/06/environment-around-the-globe-farmers-losing-ground/ Environment: Around the Globe, Farmers Losing Ground] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220163520/http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/06/environment-around-the-globe-farmers-losing-ground/ |date=2016-12-20 }}. ipsnews.net</ref><ref>{{cite web
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|author = Brown, Lester R.
}}</ref> Levels of Saharan dust coming off the east coast of Africa in June 2007 were five times those observed in June 2006, and were the highest observed since at least 1999, which may have cooled Atlantic waters enough to slightly reduce hurricane activity in late 2007.<ref>Loney, Jim (August 9, 2007) [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-weather-hurricanes-dust-idUSN0920911120070809 Scientists examine African dust link to hurricanes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220061042/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-weather-hurricanes-dust-idUSN0920911120070809 |date=2016-12-20 }}. Reuters</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/cooling_dust.html |title=NASA: Saharan Dust Has Chilling Effect on North Atlantic |publisher=Nasa.gov |date=December 2007 |access-date=2016-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531104215/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/cooling_dust.html |archive-date=2017-05-31 }}</ref>
[[File:Sydney_harbour_bridge_duststorm.jpg|
Dust storms have also been shown to increase the spread of disease across the globe.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1128/CMR.00039-06|pmid=17630335|pmc=1932751|title=Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=3|pages=459–77, table of contents|year=2007|last1=Griffin|first1=D. W.}}</ref> [[Bacteria]] and [[fungus]] spores in the ground are blown into the atmosphere by the storms with the minute particles and interact with urban air pollution.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818809e0|pmid= 18854705 |year= 2008 |last1= Sandstrom |first1= T |title= Desert dust: An unrecognized source of dangerous air pollution? |journal= Epidemiology |volume= 19 |issue= 6 |pages= 808–809 |last2= Forsberg |first2= B |doi-access= free }}</ref>
Short-term effects of exposure to desert dust include immediate increased [[symptoms]] and worsening of the [[lung function]] in individuals with [[asthma]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00728.x|pmid=16135170|title=Effects of ambient particulate matter on peak expiratory flow rates and respiratory symptoms of asthmatics during Asian dust periods in Korea|journal=Respirology|volume=10|issue=4|pages=470–476|year=2005|last1=Park|first1=Jeong Woong|last2=Lim|first2=Young Hee|last3=Kyung|first3=Sun Young|last4=An|first4=Chang Hyeok|last5=Lee|first5=Sang Pyo|last6=Jeong|first6=Seong Hwan|last7=Ju|first7=Young-Su|s2cid=39768807}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fastfactsforkids.com/weather-facts/dust-storm-facts-for-kids |title=Dust Facts |publisher=Fast Facts for Kids |date=2022}}</ref> increased [[mortality rate|mortality]] and [[morbidity]] from long-transported dust from both Saharan<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818131cf|pmid=18938653|title=Coarse Particles from Saharan Dust and Daily Mortality|journal=Epidemiology|volume=19|issue=6|pages=800–807|year=2008|last1=Perez|first1=Laura|last2=Tobias|first2=Aurelio|last3=Querol|first3=Xavier|last4=Künzli|first4=Nino|last5=Pey|first5=Jorge|last6=Alastuey|first6=Andrés|last7=Viana|first7=Mar|last8=Valero|first8=Natalia|last9=González-Cabré|first9=Manuel|last10=Sunyer|first10=Jordi|s2cid=21092037|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Asian dust]] storms<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.046|title=Effect of Asian dust storms on daily mortality in seven metropolitan cities of Korea|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=79|pages=510–517|year=2013|last1=Lee|first1=Hyewon|last2=Kim|first2=Ho|last3=Honda|first3=Yasushi|last4=Lim|first4=Youn-Hee|last5=Yi|first5=Seungmuk|bibcode=2013AtmEn..79..510L}}</ref> suggesting that long-transported dust storm particles adversely affects the circulatory system. [[Dust pneumonia]] is the result of large amounts of dust being inhaled.
Prolonged and unprotected exposure of the [[respiratory system]] in a dust storm can also cause [[silicosis]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |pmid=24275707 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |year=2014 |last1=Goudie |first1=Andrew S. |bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G |url=https://doaj.org/article/0eda0fa3763e446fb37adbd275a7fabb |access-date=2019-12-12 |archive-date=2020-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818132605/https://doaj.org/article/0eda0fa3763e446fb37adbd275a7fabb |url-status=dead }}</ref> which, if left untreated, will lead to [[asphyxia]]tion; silicosis is an incurable condition that may also lead to [[lung cancer]]. There is also the danger of [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca]] ("dry eyes") which, in severe cases without immediate and proper treatment, can lead to [[blindness]].<ref>{{
=== Economic impact ===
Dust storms cause soil loss from the drylands, and worse, they preferentially remove organic matter and the nutrient-rich lightest particles, thereby reducing agricultural productivity. Also, the abrasive effect of the storm damages young crop plants. Dust storms also reduce visibility, affecting aircraft and road transportation.{{Citation needed paragraph|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Sandstorm,Iraq.JPG
Dust can also have beneficial effects where it deposits: Central and South American rainforests get significant quantities of mineral nutrients from the Sahara;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Rob |date=2015-02-24 |title=Saharan Dust Feeds Amazon's Plants |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-satellite-reveals-how-much-saharan-dust-feeds-amazon-s-plants |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=NASA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Hongbin |last2=Chin |first2=Mian |last3=Yuan |first3=Tianle |last4=Bian |first4=Huisheng |last5=Remer |first5=Lorraine A. |last6=Prospero |first6=Joseph M. |last7=Omar |first7=Ali |last8=Winker |first8=David |last9=Yang |first9=Yuekui |last10=Zhang |first10=Yan |last11=Zhang |first11=Zhibo |last12=Zhao |first12=Chun |date=2015-03-28 |title=The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from
Iranian cities existence are challenged by dust storms.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mehrnews.com/amp/5834637/
== On Mars==
{{Further|Climate of Mars#Dust storms|Atmosphere of Mars#Dust storms}}
[[File:Dust storm co.tif|thumb|right|Orbital view of a Martian dust storm]]
Dust storms are not limited to Earth and have also been known to form on
== See also ==
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