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Line 22: \| negotiators = \| original_signatories = \| signatories = {{~~flag~~flagicon\|~~Holy~~Papal ~~See~~States}} [[Pietro Gasparri]] <small>(on behalf of Pius XI)</small><br>{{~~flagcountry~~flagicon\|Fascist Italy (1922–1943)}} [[Benito Mussolini]] \| parties ={{flag\|Holy See}}<br>{{flagcountry\|Fascist Italy (1922–1943)}} \| depositor = \| depositories = Line 34: }} {{Politics of Vatican City}} The '''Lateran Treaty''' ({{lang-it\|Patti Lateranensi}}; {{lang-la\|Pacta Lateranensia}}) was one component of the '''Lateran Pacts of 1929''', agreements between the [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)\|Kingdom of Italy]] under [[King of Italy\|King]] [[~~Victor Emmanuel III of Italy\|~~Victor Emmanuel III]] (with his Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]]) and the [[Holy See]] under [[Pope Pius XI]] to settle the long-standing [[Roman ~~Question~~question]]. The treaty and associated pacts were named after the [[Lateran Palace]] where they were signed on 11 February 1929,<ref name="SignDate">{{cite web\|quote=The world’s smallest sovereign state was born on February 11, 1929, with the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy\|access-date=2 September 2021\|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-02/vatican-city-lateran-treaty-holy-see-pope.html\|website=Vatican News\|date=11 February 2020\|title=Vatican City turns 91}}</ref> and the [[Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy\|Italian parliament]] ratified them on 7 June 1929. The treaty ~~recognized~~recognised [[Vatican City]] as an [[independent state]] under the sovereignty of the Holy See. The Italian government also agreed to give the [[Roman Catholic Church]] financial compensation for the loss of the [[Papal States]].<ref>{{cite book\|title=A History of Western Society\|year=2010\|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofwestern0000unse\|url-access=registration\|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's\|page=900\|edition=Tenth}}</ref> In 1948, the Lateran Treaty was recognized in the [[Constitution of Italy]] as regulating the relations between the state and the Catholic Church.<ref name="constitution7">[[s:Constitution of Italy\|Constitution of Italy, Article 7]].</ref> The treaty was significantly revised in 1984, ending the status of Catholicism as the sole state religion. ==Content== The Lateran Pacts are often presented as three treaties: a 27-article treaty of conciliation, a three-article financial convention, and a 45-article [[concordat]].<ref>'''Multiple sources:''' {{cite web\|url=http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm\|title=Text of the Lateran Treaty of 1929\|website=www.aloha.net\|url-status=dead\|access-date=5 April 2013\|archive-date=23 May 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523023017/http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm}} [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/25656757?uid=3738232&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21102833893803 James Brown Scott, "The Treaty between Italy and the Vatican" in Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921–1969), volume 23, (~~24-27~~24–27 April 1929), p. 13]. {{cite web\|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/holy_see_(vatican_city)/government_profile.html\|title=Holy See (Vatican City) Government Profile 2017\|website=www.indexmundi.com}} {{cite web\|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/\|title=CIA Factbook, "'Holy See (Vatican City)"&\|access-date=26 October 2013}} {{cite web\|url=http://seieditrice.com/chiaroscuro/files/2010/03/V3_U4-ipertestoB.pdf\|title=La Chiesa cattolica e il fascismo\|access-date=26 October 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191443/http://seieditrice.com/chiaroscuro/files/2010/03/V3_U4-ipertestoB.pdf\|archive-date=29 October 2013\|url-status=dead}} {{cite web\|url=http://www.pbmstoria.it/dizionari/storia_mod/p/p088.htm\|title=Scopri StoriaLive\|website=www.pbmstoria.it\|access-date=26 October 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011143546/http://www.pbmstoria.it/dizionari/storia_mod/p/p088.htm\|archive-date=11 October 2013\|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the website of the Holy See presents the financial convention as an annex of the treaty of conciliation, considering the pacts as two documents:<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html Pacts between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, 11 February 1929].</ref> Line 69: {{cquote\|The Popes knew that Rome was irrevocably the capital of Italy. There was nothing they wanted less than to govern it or be burdened with a papal kingdom. What they wished was independence, a foothold on the earth that belonged to no other sovereign.<ref>Vatican Journal, p. 59 (entry dated June 14, 1931).</ref>}} Under the terms of the [[Law of Guarantees]] of 1871, the Italian government offered to [[Pope Pius IX]] and his successors the use of, but not sovereignty over, the Vatican and Lateran Palaces and a yearly income of [[Italian lira\|Lire ]]3,250,000. The Holy See refused this settlement, on the grounds that the pope's spiritual jurisdiction required clear independence from any political power, and thereafter ~~the~~each popes considered ~~themselves~~himself a "[[~~prisoners~~prisoner in the Vatican]]". The Lateran Treaty ended this impasse. Negotiations for the settlement of the Roman Question began in 1926 between the Holy See and the [[National Fascist Party\|Fascist]] government of Italy led by Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]], and culminated in the agreements of the Lateran Pacts, signed—the Treaty says—for King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] by Mussolini and for [[Pope Pius XI]] by Cardinal Secretary of State [[Pietro Gasparri]],<ref>Kertzer, ''Prisoner of the Vatican'', p. 292</ref> on 11 February 1929.<ref>Rhodes, ''The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators'', p. 46</ref> It was ratified on 7 June 1929.<ref>The National Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, p. 266</ref> Line 75: The agreements included a political treaty which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the [[Holy See]]. The Pope was pledged to perpetual [[neutrality (international relations)\|neutrality]] in [[international relations]] and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties. In the first article of the treaty, Italy reaffirmed the principle established in the 1848 [[Statuto Albertino\|Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy]], that "the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Religion is the only religion of the State".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html\|title=Patti lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 - Segreteria di Stato, card. Pietro Gasparri\|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> The attached financial agreement was accepted as settlement of all the claims of the Holy See against Italy from the loss of temporal power over the Papal States in 1870, though the sum agreed to was actually less than Italy had offered in 1871. To commemorate the successful conclusion of the negotiations, Mussolini commissioned the ''[[Via della Conciliazione]]'' ("Road of the Conciliation"), which would symbolically link the Vatican City to the heart of Rome. === After 1946 === The post-[[World War II]] Constitution of the Italian Republic, adopted in 1948, states that relations between the State and the Catholic Church "are regulated by the Lateran Treaties".<ref name="constitution7"/> In 1984, the concordat was significantly revised. Both sides declared: "The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the Italian State, originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts, shall be considered to be no longer in force"."<ref>{{cite web\|access-date=2 September 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922053313/http://home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/Arvalstis_ligumi/Italijas%26Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf\|archive-date=22 September 2020\|url-status=live\|url=http://home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/Arvalstis_ligumi/Italijas&Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf\|publisher=The American Society of International Law\|title=Agreement between the Italian Republic and the Holy See (English translation)}}</ref> The exclusive state financial support for the Church was also ended, and replaced by financing through a dedicated personal income tax called the ''[[Eight per thousand\|otto per mille]]'', to which other religious groups, Christian and non-Christian, also have access. {{As of\|2013}}, there were ten other religious groups with access. The revised concordat regulated the conditions under which the state accords legal recognition to church marriages and to ecclesiastical [[declaration of nullity\|declarations of nullity]] of marriages.<ref>Article 8 of the revised concordat</ref> The agreement also ended state recognition of knighthoods and titles of nobility conferred by the Holy See,<ref>Articles 41–42 of the 1929 concordat</ref> the right of the state to request ecclesiastical honours for those chosen to perform religious functions for the state or the royal household,<ref>Article 15 of the 1929 concordat</ref> and the right of the state to present political objections to the proposed appointment of diocesan bishops.<ref>Article 19 of the 1929 concordat</ref> In 2008, it was announced that the Vatican would no longer immediately adopt all Italian laws, citing conflict over right-to-life issues following the [[Eluana Englaro#Trial and ruling\|trial and ruling of the Eluana Englaro case]].<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4BU3BD20081231\|title=Vatican ends automatic adoption of Italian law \|last=Elgood \|first=Giles \|date=2008-12-31\|work=[[Reuters]]\|quote=The Vatican will no longer automatically adopt new Italian laws as its own, a top Vatican official said, citing the vast number of laws Italy churns out, many of which are in odds with Catholic doctrine. \|access-date=2009-01-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309173133/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4BU3BD20081231 \|archive-date=9 March 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification\|reason=The article only speculates the Vatican's decision was because of the Englaro case, citing more speculation from an Italian official.\|date=September 2021}} ==Violations== Line 110: * {{cite book \|last = Kertzer \|first = David I. \|author-link = David Kertzer \|title = The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe \|year = 2014 \|publisher = Oxford University Press \|isbn = 9780198716167 \|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ }} * Latourette, Kenneth Scott. ''Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century: Vol. 4 The 20th Century in Europe'' (1961), pp. 32–35, 153, 156, 371. * McCormick, Anne O'Hare (1957). ''Vatican Journal: ~~1921-1954~~1921–1954'' (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy) * Pollard, John F. (2005). ''The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–32: A Study in Conflict''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN\|978-0521023665}}. * Pollard, Jonh F. (2014). ''The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism, 1914–1958''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN\|9780199208562}}. * {{cite book \|last = Rhodes \|first = Anthony \|year = 1974 \|title = The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, ~~1922-1945~~1922–1945 \|url = https://archive.org/details/vaticaninageof00rhod \|url-access = registration \|location = New York~~, NY~~; Chicago~~, IL~~; San Francisco~~, CA~~ \|publisher = Holt, Rinehart and Winston \|isbn = 9780030077364 }} * {{cite book \|last = Riccards \|first = Michael \|title = Vicars of Christ: Popes, Power, and Politics in the Modern World \|publisher = Crossroad \|location = New York~~, NY~~ \|year=1998 \|isbn = 0-8245-1694-X }} * Suzzallo, Henry, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D., Editor in Chief, ''[[Collier's Encyclopedia\|The National Encyclopedia]]: Volume 10'', (New York, P. F. Collier & Son Corporation, 1935) * {{cite book \|last = Zuccotti \|first=Susan \|title = Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy \|title-link = Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy \|publisher = Yale University Press \|location = New Haven, CT \|year=2002 \|isbn = 0-300-09310-1 }} Line 121: '''Archival sources''' {{refbegin}} * {{cite book \|last1 = Jacuzio \|first1 = Raffaele \|last2 = Alfredo Rocco \|first2 = Alfredo \|author2-link = Alfredo Rocco \| url = http://www.storiadellachiesa.it/glossary/concordati-e-la-chiesa-in-italia-2/ \| title = Commento della nuova legislazione in materia ecclesiastica \| location = Turin \| publisher = Unione tipografica editori torinese \| language = it \| year = 1932 \| via = [https://archive.today/20190827202117/https://www.worldcat.org/title/commento-della-nuova-legislazione-in-materia-ecclesiastica/oclc/250715403&referer=brief_results archive.is] \| pages = ~~VIII~~viii, 693 \| oclc = 250715403 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190618000557/http://www.storiadellachiesa.it/glossary/concordati-e-la-chiesa-in-italia-2/ \| archive-date = 18 June 2019 \| access-date = 27 August 2019 \| url-status = dead }} {{refend}} Line 158: [[Category:Interwar-period treaties]] [[Category:Legal history of Vatican City]] [[Category:Victor Emmanuel III ~~of Italy~~]] [[Category:Benito Mussolini]]