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{{short description|Island portion of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada}}
{{About|the large island in Newfoundland and Labrador|the small island that also bears this name|Newfoundland Island, Labrador
{{pp-move
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Newfoundland
| nickname = "The Rock"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dekel|first1=Jon|title=Shaun Majumder brings Burlington, Newfoundland, to the world with Majumder Manor|url=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2014/07/22/shaun-majumder-brings-burlington-newfoundland-to-the-world-with-majumder-manor/|access-date=July 29, 2014|work=[[National Post]]|date=July 22, 2014|archive-url=https://
| image_name = Newfoundland OSE2002210.jpg
| image_caption = Satellite view of Newfoundland
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| country = Canada
| country_admin_divisions_title = Province
| country_admin_divisions =
| country_largest_city = [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]]
| country_largest_city_population = 200,600
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|utc_offset1_DST =-02:30
| additional_info = '''Longest river''': [[Exploits River]]<br />({{convert|246|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html|title=Atlas of Canada – Rivers|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|date=October 26, 2004|access-date=April 19, 2007}}</ref><br /><br />
|population_rank=
|demonym=[[Newfie]], Newfoundlander
}}
'''Newfoundland''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|
The island contains 29 percent of the province's land area, but is home to over 90% of the province's population, with about 60% of the province's population located on the small southeastern [[Avalon peninsula]]. The island is separated from the [[Labrador Peninsula]] by the [[Strait of Belle Isle]] and from [[Cape Breton Island]] by the [[Cabot Strait]]. It blocks the mouth of the [[Saint Lawrence River]], creating the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]], the world's largest [[estuary]]. Newfoundland's nearest neighbour is the French [[overseas collectivity]] of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]. With an area of {{convert|108860|km2|sqmi|sigfig=5}},<ref name="atlas">{{cite web |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/islands.html |title=Atlas of Canada, Islands |access-date=July 19, 2006 }}</ref> Newfoundland is the [[List of islands by area|world's 16th-largest island]], [[List of Canadian islands by area|Canada's fourth-largest island]], and the largest Canadian island outside [[Northern Canada|the North]].
According to 2006 official Census Canada statistics, 57% of responding Newfoundland and Labradorians claim British or Irish ancestry, with 43.2% claiming at least one English parent, 21.5% at least one Irish parent, and 7% at least one parent of Scottish origin. Additionally, 6.1% claimed at least one parent of French ancestry.<ref name="2006 Statistics Canada National Census: Newfoundland and Labrador">{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo26b-eng.htm|title=2006 Statistics Canada National Census: Newfoundland and Labrador|publisher=Statistics Canada|date=July 28, 2009|access-date=April 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115234229/http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo26b-eng.htm|archive-date=January 15, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The island's total population as of the 2006 census was 479,105.
==History==
{{Main|History of Newfoundland and Labrador}}
Newfoundland was long inhabited by indigenous peoples of the [[Dorset culture]], the [[Beothuk]], who spoke the now-extinct [[Beothuk language]].
The island was possibly visited by the Icelandic explorer [[Leif
The next European visitors to Newfoundland were Portuguese and French fishermen. The island was possibly visited by the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] navigator [[John Cabot]] (Giovanni Caboto), working under contract to [[Henry VII of England]] on his expedition from [[Bristol]] in 1497. In 1501 Portuguese explorers [[Gaspar Corte-Real]] and his brother [[Miguel Corte-Real]] charted part of the coast of Newfoundland in an attempt to find the [[Northwest Passage]].▼
▲The next European visitors to Newfoundland were Portuguese and French fishermen. The island was possibly visited by the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] navigator [[John Cabot]] (Giovanni Caboto), working under contract to [[Henry VII of England]] on his expedition from [[Bristol]] in 1497.
[[File:Gilbert plaque.jpg|left|upright=0.7|thumb|Plaque commemorating Gilbert's founding of the British Empire]]
On 5 August 1583, [[Humphrey Gilbert]] claimed [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland as England's first overseas colony]] under Royal Charter of Queen [[Elizabeth I]], thus officially establishing a forerunner to the much later British Empire.<ref name="Sir Humphrey Gilbert">GILBERT (Saunders Family), SIR HUMPHREY" (history), ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' Online, [[University of Toronto]], May 2, 2005</ref> Newfoundland is considered Britain's oldest colony.<ref name="The British Empire: The Map Room">{{cite web |url= http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/newfoundland.htm|title=The British Empire: The Map Room|access-date=June 21, 2010}}</ref>
Settlers developed a variety of dialects associated with settlement on the island: [[Newfoundland English]], [[Newfoundland French]].<ref name="HeritageLanguage">{{Cite web |url= https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/society/language.php|title=Language|website=www.heritage.nf.ca}}</ref> In the 19th century, it also had a dialect of [[Irish language|Irish]] known as [[Newfoundland Irish]].<ref name="HeritageLanguage"/> The closely related [[Scottish Gaelic]] was also spoken on the island during the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the [[Codroy Valley]] area, chiefly by settlers from [[Cape Breton Island]], Nova Scotia.<ref>Bennett, Margaret (1989). ''The Last Stronghold: Scottish Gaelic Traditions of Newfoundland'', Canongate, May 11, 1989.</ref> The Gaelic names reflected the association with fishing: in [[Scottish Gaelic]], it was called {{lang|gd|Eilean a' Trosg}}, literally 'Island of the [[Cod]]'
===First inhabitants===
The first inhabitants of Newfoundland were the [[Paleo-Eskimo]], who have no known link to other groups in Newfoundland history. Little is known about them beyond [[archeological]] evidence of early settlements. Evidence of successive cultures have been found. The Late Paleo-Eskimo, or [[Dorset culture]], settled there about 4,000 years ago. They were descendants of migrations of ancient prehistoric peoples across the High Arctic thousands of years ago, after crossing from [[Siberia]] via the [[Bering land bridge]]. The Dorset died off or abandoned the island prior to the arrival of the [[Norsemen|Norse]].<ref>{{Cite journal |url= https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/nflds/article/view/140/236|title=View of The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland | Newfoundland and Labrador Studies|journal=Newfoundland and Labrador Studies|year=2003 |volume=19 |issue=1 |last1=Wallace |first1=Birgitta }}</ref>
After this period, the [[Beothuk]] settled in Newfoundland, migrating from Labrador on the mainland. There is no evidence that the Beothuk inhabited the island
The tribe is now typically
When [[Europeans]] arrived from 1497 and later, starting with [[John Cabot]], they established contact with the Beothuk. Estimates of the number of Beothuk on the island at this time vary, typically around 700.<ref>{{Cite journal |url= https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0074790|title=Ecosystem models of Newfoundland and Southeastern Labrador : additional information and analyses for "back to the future"|first=Johanna J.|last=Heymans|date=November 12, 2003|via=open.library.ubc.ca|doi=10.14288/1.0074790}}</ref>
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===European contact and settlement===
Newfoundland is the site of the only authenticated [[Norsemen|Norse]] settlement in North America.<ref>{{Cite journal |url= https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/nflds/article/view/12362/13214|title=View of Cultural Heritage Tourism along the Viking Trail: An Analysis of Tourist Brochures for Attractions on the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland | Newfoundland and Labrador Studies|journal=Newfoundland and Labrador Studies|date=October 2008 |volume=23 |issue=2 |last1=Palmer |first1=Craig T. |last2=Wolff |first2=Benjamin |last3=Cassidy |first3=Chris }}</ref> An [[archaeology|archaeological]] site was discovered in 1960 at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] by Norwegian explorer [[Helge Ingstad]] and his wife, archaeologist [[Anne Stine Ingstad]]. This site was the subject of archaeological studies throughout the 1960s and 1970s. This research
Designated as a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO, it is believed to be the [[Vinland]] settlement of explorer [[Leif Erikson]]. (The Icelandic [[Skálholt#Map|Skálholt map]] of 1570 refers to the area as "Promontorium Winlandiæ" and correctly shows it on a 51°N parallel with [[Bristol]], England). Before and after the departure of the Norse, the island was inhabited by indigenous populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Renouf |first=>M. A. P. |title=Prehistory of Newfoundlandhunter‐gatherers: Extinctions or adaptations? |journal=World Archaeology |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=30 |issue=3 |date=1999 |issn=0043-8243 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1999.9980420 |pages=403–420 }}</ref> ===Exploration by Cabot===
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In July 1596 the Scottish vessel the "William" left Aberdeen for "new fund land" (Newfoundland) and returned in 1600.<ref>"The Press and Journal:December 14, 2018" "First Scottish ship bound for America left Aberdeen more than 420 years ago [https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeen/1631608/first-scottish-ship-bound-for-america-left-aberdeen-more-than-420-years-ago-new-discovery/]</ref>
On 5 July 1610, [[John Guy (governor)|John Guy]] set sail from [[Bristol]], England, with 39 other colonists for [[Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador|Cuper's Cove]]. This, and other early attempts at permanent settlement failed to make a profit for the English investors, but some settlers remained, forming the very earliest modern European population on the island. By 1620, the fishermen of England's [[West Country]] dominated the east coast of Newfoundland. French fishermen dominated the island's south coast and Northern Peninsula. The decline of the fisheries, the wasting of the shoreline forests, and an overstocking of liquor by local merchants influenced the Whitehall government in 1675 to decline to set up a colonial governor on the island.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=America and West Indies: May 1675 |title=Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies |volume=9: 1675–1676, Addenda 1574–1674 |editor-first=W. Noel |editor-last=Sainsbury |location=London |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |date=1893 |pages=222–238 |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol9/pp222-238 |via=British History Online |
[[File:Cooks Karte von Neufundland.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[James Cook]]'s 1775 Chart of Newfoundland]]
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: (I doe beleeue) they'd live no other where.
::From '[[
::Composed and done at ''Harbor-Grace'' in
::''Britaniola'', anciently called ''Newfound-Land''
::by Governor [[Robert Hayman]] – 1628.
[[File:Carlb-fogo-newfoundland-fishery-2002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|A Newfoundland fishing [[Newfoundland outport|outport]]]]
After the 1783 independence of the thirteen continental colonies that became the [[United States of America]], the remaining continental colonies and the North Atlantic Ocean colony of [[Bermuda]] were organised and administered as [[British North America]]. All except the [[Newfoundland Colony]] and Bermuda [[Confederation of Canada|confederated]] in 1867 to form the [[Dominion of Canada]]. Newfoundland and Bermuda would retain links (possibly explaining similarities between the [[Newfoundland English]] and [[Bermudian English]]), including settlement in Newfoundland of Bermudians such as [[Joseph Outerbridge]], especially their being grouped under the [[Bishop of Newfoundland]] until a separate [[Bishop of Bermuda]] was created in 1919, though Newfoundland would become a [[Dominion]] in its own right from 1907 (the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]]), before reverting to colonial status in 1934, and finally joining the Dominion of Canada in 1949 as the [[Province of Newfoundland]].
====A new society====
The European immigrants, mostly English, Scots, Irish and French, built a society in the New World unlike the ones they had left. It was also different from those that other immigrants would build on the North American mainland. As a fish-exporting society, Newfoundland was in contact with many ports and societies around the Atlantic rim. But its geographic location and political distinctiveness isolated it from its closest neighbours, Canada and the United States. Internally, most of its population was spread widely around a rugged coastline in small outport settlements. Many were distant from larger centres of population and isolated for long periods by winter ice or bad weather. These conditions had an effect on the cultures of the immigrants. They generated new ways of thinking and acting. Newfoundland and Labrador developed a wide variety of distinctive customs, beliefs, stories, songs and dialects.<ref>James Overton, "A Newfoundland Culture?." ''Journal of Canadian Studies'' 23.1–2 (1988): 5–22.</ref><ref>James Baker, "As loved our fathers: The strength of patriotism among young Newfoundlanders." ''National Identities'' 14.4 (2012): 367–386.</ref> A unique [[vocabulary]] arose focused on the [[sea ice]] and weather of this isolated location and the native [[wildlife]] its residents relied upon for food and [[income]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=Robert A. |
===Effects of World Wars===
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[[File:Joseph Smallwood signing Newfoundland into Confederation.jpg|thumb|[[Joseph Smallwood]] signing the document bringing Newfoundland into [[Canadian confederation|Confederation]].]]
Newfoundland and Labrador is the youngest province in Canada. Newfoundland was organised as a colony in 1825, was self-governing from 1855 to 1934, but after a financial crisis the legislature was suspended and it was ruled through a [[Newfoundland Commission of Government|Commission of Government]] (see [[Dominion of Newfoundland]]). On June 22 and July 3, 1948, the population of the colony [[Newfoundland referendums, 1948|voted in referendums]] 52.3% to 47.7% in favour<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~melbaker/confederation1949.htm |title=The Tenth Province: Newfoundland joins Canada, 1949 |journal=Horizon |volume=10 |issue=11 |last=Baker |first=Melvin |date=1987 |pages=2641–2667 |access-date=April 25, 2007}}</ref> of joining Canada as a province. Opposition to confederation was concentrated among residents of the capital St. John's
===Union with Canada===
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The referendum campaign of 1948 was bitterly fought, and interests in both Canada and Britain favoured and supported confederation with Canada. [[Jack Pickersgill]], a western Canadian native and politician, worked with the confederation camp during the campaign. The Catholic Church, whose members were a minority on the island, lobbied for continued independence. Canada offered financial incentives, including a "baby bonus" for each child in a family.
The Confederates were led by the charismatic [[Joseph Smallwood]], a former radio broadcaster, who had developed [[Socialism|socialist]] political inclinations while working for a socialist newspaper in New York City. Following confederation, Smallwood led Newfoundland for decades as the elected [[Premier (Canada)|premier]]. His policies as premier were closer to [[liberalism]] than socialism
==Flags of Newfoundland==
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The first flag to specifically represent Newfoundland is thought to have been an image of a green fir tree on a pink background that was in use in the early 19th century.<ref name="THE PROVINCES Chap XIX">{{cite web|url=http://www.fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Provinces/Newfoundland.html|title=THE PROVINCES Chap XIX: Newfoundland|access-date=June 22, 2010}}</ref> The first official flag identifying Newfoundland, flown by vessels in service of the colonial government, was the Newfoundland Blue Ensign, adopted in 1870 and used until 1904, when it was modified slightly. In 1904, the crown of the Blue Ensign was replaced with the Great Seal of Newfoundland (having been given royal approval in 1827) and the British Parliament designated Newfoundland Red and Blue ensigns as official flags specifically for Newfoundland. The Red and Blue ensigns with the Great Seal of Newfoundland in the fly were used officially from 1904 until 1965, with the Red Ensign being flown as [[civil ensign]] by merchant shipping, and the Blue being flown by governmental ships (after the British tradition of having different flags for merchant/naval and government vessel identification).
On September 26, 1907, [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]] of the United Kingdom declared the Colony of Newfoundland, as an independent [[Dominion]] within the [[British Empire]],<ref name="God Guard Thee, Newfoundland">{{cite web|url=http://www.andrewcusack.com/2007/09/26/god-guard-thee-newfoundland/|title=God Guard Thee, Newfoundland|date=September 2007|access-date=June 22, 2010}}</ref> and from that point until 1965, the Newfoundland Red Ensign was used as the civil ensign of the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] with the Blue Ensign, again, reserved for government shipping identification. In 1931 the Newfoundland National Assembly adopted the [[Union Jack]] as the official national flag, with the Red and Blue Ensigns retained as ensigns for shipping identification.<ref name="Historic Flags of Newfoundland (Canada)">{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ca-nf.html|title=Historic Flags of Newfoundland (Canada)|date=October 2005|access-date=June 22, 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|The [[Union Flag]], official flag of both the [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Dominion]] and province of Newfoundland from 1931 to 1980]]
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The island has many tourism opportunities, ranging from sea kayaking, camping, fishing and hunting, to hiking. The [[International Appalachian Trail]] (IAT) is being extended along the island's mountainous west coast. On the east coast, the [[East Coast Trail]] extends through the [[Avalon Peninsula]] for {{convert|220|km|mi|abbr=on}}, beginning near [[Fort Amherst (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Fort Amherst]] in [[St. John's, Newfoundland|St. John's]] and ending in [[Cappahayden, Newfoundland and Labrador|Cappahayden]], with an additional {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}} of trail under construction.
The [[Marble Mountain (Newfoundland)|Marble Mountain Ski Resort]] near [[Corner Brook]] is a major attraction in the winter for skiers in eastern Canada.
Other major communities include the following towns:
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{{Main category|People from Newfoundland (island)}}
{{Category see also|Pre-Confederation Newfoundland and Labrador people}}
==Railways==
Currently closed [[Newfoundland Railway]]
==See also==
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{{Commons category|Newfoundland}}
*{{
*[http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~hrollman/index.html Religion, Society, and Culture in Newfoundland and Labrador]
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