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{{Short description|
{{distinguish|Messiah in Judaism|Jewish Christian|Chabad messianism}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Messianic Judaism}}
{{Jewish Christianity|Recent groups}}
'''Messianic Judaism''' ({{lang-he|{{Script/Hebrew|יַהֲדוּת מְשִׁיחִית}}}} or {{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יהדות משיחית}}|rtl=yes}}, {{transliteration|he|Yahadút Mešiḥít}}) is a [[Syncretism|syncretic]]{{sfn|Kessler|2005|p=292|ps=: "[Messianic Judaism's] syncretism confuses Christians and Jews…"}} [[Abrahamic religion|Abrahamist]] [[new religious movement]] or sect{{sfn|Ariel|2013|pp=35{{ndash}}57}} that [[Who is a Jew?|considers itself Jewish]] (despite the claims to the contrary of [[Jewish denominations|all major Jewish groups]]).{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&q=advocated+offspring+rhetoric+Shalom 223]}}{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=179}}<ref name="Ariel2006p191" /><ref name="Melton2005" /> Many Jews and Jewish authority figures,<ref name="e-Rea 2012" /> both in the [[United States]] and [[Israel]],<ref name="e-Rea 2012" /> consider it a part of [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christianity]].<ref name="e-Rea 2012">{{cite journal |author-last=Ben Barka |author-first=Mokhtar |date=December 2012 |title=The New Christian Right's relations with Israel and with the American Jews: the mid-1970s onward |journal=E-Rea |location=[[Aix-en-Provence]] and [[Marseille]] |publisher=[[Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte]] on behalf of [[Aix-Marseille University]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/erea.2753 |doi-access=free |issn=1638-1718 |s2cid=191364375 |quote=The [[Jews]] have cause to worry because [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]] are active on both fronts, [[Christian Zionism|promoting support for the State of Israel]], and [[Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews|evangelizing the Jews]] at the same time. While the [[Israeli government]] eagerly accepts public support of Evangelicals and courts the leaders of the [[Christian right|New Christian Right]], many Jews bitterly condemn Christian proselytism and try their best to restrict the activities of missionaries in Israel. “[[Jews for Jesus]]” and other Christian Jewish groups in Israel have become especially effective in evangelizing, often with the support of foreign Evangelicals. It is not surprising that Jewish leaders, both in the [[United States]] and [[Israel]], react strongly to “Jews for Jesus” and the whole “Messianic Jewish” movement, whose concern is to promote awareness among the Jews as to God’s real plans for humanity and [[Conversion to Christianity|the need to accept Jesus as a Savior]]. In this respect, Gershom Gorenberg lamented the fact that “people who see Israel through the lens of Endtimes prophecy are questionable allies, whose support should be elicited only in the last resort. In the long run, their apocalyptic agenda has no room for Israel as a normal country.”}}</ref>
It emerged in the 1960s and 1970s from the earlier [[Hebrew Christian movement]],{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2010|p=100|ps=: "In the 1970s a number of American Jewish converts to Christianity, known as Hebrew Christians, were committed to a church-based conception of Hebrew Christianity. Yet, at the same time, there emerged a growing segment of the Hebrew Christian community that sought a more Jewish lifestyle. Eventually, a division emerged between those who wished to identify as Jews and those who sought to pursue Hebrew Christian goals.[…] In time, the name of the movement was changed to Messianic Judaism."}}{{sfn|Lewis|2001|p=179|ps=: "The origins of Messianic Judaism date to the 1960s when it began among American Jews who converted to Christianity."}} and was most prominently propelled through the non-profit organization "[[Jews for Jesus]]"<ref name="Feher1998p140" /><ref name="Ariel2006p194" /> founded in 1973 by [[Moishe Rosen|Martin "Moishe" Rosen]], an American minister under the [[Venture Church Network|Conservative Baptist Association]].<ref name = "Brown2010" /><ref name = "Burton2018" />▼
▲It emerged in the 1960s and 1970s from the earlier [[Hebrew Christian movement]],{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2010|p=100|ps=: "In the 1970s a number of [[American Jews|American Jewish]] [[Conversion to Christianity|converts to Christianity]], known as Hebrew Christians, were committed to a church-based conception of Hebrew Christianity. Yet, at the same time, there emerged a growing segment of the Hebrew Christian community that sought a more Jewish lifestyle. Eventually, a division emerged between those who wished to identify as Jews and those who sought to pursue Hebrew Christian goals.[…] In time, the name of the movement was changed to Messianic Judaism."}}{{sfn|Lewis|2001|p=179|ps=: "The origins of Messianic Judaism date to the 1960s when it began among American Jews who converted to Christianity."}} and was most prominently propelled through the non-profit organization "[[Jews for Jesus]]"<ref name="e-Rea 2012" /><ref name="Feher1998p140" /><ref name="Ariel2006p194" /> founded in 1973 by [[Moishe Rosen|Martin "Moishe" Rosen]], an American minister under the [[Venture Church Network|Conservative Baptist Association]].<ref name = "Brown2010" /><ref name = "Burton2018" />
Evangelical Protestants who identify as Messianic Jews adhere to conventional Christian beliefs, including the concept of [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] through faith in [[Jesus]] (referred to by the Hebrew-language name {{transliteration|he|[[Yeshua]]}} among adherents) as the [[Messiah in Judaism|Jewish Messiah]] and saviour from sin, and the spiritual authority of the [[Bible]] (including the [[Hebrew Bible|Old]] and [[New Testament]]s).{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=170}}<ref name="UMJC_StatementOfFaith"/><ref name=Ariel2006p194/><ref name=Ariel2006p208/><ref name="JeC3"/> Belief in Jesus as a messianic figure and as divine (i.e., [[God the Son]]) is considered by [[Jews]] to be one of the most defining distinctions between [[Christianity and Judaism|Judaism and Christianity]].<ref name="Denominations"/><ref name="OhrSomayach"/><ref name="Lotker"/>▼
▲Evangelical Protestants who identify as Messianic Jews adhere to conventional [[Christian doctrine|Christian beliefs]], including the concept of [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] through faith in [[Jesus]] (referred to by the Hebrew-language name {{transliteration|he|[[Yeshua]]}} among adherents) as the [[Messiah in Judaism|Jewish Messiah]] and
Among other evangelical Christian groups, Messianic Judaism is usually accepted as a [[Christian denomination|form of Christianity]].<ref name="Christians" /> However, adherents of Messianic Judaism claim that the movement is instead a [[Jewish religious movements|form of Judaism]].<ref name="MJSelfID"/> In the Hebrew language, they tend to identify themselves with the terms {{transliteration|he|maaminim}} ({{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|מאמינים}}|rtl=yes}}, {{Literal translation|believers}}) and {{transliteration|he|yehudim}} ({{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהוּדִים}}|rtl=yes}}, {{Literal translation|Jews}}) in opposition to being identified as {{transliteration|he|[[Nazarene (sect)|notzrim]]}} ({{lang|he|נוצרים}}, {{Literal translation|[[Christians]]}}).{{efn|Followers are called either {{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהוּדִים מְשִׁיחִיִּים}}}} {{transliteration|he|ISO|y'hudím mešiḥiyim; Yehudim Meshikiyim}} or simply {{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|נוֹצְרִים}}}} {{transliteration|he|ISO|nocirim}} (Christians).}}<ref name="Spector2008"/> Jewish organizations inside and outside of [[Israel]] reject this framing; the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] has also rejected this claim in cases related to the Israeli [[Law of Return]], and Messianic Judaism is recognized only as a Christian movement in the country.<ref name="Denominations"/><ref name="Berman"/> In this context, there is some discourse among scholars as to whether Messianic Judaism should be labeled a Jewish or Christian religious sect, though the typical consensus identifies it as a stream of the Christian religion.{{sfn|Foreman|2006|p=399}}
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In 2004, there were 300 Messianic congregations in the United States, with roughly half of all attendants being gentiles, and roughly one third of all congregations consisting of 30 or fewer members.{{sfn|Juster|Hocken|2004|p=10}} Many of these congregations belong to the International Association of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS), the Union of Messianic Congregations (UMJC), or Tikkun International.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
The [[Messianic Jewish Alliance of America]] (MJAA) began in 1915 as the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA).
In June 1979, 19 congregations in North America met at Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania and formed the [[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]] (UMJC).{{sfn|Juster|1995|p=155}} In 2022, it would have 75 congregations in 8 countries.<ref>Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations, [https://www.umjc.org/learn-1 OUR HISTORY], umjc.org, USA, retrieved October 22, 2022</ref><!-- This paragraph quote was previously just abandoned at the bottom of this section; if it can be placed in some context, i.e. some text around it that isn't just a quote, then it can stay, but otherwise, just seems out of place and near-promotional. "Tikkun International is a Messianic Jewish umbrella organization for an apostolic network of leaders, congregations and ministries in covenantal relationship for mutual accountability, support and equipping to extend the Kingdom of God in America, Israel, and throughout the world."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tikkunministries.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180209/http://www.tikkunministries.org/ |archive-date=2019-10-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> -->
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====Baptism====
Messianic Jews practice [[baptism]], calling it a {{transliteration|he|[[mikveh]]}} ("cistern", from {{bibleverse|Leviticus|11:36}}) rather than the term {{transliteration|he|tvila}} ("baptism" ({{lang|he|טבילה}}) in the [[Bible translations by language|Hebrew New Testament]]).{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=161|ps=: "For Gentile Christians, baptism is perceived as a means of entering into the body of Christ. Within Messianic Judaism, however, immersion is understood as a religious act symbolizing the believer's commitment to Yeshua: the faithful are to immerse in a ''mikveh'' as a sign of their acceptance of Messiah Yeshuah and the coming of the Kingdom."}}<ref name="JeC1"/>
====Circumcision====
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The [[United States Navy|US Navy]] made a decision that Messianic Jewish chaplains must wear as their insignia the Christian cross, and not the tablets of the law, the insignia of Jewish chaplains. According to [[Yeshiva World News]], the Navy Uniform Board commanded that Michael Hiles, a candidate for chaplaincy, wear the Christian insignia. Hiles resigned from the program, rather than wear the cross.<ref name="TYW"/> Eric Tokajer, a spokesman for the Messianic Jewish movement, responded that "This decision essentially bars Messianic Jews from serving as chaplains within the U.S. Navy because it would require them to wear an insignia inconsistent with their faith and belief system."<ref name="Tokajer"/>
A [[Birmingham, Alabama]], police employee's religious discrimination case was settled in her favor after she filed suit over having to work on the Jewish Sabbath.<ref name="Harmon2013"/>
==Messianic organizations==
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| date = November 29, 2012
| title = Kosher Jesus: Messianic Jews in the Holy Land
| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/kosher-jesus-messianic-jews-in-the-holy-land/265670/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201125656/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/kosher-jesus-messianic-jews-in-the-holy-land/265670/ |archive-date=December 1, 2012
| journal = [[The Atlantic]]
| access-date= September 10, 2015
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<ref name = "Schmalz">{{cite book
|last1= Schmalz
|first1= Reuven Efraim
|last2= Fischer
|first2= Raymond Robert
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==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Messianic_Judaism/}}
*Wineapple, Shai; [[Ruth Kark|Kark, Ruth]] [https://omnilogos.com/history-of-messianic-jews-and-state-of-israel-1948-2008/, ''The History of Messianic Jews and the State of Israel, 1948-2008''] ''[[Israel Studies]]'' Vol. 27, Issue 3, Fall 2022, pp. 118–142, at Omnilogos without references
{{Christianity and Judaism}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Messianic Judaism| ]]
[[Category:Christian new religious movements]]
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