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{{Short description|
{{distinguish|Messiah in Judaism|Jewish Christian|Chabad messianism}}
{{pp
{{Messianic Judaism}}
{{Jewish Christianity|Recent groups}}
'''Messianic Judaism''' ({{lang-he|{{Script/Hebrew|יַהֲדוּת מְשִׁיחִית}}}} or {{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יהדות משיחית}}|rtl=yes}}, {{transliteration|he|Yahadút Mešiḥít}}) is a [[Syncretism|syncretic]]{{sfn|Kessler|2005|p=292|ps=: "[Messianic Judaism's] syncretism confuses Christians and Jews…"}} [[Abrahamic religion|Abrahamist]] [[new religious movement]] or sect{{sfn|Ariel|2013|pp=35{{ndash}}57}} that [[Who is a Jew?|considers itself Jewish]] (despite the claims to the contrary of [[Jewish denominations|all major Jewish groups]]).{{sfn|Ariel|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&q=advocated+offspring+rhetoric+Shalom 223]}}{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=179}}<ref name="Ariel2006p191" /><ref name="Melton2005" /> Many Jews and Jewish authority figures,<ref name="e-Rea 2012" /> both in the [[United States]] and [[Israel]],<ref name="e-Rea 2012" /> consider it a part of [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christianity]].<ref name="e-Rea 2012">{{cite journal |author-last=Ben Barka |author-first=Mokhtar |date=December 2012 |title=The New Christian Right's relations with Israel and with the American Jews: the mid-1970s onward |journal=E-Rea |location=[[Aix-en-Provence]] and [[Marseille]] |publisher=[[Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte]] on behalf of [[Aix-Marseille University]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/erea.2753 |doi-access=free |issn=1638-1718 |s2cid=191364375 |quote=The [[Jews]] have cause to worry because [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]] are active on both fronts, [[Christian Zionism|promoting support for the State of Israel]], and [[Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews|evangelizing the Jews]] at the same time. While the [[Israeli government]] eagerly accepts public support of Evangelicals and courts the leaders of the [[Christian right|New Christian Right]], many Jews bitterly condemn Christian proselytism and try their best to restrict the activities of missionaries in Israel. “[[Jews for Jesus]]” and other Christian Jewish groups in Israel have become especially effective in evangelizing, often with the support of foreign Evangelicals. It is not surprising that Jewish leaders, both in the [[United States]] and [[Israel]], react strongly to “Jews for Jesus” and the whole “Messianic Jewish” movement, whose concern is to promote awareness among the Jews as to God’s real plans for humanity and [[Conversion to Christianity|the need to accept Jesus as a Savior]]. In this respect, Gershom Gorenberg lamented the fact that “people who see Israel through the lens of Endtimes prophecy are questionable allies, whose support should be elicited only in the last resort. In the long run, their apocalyptic agenda has no room for Israel as a normal country.”}}</ref>
It emerged in the 1960s and 1970s from the earlier [[Hebrew Christian movement]],{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2010|p=100|ps=: "In the 1970s a number of American Jewish converts to Christianity, known as Hebrew Christians, were committed to a church-based conception of Hebrew Christianity. Yet, at the same time, there emerged a growing segment of the Hebrew Christian community that sought a more Jewish lifestyle. Eventually, a division emerged between those who wished to identify as Jews and those who sought to pursue Hebrew Christian goals.[…] In time, the name of the movement was changed to Messianic Judaism."}}{{sfn|Lewis|2001|p=179|ps=: "The origins of Messianic Judaism date to the 1960s when it began among American Jews who converted to Christianity."}} and was most prominently propelled through the non-profit organization "[[Jews for Jesus]]"<ref name="Feher1998p140" /><ref name="Ariel2006p194" /> founded in 1973 by [[Moishe Rosen|Martin "Moishe" Rosen]], an American minister under the [[Venture Church Network|Conservative Baptist Association]].<ref name = "Brown2010" /><ref name = "Burton2018" />▼
▲It emerged in the 1960s and 1970s from the earlier [[Hebrew Christian movement]],{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2010|p=100|ps=: "In the 1970s a number of [[American Jews|American Jewish]] [[Conversion to Christianity|converts to Christianity]], known as Hebrew Christians, were committed to a church-based conception of Hebrew Christianity. Yet, at the same time, there emerged a growing segment of the Hebrew Christian community that sought a more Jewish lifestyle. Eventually, a division emerged between those who wished to identify as Jews and those who sought to pursue Hebrew Christian goals.[…] In time, the name of the movement was changed to Messianic Judaism."}}{{sfn|Lewis|2001|p=179|ps=: "The origins of Messianic Judaism date to the 1960s when it began among American Jews who converted to Christianity."}} and was most prominently propelled through the non-profit organization "[[Jews for Jesus]]"<ref name="e-Rea 2012" /><ref name="Feher1998p140" /><ref name="Ariel2006p194" /> founded in 1973 by [[Moishe Rosen|Martin "Moishe" Rosen]], an American minister under the [[Venture Church Network|Conservative Baptist Association]].<ref name = "Brown2010" /><ref name = "Burton2018" />
Evangelical Protestants who identify as Messianic Jews adhere to conventional [[Christian doctrine|Christian beliefs]], including the concept of [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] through faith in [[Jesus]] (referred to by the Hebrew-language name {{transliteration|he|[[Yeshua]]}} among adherents) as the [[Messiah in Judaism|Jewish Messiah]] and [[Redeemer (Christianity)|Savior from sin]], and the spiritual authority of the [[Bible]] (including the [[Hebrew Bible|Old]] and [[New Testament]]s).{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=170}}<ref name="UMJC_StatementOfFaith"/><ref name=Ariel2006p194/><ref name=Ariel2006p208/><ref name="JeC3"/> Belief in Jesus as a messianic figure and as divine (i.e., [[God the Son]]) is considered by [[Jews]] to be one of the most defining distinctions between [[Christianity and Judaism|Judaism and Christianity]].<ref name="Denominations"/><ref name="OhrSomayach"/><ref name="Lotker"/>
Among other evangelical Christian groups, Messianic Judaism is usually accepted as a [[Christian denomination|form of Christianity]].<ref name="Christians" /> However, adherents of Messianic Judaism claim that the movement is instead a [[Jewish religious movements|form of Judaism]].<ref name="MJSelfID"/> In the Hebrew language, they tend to identify themselves with the terms {{transliteration|he|maaminim}} ({{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|מאמינים}}|rtl=yes}}, {{Literal translation|believers}}) and {{transliteration|he|yehudim}} ({{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהוּדִים}}|rtl=yes}}, {{Literal translation|Jews}}) in opposition to being identified as {{transliteration|he|[[Nazarene (sect)|notzrim]]}} ({{lang|he|נוצרים}}, {{Literal translation|[[Christians]]}}).{{efn|Followers are called either {{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהוּדִים מְשִׁיחִיִּים}}}} {{transliteration|he|ISO|y'hudím mešiḥiyim; Yehudim Meshikiyim}} or simply {{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|נוֹצְרִים}}}} {{transliteration|he|ISO|nocirim}} (Christians).}}<ref name="Spector2008"/> Jewish organizations inside and outside of [[Israel]] reject this framing; the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] has also rejected this claim in cases related to the Israeli [[Law of Return]], and Messianic Judaism is recognized only as a Christian movement in the country.<ref name="Denominations"/><ref name="Berman"/> In this context, there is some discourse among scholars as to whether Messianic Judaism should be labeled a Jewish or Christian religious sect, though the typical consensus identifies it as a stream of the Christian religion.{{sfn|Foreman|2006|p=399}} From 2003 to 2007, the movement grew from 150 Messianic houses of worship in the [[United States]] to as many as 438, with over 100 in Israel and more worldwide; congregations are often affiliated with larger Messianic organizations or alliances.{{sfn|Schoeman|2003|p=351|ps=: "By the mid 1970s, ''Time'' magazine placed the number of Messianic Jews in the US at over 50,000; by 1993 this number had grown to 160,000 in the US and about 350,000 worldwide (1989 estimate).[…] There are currently over 400 Messianic synagogues worldwide, with at least 150 in the US."}}<ref name="Yeoman" /> {{As of|2012}}, Messianic population estimates were between 175,000 and 250,000 members in the United States, between 10,000 and 20,000 members in Israel, and an estimated total worldwide membership of 350,000.<ref name="Posner2012" />{{update inline|date=February 2020}}
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In 2004, there were 300 Messianic congregations in the United States, with roughly half of all attendants being gentiles, and roughly one third of all congregations consisting of 30 or fewer members.{{sfn|Juster|Hocken|2004|p=10}} Many of these congregations belong to the International Association of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS), the Union of Messianic Congregations (UMJC), or Tikkun International.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
The [[Messianic Jewish Alliance of America]] (MJAA) began in 1915 as the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA).
In June 1979, 19 congregations in North America met at Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania and formed the [[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]] (UMJC).{{sfn|Juster|1995|p=155}} In 2022, it would have 75 congregations in 8 countries.<ref>
In 2016, Douglas Hamp founded The Way Congregation near Denver, CO. with the concept of recognizing fundamentalist Christian beliefs<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Way Congregation - What We Believe |url=https://thewaycongregation.com/what-we-believe |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=thewaycongregation.com}}</ref> and yet embracing One Law Theology, Two House Theology (see sections below), and [[Commonwealth Theology]]. Their website states the fellowship was founded "to serve as a bridge between the Jews and the gentile Church."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Way Congregation - Our Story |url=https://thewaycongregation.com/our-story |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=thewaycongregation.com}}</ref> Non-Jewish congregants are not encouraged to convert to Judaism and Jewish attendants are encouraged to celebrate their Jewish heritage. Hamp blames the heretic [[Marcion of Sinope|Marcion]] for mainstream Christianity's juxtaposition of Law and Grace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haunted Theology |url=https://thewaycongregation.com/media/gb3mg9q/haunted-theology |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Way Congregation}}</ref> On the other hand, the Congregation meets on the Sabbath, celebrates the Feasts, and teaches conformance to the Dietary Laws given through Moses.
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====The Bible====
Both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament{{efn|The name of the New Testament is often translated back into Hebrew as {{
two sentences both rely on GraftedInSof for now -->With a few exceptions, Messianic believers generally consider the written Torah, the five books of [[Moses]], to remain in force as a continuing covenant, revised by Jesus and the Apostles in the New Testament, that is to be observed both morally and ritually. Jesus did not annul the Torah, but its interpretation is revised through the Apostolic scriptures.<ref name="GraftedInSoF"/>
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====Supersessionism====
Historically, Christianity has taught [[supersessionism]] (replacement theology), which implies or outright states that Christianity has superseded Judaism,{{
===Eschatology===
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====Baptism====
Messianic Jews practice [[baptism]], calling it a {{transliteration|he|[[mikveh]]}} ("cistern", from {{bibleverse|Leviticus|11:36}}) rather than the term {{transliteration|he|tvila}} ("baptism" ({{lang|he|טבילה}}) in the [[Bible translations by language|Hebrew New Testament]]).{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=161|ps=: "For Gentile Christians, baptism is perceived as a means of entering into the body of Christ. Within Messianic Judaism, however, immersion is understood as a religious act symbolizing the believer's commitment to Yeshua: the faithful are to immerse in a ''mikveh'' as a sign of their acceptance of Messiah Yeshuah and the coming of the Kingdom."}}<ref name="JeC1"/>
====Circumcision====
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As in traditional Jewish objections to Christian theology, opponents of Messianic Judaism hold that Christian proof texts, such as prophecies in the Hebrew Bible purported to refer the Messiah's suffering and death, have been taken out of context and misinterpreted.{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=183}} Jewish theology rejects the idea that the Messiah, or any human being, is a [[divinity]]. Belief in the [[Trinity]] is considered idolatrous by most rabbinic authorities. Even if considered {{transliteration|he|[[shituf]]}} (literally, "partnership")—an association of other individuals with the God of Israel—this is only permitted for gentiles, and that only according to some rabbinic opinions. It is universally considered idolatrous for Jews.<ref name="OhrSomayach"/><ref name = "Shochet1999" />{{sfn|Berger|2003|ps=: "Some asserted that the association (shittuf) of Jesus with this God is permissible for non-Jews. Virtually none regarded such association as anything other than avodah zarah if the worshipper was a Jew."}} Further, Judaism does not view the role of the Messiah to be the salvation of the world from its sins, an integral teaching of Christianity{{sfn|Grudem|1994|pp=568–570}} and Messianic Judaism.<ref name="UMJC_StatementOfFaith"/>
Jewish opponents of Messianic Judaism often focus their criticism on the movement's radical ideological separation from traditional Jewish beliefs, stating that the acceptance of Jesus as Messiah creates an insuperable divide between the traditional messianic expectations of Judaism, and Christianity's theological claims.{{sfn|Cohn-Sherbok|2000|p=182}} They state that while Judaism is a messianic religion, its messiah is not Jesus,{{sfn|Simmons|2004}} and thus the term is misleading.<ref name="Lotker"/> All denominations of Judaism, as well as national Jewish organizations, reject Messianic Judaism as a form of Judaism.<ref name="Denominations"/><ref name="JList1"/> The [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] states that "
[[B'nai Brith Canada]] considers Messianic activities as antisemitic incidents.<ref name="BB_C_1998"/> Rabbi [[Tovia Singer]], founder of the anti-missionary organization [[Outreach Judaism]], noted of a Messianic religious leader in Toledo: "He's not running a Jewish synagogue.[...] It's a church designed to appear as if it were a synagogue and I'm there to expose him. What these irresponsible extremist Christians do is a form of consumer fraud. They blur the distinctions between Judaism and Christianity in order to lure Jewish people who would otherwise resist a straightforward message."<ref name="Singer_Blade"/>
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The International Religious Freedom Report 2008, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor in the US, stated that discrimination against Messianic Jews in Israel was increasing.<ref name="IRF2008"/> Some acts of violence have also occurred; in one incident on March 20, 2008, a bomb concealed as a Purim gift basket was delivered to the house of a prominent Messianic Jewish family in [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]], in the [[West Bank]], which severely wounded the son.<ref name="JPost2008"/> Eventually, [[Yaakov Teitel]] was arrested for the attempted murder.<ref name="Mitchell2009"/>
This antagonism has led to harassment and some violence, especially in Israel, where there is a large and militant Orthodox community. Several Orthodox organizations, including [[Yad L'Achim]] and [[Lehava]], are dedicated to rooting out missionary activity in Israel, including the Messianic Jewish congregations. One tactic is to plaster posters asking Israelis to boycott shops where Messianic Jews are owners or employees; another is to report Messianic Jews to the Interior ministry, which is charged with enforcing an Israeli law forbidding proselytizing.<ref name="Azulai2009"/> In another incident, the mayor of Or Yehuda, a suburb of Tel Aviv, held a public book-burning of literature passed out to Ethiopian immigrants. He later apologized for the action.<ref name="Time-IMJUA"/> On other
===Response of US governments===
The [[United States Navy|US Navy]] made a decision that Messianic Jewish chaplains must wear as their insignia the Christian cross, and not the tablets of the law, the insignia of Jewish chaplains. According to [[Yeshiva World News]], the Navy Uniform Board commanded that Michael Hiles, a candidate for chaplaincy, wear the Christian insignia. Hiles resigned from the program, rather than wear the cross.<ref name="TYW"/> Eric Tokajer, a spokesman for the Messianic Jewish movement, responded that "This decision essentially bars Messianic Jews from serving as chaplains within the U.S. Navy because it would require them to wear an insignia inconsistent with their faith and belief system."<ref name="Tokajer"/>
A [[Birmingham, Alabama]], police employee's religious discrimination case was settled in her favor after she filed suit over having to work on the Jewish Sabbath.<ref name="Harmon2013"/>
==Messianic organizations==
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|author=<!--Not stated-->
|date=July 6, 1999
|publisher=
|agency=[[Evangelical Press Association|Evangelical Press News Service]]
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|work=[[The Forward]]
|date=October 31, 2018
|quote=I could see nothing more offensive or more poorly calculated than to make this decision,
}}
</ref>
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| date = March 9, 2009
| work = JerusalemCouncil.org
| quote = This then is who Yeshua is: He is not just a man, and as a man, he is not from Adam, but from G-d. He is the Word of HaShem, the Memra, the Davar, the Righteous One, he
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090427102439/http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/faqs/is-yeshua-god/
| archive-date = April 27, 2009
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| date = March 9, 2009
| work = JerusalemCouncil.org
| quote = Yes I believe in the Spirit of God, the Ruach HaKodesh. Yet, to trinitarians wishing to stop there, I could ask,
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090427102320/http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/apologetics/trinitarianism/
| archive-date = April 27, 2009
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| website = Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council
| access-date = March 28, 2023
| quote = Our approach to halakhic decision-making is based on a recognition of the paramount importance and authority of Scripture (i.e., the Tanakh and the Apostolic Writings) in the development of Halakhah....As Messianic Jews, we affirm the special precedence given to scriptural law in traditional Halakhah, while likewise affirming the scriptural character of the Apostolic Writings (i.e., the New Testament) and the unique ways in which they contribute to halakhic development....In addressing matters of Halakhah, Scripture always has the highest halakhic authority and sanctity. Thus, when traditional Judaism distinguishes between laws that are [[D'Oraita and D'Rabbanan|d'oraita]] (i.e., ordained by the Tanakh) and those that are [[D'Oraita and D'Rabbanan|d'rabbanan]] (i.e., established by rabbinic authority), precedence is always given to those that are
}}
</ref>
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070811053053/http://www.messianicjewishonline.com/article1022.html |archive-date = August 11, 2007}}
</ref>
<ref name = "MJSelfID">*{{cite web
*{{cite web▼
| url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/halacha/giyur/jewish-conversion/
| title = Jewish Conversion
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|access-date=2019-04-03
|quote=These factors lead many Jewish people to assume that to follow Yeshua is to leave the faith of their fathers and become non-Jewish. The MJAA has worked to combat this misperception for almost a century.
|archive-date=2020-09-24
}}▼
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924044012/https://mjaa.org/our-history-2/
*{{cite web |url=https://www.umjc.org/defining-messianic-judaism▼
|url-status=dead
▲ }}
▲*{{cite web
|title=Defining Messianic Judaism
|access-date=December 30, 2022
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|publisher=[[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]]
|quote=The Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations (UMJC) envisions Messianic Judaism as a movement of Jewish congregations and groups committed to Yeshua the Messiah that embrace the covenantal responsibility of Jewish life and identity rooted in Torah, expressed in tradition, and renewed and applied in the context of the New Covenant. Messianic Jewish groups may also include those from non-Jewish backgrounds who have a confirmed call to participate fully in the life and destiny of the Jewish people. We are committed to embodying this definition in our constituent congregations and in our shared institutions.
}}</ref>
<ref name = Moscrop>
{{harvnb|Moscrop|2000|p=15|ps=: ...the perspective of the Holy Land the most important of these societies was the London Jews' Society. Founded in 1809 during the high point of evangelical endeavour, the London Jews' Society was the work of Joseph Samuel Frederick Frey...}}
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|work=[[NBC News]]
|date=October 30, 2018
|quote=The "Messianic rabbi" who outraged many Jews by invoking the name of Jesus while delivering a prayer in memory of the Pittsburgh synagogue massacre victims was also spurned Tuesday by the organization that ordained him. Loren Jacobs, who was invited onstage by Vice President Mike Pence to speak at a rally in Michigan for a GOP congressional candidate, was defrocked 15 years ago, according to a spokeswoman for the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations. 'Loren Jacobs was stripped of his rabbinic ordination by the UMJC in 2003, after our judicial board found him guilty of libel,' Monique Brumbach said in an email. Brumbach did not say who Jacobs allegedly libeled, but it appears from his synagogue website he was involved in a theological battle with other leaders of the group, which believes that Jesus is the son of God — a belief that is anathema to the vast majority of the world's Jews. Jacobs seemed to be concerned that the group was insufficiently conservative on doctrinal matters. Meanwhile, mainstream Jewish leaders and experts on the faith said they could not fathom why GOP congressional candidate Lena Epstein, herself a longtime member of a Detroit–area synagogue, invited Jacobs at all to her rally Tuesday because in their eyes
}}
</ref>
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| date = November 29, 2012
| title = Kosher Jesus: Messianic Jews in the Holy Land
| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/kosher-jesus-messianic-jews-in-the-holy-land/265670/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201125656/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/kosher-jesus-messianic-jews-in-the-holy-land/265670/ |archive-date=December 1, 2012
| journal = [[The Atlantic]]
| access-date= September 10, 2015
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<ref name = "Schmalz">{{cite book
|last1= Schmalz
|first1= Reuven Efraim
|last2= Fischer
|first2= Raymond Robert
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<!--Yaakov S. Ariel is not NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry-->
* {{Cite book |last= Ariel |first= Yaakov S. |title= Evangelizing the chosen people: missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000 |year= 2000 |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |location= [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]] |isbn= 978-0-8078-4880-7 |oclc= 43708450 }}
* {{Cite book|last= Ariel |first= Yaakov |editor= [[Robert S. Wistrich]]|title= Terms of survival: the Jewish world since 1945 |orig-year= 1995 |edition= Digital Printing |year= 2005 |publisher= [[Routledge]] |location=London; New York |isbn= 978-0-415-10056-4 |chapter= Protestant Attitudes to Jews and Judaism During the Last Fifty Years |lccn= 94022069}}
* {{Cite book |last = Ariel |first = Yaakov S. |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Ashcraft |editor2-first=W. Michael |title= Jewish and Christian Traditions |series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America |volume= 2 |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location= [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn]] |isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5 |oclc= 315689134 |lccn = 2006022954 }}
* {{cite book |last= Ariel |first= Yaakov S. |year= 2013 |title=An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews |publisher= [[New York University Press]] |isbn=9780814770689|chapter= 2 The Evangelical Messianic Faith and the Jews|pages= 35–57 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814770689.003.0002}}
<!-- B -->
* {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Balmer |first=Randall Herbert |author-link=Randall Balmer |title=Encyclopedia of evangelicalism |entry=Messianic Judaism |entry-url= |url={{Google books|id=Vjwly0QyeU4C|plainurl=y}} |edition=Rev. and expanded |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Baylor University#Publications|Baylor University Press]] |location=[[Waco, Texas]] |isbn=9781932792041 |lccn=2004010023 |orig-year=2002}}
* {{cite book
| last = Barnett
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* {{cite conference |url=http://www.jcrelations.net/Dabru_Emet__Some_Reservations_about_a_Jewish_Statement_on_Christians_and_Christi.2719.0.html? |title=Dabru Emet: Some Reservations about a Jewish Statement on Christians and Christianity |first=David |last=Berger |author-link=David Berger (historian) |date=February 28, 2003 |conference=Inaugural meeting of the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations (CCJR) in Baltimore, October 28, 2002. |access-date= 2019-04-03}}
* {{Cite book | last = Berkley | first = George E. | title = Jews | date=February 1997 | publisher = Branden Books | location = [[Boston, Massachusetts]] | isbn = 978-0-8283-2027-6 | lccn = 96047021}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Michael L. |author-link=Michael L. Brown |year=2000 |title=General and Historical Objections |series=Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus |volume=1 |publisher=[[Baker Publishing Group|Baker Books]] |isbn=978-0801060632}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
| author= <!-- Cannot find author -->
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<!-- C -->
* {{cite book |last=Cohn-Sherbok |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title=Messianic Judaism |year=2000 |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] |location=London; New York |url={{Google books|id=7f3DCgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-0-8264-5458-4 |lccn=99050300}}
* {{cite conference |url=http://www.mohr.de/en/nc/theology/series/detail/buch/the-image-of-the-judaeo-christians-in-ancient-jewish-and-christian-literature.html
|access-date=May 22, 2012 |title=Modern Hebrew Christianity and Messianic Judaism |last=Cohn-Sherbok |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |year=2003 |conference=Colloquium of the Institutum Iudaicum, Brussels 18–19 November 2001 |editor1-last=Tomson |editor1-first=Peter J. |editor2-last=Lambers-Petry |editor2-first=Doris |book-title=The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature |publisher=[[Mohr Siebeck]] |location=[[Tübingen]] |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |volume=158 |page=287 |isbn=978-3-16-148094-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110104747/http://www.mohr.de/en/nc/theology/series/detail/buch/the-image-of-the-judaeo-christians-in-ancient-jewish-and-christian-literature.html |archive-date=2013-11-10}}
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<!-- F -->
* {{cite book|last1= Feher|first1= Shoshana|year=1998|title= Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic JudaismWalnut Creek, Ca|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|AltaMira Press]]|isbn=978-0761989523}}
* {{cite book
|last=Flannery
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* {{cite book |last=Gidney |first=William Thomas |date=1908 |title=The History of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews: From 1809 to 1908 |url=https://archive.org/details/historylondonso00gidngoog |publisher=London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews}}
* {{cite book |last=Goble |first=Phillip E. |date=1974 |title=Everything You Need to Grow a Messianic Synagogue |url=https://www.afii.org/digitalibrary/0878084215.pdf |publisher=[[William Carey Library]] |isbn=0878084215 |lccn=74-028017}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Greenspoon |editor-first1=Leonard Jay |year=1998 |title=Yiddish Language and Culture: Then and Now |series=Studies in Jewish Civilization |volume=9 |publisher=[[
▲* {{cite book |editor-last1=Greenspoon |editor-first1=Leonard Jay |year=1998 |title=Yiddish Language and Culture: Then and Now |series=Studies in Jewish Civilization |volume=9 |publisher=[[ Fordham University Press]] |isbn=9781881871255 |oclc=59308743}}
* {{cite book|last= Grudem|first= Wayne A.|author-link= Wayne Grudem|title= Systematic Theology: an introduction to biblical doctrine|year= 1994|publisher= [[Zondervan]]|location= [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids, Mich.]]|isbn= 978-0-310-28670-7|oclc= 29952151|url= https://archive.org/details/systematictheolo00grud_0}}
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* {{Cite book | last = Harries | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth | title = After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust |date=August 2003 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-19-926313-4 | lccn = 2003273342}}
* {{cite book |last=Harris-Shapiro |first=Carol |author-link=Carol Harris-Shapiro |title=Messianic Judaism: A Rabbi's Journey through Religious Change in America |year=1999 |publisher=[[Beacon Press]]| location=[[Boston]] |isbn=0807010405| lccn=98054864 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hocken |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Hocken |date=2009 |title=The Challenges of the Pentecostal, Charismatic, and Messianic Jewish Movements: The Tensions of the Spirit |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0754667469}}
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* {{cite book|last=Juster|first=Dan|author-link=Daniel Juster|title=Jewish Roots: A Foundation of Biblical Theology|year=1995|publisher=Destiny Image|location=[[Shippensburg, Pennsylvania|Shippensburg]]|orig-year=1985|isbn=1560431423|lccn=94074707}}
* {{cite book |last1=Juster |first1=Dan |last2=Hocken |first2=Peter |author1-link=Daniel Juster |author2-link=Peter Hocken |year=2004 |title=The Messianic Jewish Movement: An Introduction |url=https://www.stucom.nl/document/0122uk.pdf |type=booklet |series=TJCII Booklet Series |volume=1 |publisher=Toward Jerusalem Council II |access-date=December 29, 2022}}
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last = Kessler |first = Edward |author-link = Edward Kessler |editor1-last = Kessler |editor1-first = Edward |editor1-link = Edward Kessler |editor2-last = Wenborn |editor2-first = Neil |encyclopedia = A Dictionary Of Jewish-Christian Relations |title = Messianic Jews |year = 2005 |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |location = [[Cambridge]], [[England]] |isbn = 978-0-521-82692-1 |lccn = 2005012923 }}
* {{cite book |last= Kinzer |first= Mark S. |date=2005 |title=Postmissionary Messianic Judaism: Redefining Christian Engagement with the Jewish People |publisher=[[Brazos Press]] |isbn=9781587431524}}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Kinzer |first1 = Mark S. |date=2010 |title=Finding Our Way Through Nicaea: The Deity of Yeshua, Bilateral Ecclesiology, and Redemptive Encounter with the Living God |journal=Kesher |location=[[San Diego]] |publisher=[[Messianic Jewish Theological Institute]] |issue=24 |access-date = January 3, 2023 |url=https://www.kesherjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=430 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929134948/https://www.kesherjournal.com/article/finding-our-way-through-nicaea-the-deity-of-yeshua-bilateral-ecclesiology-and-redemptive-encounter-with-the-living-god/ |archive-date=September 29, 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kinzer |first1=Mark S. |year=2018 |title=Beginning with the End: the Place of Eschatology in the Messianic Jewish Canonical Narrative |url=https://www.kesherjournal.com/article/beginning-with-the-end-the-place-of-eschatology-in-the-messianic-jewish-canonical-narrative/ |journal=Kesher |location=[[San Diego]] |publisher=[[Messianic Jewish Theological Institute]] |volume=32 |access-date=January 3, 2023}}
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* {{Cite book |last = Lewis |first = James R. |author-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title = Odd Gods: New Religions & the Cult Controversy |year = 2001 |publisher = Prometheus Books |isbn = 978-1-57392-842-7 |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781573928427}}
* {{Cite book | last = Lotker | first = Michael | title = A Christian's guide to Judaism |date=May 2004 | publisher = Paulist Press | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-8091-4232-3 | chapter = It's More About ''What'' is the Messiah than ''Who'' is the Messiah| lccn = 2003024813}}
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Melton|first=J. Gordon |author-link=J. Gordon Melton |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |title= Messianic Judaism|year= 2005 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions|isbn=9780816069835}}
* {{cite book |last1= Moscrop |first1= John James |year=2000 |title= Measuring Jerusalem: The Palestine Exploration Fund and British Interests in the Holy Land |chapter=Remembering Jerusalem: 1799–1839 |publisher= [[A & C Black]] |isbn= 9780718502201}}
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* {{cite book|last=Rausch|first=David|author-link=David A. Rausch|title=Messianic Judaism: Its History, Theology, and Polity|year=1982a|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|isbn=9780889468030|series=Texts and studies in religion|volume=14}}
* {{cite journal|last = Rausch|first = David A.|author-link = David A. Rausch|date = September 1982b|title = The Messianic Jewish Congregational Movement|journal = [[The Christian Century]]|volume = 99|issue = 28|page = 926|url = https://www.religion-online.org/article/the-messianic-jewish-congregational-movement/|access-date = December 29, 2022}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Reason |first1=Gabriela |date=2005 |title=Competing Trends In Messianic Judaism: The Debate Over Evangelicalism |url=https://www.kesherjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=441 |journal=Kesher: A Journal of Messianic Judaism |volume= 18|issue= Winter|access-date=2019-04-03}}
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Rich |title=The Messianic Movement: A Field Guide for Evangelical Christians |year=2005 |publisher=[[Jews for Jesus|Purple Pomegranate Production]] |location=[[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] |isbn=978-1881022626 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw3GPaR-m1IC |access-date=December 29, 2022}}
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* {{cite book|last=Schoeman|first = Roy H. |title = Salvation is from the Jews: the role of Judaism in salvation history from Abraham to the Second Coming |year=2003 |publisher = [[Ignatius Press]] |location = [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]]| isbn = 9780898709759| lccn = 2003105176}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schoen |first=Robert |title= What I Wish My Christian Friends Knew about Judaism |date=April 2004 |publisher=[[Loyola Press]] |location= [[Chicago]] |isbn=978-0-8294-1777-7 |chapter=Jews, Jesus, and Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L86LbrUP8LoC&q=What+I+Wish+My+Christian+Friends+Knew+about+Judaism&pg=PP1 |lccn= 2003024404}}
* {{cite web
|url=https://aish.com/why-jews-dont-believe-in-jesus/
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* {{cite journal| last=Sobel| first=B.Z.| date = December 1968| title = The Tools of Legitimation—Zionism and the Hebrew Christian Movement| url = https://archive.jpr.org.uk/download?id=2375| format = PDF| journal = The Jewish Journal of Sociology| volume = 10| issue = 2| access-date = 2019-04-02}}
*{{cite book|last=Spector|first=Stephen|title=Evangelicals and Israel|year=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195368024|lccn=2008026681}}
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==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Prill |first=Patrick |title=Expectations About God and Messiah |publisher=Yeshua Publishing LLC |year=2004 |isbn=978-0974208602 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Resnik |first=Russ |year=2010 |title=Introducing Messianic Judaism and the UMJC |url=https://www.messianicstudies.com/uploads/1/3/3/3/13335212/introducing_messianic_judaism_and_the_umjc.pdf |location=[[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] |publisher=[[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]] |type = booklet |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Schonfield|first=Hugh |publisher=Duckworth |location=London |year=1936 |url= https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfJewishChristianity |title=History of Jewish Christianity|ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Stern |first=David H. |author-link=David H. Stern |title=Messianic Judaism: A Modern Movement With an Ancient Past |year=2007 |location=[[Ashland, Ohio]] |edition=2 |publisher=Messianic Jewish Publishers |isbn=978-1880226339 |ref=none}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Messianic_Judaism/}}
*Wineapple, Shai; [[Ruth Kark|Kark, Ruth]] [https://omnilogos.com/history-of-messianic-jews-and-state-of-israel-1948-2008/, ''The History of Messianic Jews and the State of Israel, 1948-2008''] ''[[Israel Studies]]'' Vol. 27, Issue 3, Fall 2022, pp. 118–142, at Omnilogos without references
{{Christianity and Judaism}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Messianic Judaism| ]]
[[Category:Christian new religious movements]]
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