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[[Image sensor]]s are arrays of electronic devices that convert the optical image created by the camera lens into a digital file that is stored in some [[digital memory]] device, inside or outside the camera. Each element of the image [[sensor array]] measures the [[intensity (physics)|intensity]] of light hitting a small area of the projected image (a [[pixel]]) and converts it to a digital value.
The two main types of sensors are [[charge-coupled device]]s (CCD)—in which the
Most cameras for the general consumer market create color images, in which each pixel has a color value from a three-dimensional [[color space]] like [[RGB color space|RGB]]. Although there is light-sensing technology that can distinguish the wavelength of the light incident on each pixel, most cameras use monochrome sensors that can only record the intensity of that light, over a broad range of wavelengths that includes all the [[visible spectrum]]. To obtain color images, those cameras depend on color filters applied over each pixel, typically in a [[Bayer pattern]], or (rarely) on movable filters or light splitters such as [[dichroic mirror]]s. The resulting grayscale images are then combined to produce a color image. This step is usually performed by the camera itself, although some cameras may optionally provide the unprocessed grayscale images in a so-called [[raw image format]].
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*'''Capture medium:''' CMOS, CCD, [[negative film]], [[reversal film]]
*'''Capture format:''' pixel count, digital file type ([[raw image format|RAW]], [[TIFF]], [[JPEG]]), [[film format]] ([[135 film]], [[120 film]]),{{Clarify|reason=Don't digital cameras, by definition, not use film? Why is 'film format' included here? Does is mean the way in which a camera emulates the optics of these film formats?|date=January 2023}} aspect ratio
*'''Processing:''' digital
==== Pixel counts ====
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==Recent research and innovation==
{{Update|part=section|date=January 2023}}
As of today, advancements in digital photography have sky-rocketed due to the introduction of mirrorless cameras. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirrorless cameras |url=https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-a-mirrorless-camera}}</ref> Due to their cutting-edge technology, portability, and versatility, being more compact and innovative, mirrorless cameras are preferred. With its manual controls, adjustable settings, interchangeable lenses, and having an electronic viewfinder or LCD screen<ref>{{Cite web |last=Europe |first=Canon |title=Viewfinder vs LCD Display |url=https://www.canon-europe.com/pro/infobank/lcd-or-viewfinder/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Canon Europe |language=en-EU}}</ref> to display images straight from the sensor,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoot |first=Feature |date=2020-10-07 |title=Mirrorless vs. DSLR: The Pros and Cons Examined |url=https://www.shutterstock.com/blog/mirrorless-vs-dslr-examined |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=The Shutterstock Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> mirrorless cameras have the advantage over DSLRs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=“Mirrorless vs. DSLR: The Pros and Cons Examined |url=https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-a-mirrorless-camera}}</ref> While mirrorless cameras also provide quick autofocus, silent operations, and quick shooting rates, they also have some drawbacks, like a restricted range of lenses and a shorter battery life. However, progress still continues. As of 2024, ongoing advancements in mirrorless technology continue to address these limitations, solidifying their position as a leading choice for photographers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Timothy ColemanContributions from Mark |last2=updated |first2=Chris Rowlands last |date=2022-02-09 |title=The best mirrorless camera for 2024: top picks for every budget |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/best-mirrorless-camera |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref>
The rise of mirrorless cameras has changed digital photography. These cameras are popular for their modern tech, portability, and versatility. Unlike DSLRs, mirrorless cameras have electronic viewfinders or LCD screens for previewing photos and manual controls. They are smaller and lighter, but may have fewer lens options and shorter battery life. Ongoing improvements are making them even better.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Chris RowlandsContributions from Timothy |last2=published |first2=Mark Wilson |date=2024-03-20 |title=Mirrorless vs DSLR cameras: the 10 key differences you need to know |url=https://www.techradar.com/cameras/mirrorless-vs-dslr-cameras |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref> Mirrorless cameras give photographers new ways to shoot, like seeing previews on the LCD screen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoot |first=Feature |date=2020-10-07 |title=Mirrorless vs. DSLR: The Pros and Cons Examined |url=https://www.shutterstock.com/blog/mirrorless-vs-dslr-examined |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=The Shutterstock Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Mirrorless cameras brought big changes to photography. They do not have the bulky parts of DSLRs, so they are smaller and easier to carry.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=What Is a Mirrorless Camera and How Does It Compare to a DSLR? |url=https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-a-mirrorless-camera}}</ref> They are also quiet, good for discreet shooting like weddings or wildlife photography.<ref name=":3" /> Electronic viewfinders show details like exposure and focus, helping photographers take better shots.<ref name=":2" /> New autofocus systems make capturing moving subjects easier and more accurate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primer: Why would I buy a mirrorless camera? |url=https://www.dpreview.com/articles/3871263180/primer-why-would-i-buy-a-mirrorless-camera |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=DPReview}}</ref> In summary, mirrorless cameras are changing photography with their compact size, advanced features, and quiet operation. As they improve, they are becoming essential tools for photographers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contrastly |date=2016-09-09 |title=A Year After Mirrorless |url=https://contrastly.com/a-year-after-mirrorless/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Contrastly |language=en}}</ref>
Research and development continues to refine the lighting, optics, sensors, processing, storage, display, and software used in digital photography. Here are a few examples:
*[[3D models]] can be [[3D reconstruction from multiple images|created from collections of normal images]]. The resulting scene can be viewed from novel viewpoints, but creating the model is very computationally intensive. An example is [[Microsoft Live Labs Photosynth|Microsoft's Photosynth]], which provided some models of famous places as examples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://labs.live.com/photosynth/ |title=Photosynth |publisher=[[Microsoft Research]] |access-date=2007-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205184512/http://labs.live.com/photosynth/ |archive-date=2007-02-05 }}</ref>
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