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{{Short description|Figure skating jump}}
{{Infobox Figure Skating Element
|image=
|image=1908 Olympic Games Ulrich Salchow.jpg
|imagesize=
|caption=
|caption= [[Ulrich Salchow]], inventor of the salchow jump, in 1908
|element name= Salchow jump
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The '''salchowSalchow jump''' is an edge jump in [[figure skating]]. It was named after its inventor, [[Ulrich Salchow]], in 1909. The salchowSalchow is accomplished with a takeoff from the back inside edge of one foot and a landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. It is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice-284"/>{{rp|Kestnbaum, p. 284}} </ref> Timing is critical because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge. A salchowSalchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.<ref name="cultureonice-284"/>
 
In competitions, the base value of a single salchowSalchow is 0.40;, the base value offor a double salchowSalchow it is 1.30; the base, value offor a triple salchow is 4.30;, and the base value9.70 offor a quadruple salchow is 9.70.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2018 |title=Communication No. 2168: Single & Pair Skating |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/17142-isu-communication-2168/file |publisherurl-status=Internationaldead Skating|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321223247/https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/17142-isu-communication-2168/file Union|archive-date=21 March 2022 |accessdateaccess-date=1528 MayJune 20192024 |locationpublisher=Lausanne,International SwitzerlandSkating Union |page=2 |datelocation=23Lausanne, May 2018Switzerland}}</ref>▼
 
==History==
[[File:1908 Olympic Games Ulrich Salchow.jpg|thumb|[[Ulrich Salchow]], inventor of the Salchow jump]]
 
The salchowSalchow jump is an edge jump in the sport of [[figure skating]]. It was named after its inventor, Swedish world champion [[Ulrich Salchow]] in 1909. <ref name="mediaguide-16">{{cite web |title=ISU Figure Skating Media Guideguide, 2018/19 |url=https://wwwp.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/17522-figure-skating-media-guide-2018-19/file |publisher=International Skating Union |accessdate=25 March 2019 |date=20 September 2018}}16</ref>{{rp|p. 13}}<ref name="hines">{{cite book |last1=Hines, |first1=James Rp. |title=Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating |date=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-0-8108-6859-5}}193</ref>{{rp|p. 193}} According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum, American skater [[Theresa Weld]] "received reprimands" at the [[1920 Olympics]] "for performing a single salchowSalchow jump because her skirt would fly up to her knees, creating an image deemed too risque".<ref>Kestnbaum, name="cultureonice"/>{{rp|p. 92}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Eschner |first1=Kat |date=6 February 2018 |title=A Brief History of Women’sWomen's Figure Skating |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-womens-figure-skating-180968044/ |accessdateaccess-date=28 MarchJune 20192024 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |date=6 February 2018}}</ref>
 
▲In competitions, the base value of a single salchow is 0.40; the base value of a double salchow is 1.30; the base value of a triple salchow is 4.30; and the base value of a quadruple salchow is 9.70.<ref>{{cite web |title=Communication No. 2168: Single & Pair Skating |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/17142-isu-communication-2168/file |publisher=International Skating Union |accessdate=15 May 2019 |location=Lausanne, Switzerland |page=2 |date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
 
===Firsts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
[[File:Miki Ando 2009 Worlds.jpg|thumb|left|Japanese figure skater [[Miki Ando]] (2009)]]▼
|-
!scope=col| Abbr.
!scope=col| Jump element
!scope=col| Skater
!scope=col| Nation
!scope=col| Event
!scope=col class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope=row| 2S
| Double Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Cecilia|Colledge}} || {{flagcountry|GBR}} || [[1936 European Figure Skating Championships|1936 European Championships]] ||<ref>Hines, p. xxiv</ref>
|-
!scope=row rowspan=4| 3S
| Triple Salchow (men's)|| {{Sortname|Ronald|Robertson|Ronald Robertson (figure skater)}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1955 World Figure Skating Championships|1955 World Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17">Media guide, p. 17</ref>
|-
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Petra|Burka}} || {{flagcountry|CAN}} || [[Canadian Figure Skating Championships|1962 Canadian Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17"/>{{Efn|Not definitely established. A report from the [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] stated that [[Helli Sengstschmid]] from Austria and [[Jana Mrazkova]] from Czechoslovakia had already successfully landed a triple Salchow.}}
|-
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Helli|Sengstschmid}} || {{flagcountry|AUT}} || [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Jana|Mrázková}} || {{flagcountry|CZE}} || [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
!scope=row rowspan=2| 4S
| Quadruple Salchow (men's)|| {{Sortname|Timothy|Goebel}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1997–98 ISU Junior Series|1997-1998 Junior Grand Prix final]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Quadruple Salchow (women's)|| {{Sortname|Miki|Ando}} || {{flagcountry|JAP}} || [[2002–03 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2002-2003 Junior Grand Prix final]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
}|}▼
▲[[File:Miki Ando 2009 Worlds.jpg|thumb|left|Japanese figure skater [[Miki Ando]] (2009)]]
 
=== Multiple quadruple Salchows in one program ===
[[Cecilia Colledge]] from Great Britain was the first woman to complete a double jump, the salchow, in competition, at the [[1936 European Figure Skating Championships|1936 European Championships]].<ref name="hines"/>{{rp|p. xxiv}} The first triple salchow by a male skater was completed by American Robbie Robertson at the [[1955 World Figure Skating Championships|1955 World Championships]]. According to the ISU, the first triple salchow completed by a woman skater is "not definitely established".<ref name="mediaguide"/>{{rp|p. 14}} The ISU also stated that Canadian [[Petra Burka]] was given credit for a triple salchow at both the [[Canadian Figure Skating Championships|1962 Canadian Championships]] and the [[1965 World Figure Skating Championships|1965 World Championships]], but "a report"<ref name="mediaguide"/>{{rp|p. 14}} from the [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] gave credit to Austrian [[Helli Sengstschmid]] and [[Jana Mrazkova]] from Czechoslovakia. [[Timothy Goebel]] from the U.S. was the first man to perform a quadruple salchow in competition, at the [[1997–98 ISU Junior Series|1997-1998 Junior Grand Prix final]]. [[Miki Ando]] from Japan was the first woman to complete a quadruple salchow, at the [[2002–03 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2002-2003 Grand Prix final]].<ref name="mediaguide"/>{{rp|p. 14}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
|-
Russian [[Ilia Klimkin]] was the first male skater to complete a quadruple salchow in combination, with a quadruple [[toe loop jump]], at the [[1999 Nebelhorn Trophy|Nebelhorn Trophy in 1999]]. [[Alexandra Trusova]], also from Russia, was the first woman skater to complete a quadruple salchow in combination, also with a quadruple toe loop, at the [[2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2018 World Junior Championships]]. Timothy Goebel was the first skater to complete three quadruples, two quadruple salchows in combination with the triple and quadruple [[toe loop jump]]. American [[Nathan Chen]] was the first skater to complete four quadruple jumps in the same program: two quadruple salchows, one in combination with the double toe, and the quadruple toe in combination with the double toe, and the quadruple toe, at the [[2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|U.S. Championships in 2016]]. Chen was also the first skater to complete five quadruple jumps in the same program: the quadruple salchow, the quadruple [[lutz jump]] in combination with the triple toe, the quadruple [[flip jump]], the quadruple toe in combination with the double toe and double loop, and the quadruple toe, at the [[2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|2017 U.S. Championships]] and the [[2017 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2017 Four Continents Championships]].<ref name="mediaguide"/>{{rp|p. 14}} American pair skaters [[Tiffany Vise]] and [[Derek Trent]] were the first to complete a throw quadruple salchow, at the [[2007 Trophee Eric Bompard]].<ref name="mediaguide"/>{{rp|p. 15}}
! scope="col" | Description
! scope="col" | Skater
! scope="col" | Nation
! scope="col" | Event
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| Quad Salchow w/quad [[toe loop jump]] (male's) || [[Ilia Klimkin]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[1999 Nebelhorn Trophy]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Quad Salchow w/quad toe loop (women's)|| [[Alexandra Trusova]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2018 World Junior Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Two quad Salchows in combination with the triple and quadruple toe loop (men's) || [[Timothy Goebel]] || {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || [[1999 Skate America]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Four quad jumps in the same program: Two quad Salchows, one in combination with the double toe loop; the quadruple toe loop in combination with the double toe loop; and the quadruple toe loop (men's) || [[Nathan Chen]] || {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || [[2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|2016 U.S. Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-18">Media guide, p. 18</ref>
|-
| Four quad jumps in the same program: Quad Salchow, quad Lutz, quad toe loop jump-triple toe loop, quad toe loop-Euler-triple Salchow (women's) || [[Alexandra Trusova]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[Japan Open (figure skating)|2019 Japan Open]] || <ref name="mediaguide-18"/>
|-
| Five quad jumps in the same program: the quad Salchow; the quad [[Lutz jump]] in combination with the triple toe; the quadruple [[flip jump]]; the quadruple toe in combination with the double toe and double loop; and the quadruple toe (men's)|| [[Nathan Chen]]|| {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|2017 U.S. Championships]]
[[2017 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2017 Four Continents Championships]]
|<ref name="mediaguide-18" />
|-
| Throw quad Salchow ([[pair skating]])|| [[Tiffany Vise]] and [[Derek Trent]]|| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]]|| [[2007 Trophee Eric Bompard]]||<ref name="mediaguide-18" />
|}
 
==Execution==
AccordingAs todefined by the ISU, the salchowSalchow jump is an edge jump. Its takeoff is made from the back inside edge of one foot and its landing is made on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.<ref name="mediaguide-16"/>{{rp|p. 13}} The skater enters into the jump with a backward approach, launches it using his or hertheir inside edge, and lands on the opposite outside edge.<ref name="park">{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Alice |titledate=How22 toFebruary Tell2018 the|title=Everything DifferenceYou BetweenEver theWanted to Know 6About Figure Skating Jumps You'll See at theand OlympicsScores |url=http://time.com/5131773/guide-figure-skating-jumps-olympics/ |accessdateaccess-date=28 MarchJune 20192024 |work=Time Magazine |date=22 February 2018}}</ref> The free leg is extended behind the skater and swings toward the front as he or shethey springsspring into the air while, at the same time, drawing in his or hertheir arms.<ref name="usfsjumps">{{cite web |title=Identifying Jumps |url=https://www.usfsa.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf |publisherurl-status=Udead |archive-url=https://web.Sarchive.org/web/20190915120940/https://www.usfsa.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf Figure|archive-date=15 SkatingSeptember 2019 |accessdateaccess-date=28 FebruaryJune 20192024 |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating |page=2}}</ref> Skaters do not have to draw in their arms or free leg close to their bodies while performing the single salchowSalchow because bringing the free side of their bodies forward and around the opposite side of their bodies after they turn towards the back, is enough to produce the necessary rotation.<ref name="cultureonice-284"/> ▼
 
The rotation in the air, with respect to a fixed point, is slightly less than 360 degrees because the takeoff edge curves in the same direction as the rotation in the air. When a skater pulls the arms into his or hertheir body and/or brings his or hertheir free leg inward, more rotations can be performed; for this reason, the salchowSalchow is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice-284">{{cite book |last1=Kestnbaum |first1=Ellyn |title=Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning |date=2003 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |location=Middletown, Connecticut |isbn=0819566411}}</ref>{{rp|p. 284}} As [[U.S. Figure Skating]] states, however, "timing is critical"<ref name="usfsjumps"/> because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge. A salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.<ref name="cultureonice"/>{{rp|p. 284}}▼
▲According to the ISU, the salchow jump is an edge jump. Its takeoff is made from the back inside edge of one foot and its landing is made on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.<ref name="mediaguide"/>{{rp|p. 13}} The skater enters into the jump with a backward approach, launches it using his or her inside edge, and lands on the opposite outside edge.<ref name="park">{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Alice |title=How to Tell the Difference Between the 6 Figure Skating Jumps You'll See at the Olympics |url=http://time.com/5131773/guide-figure-skating-jumps-olympics/ |accessdate=28 March 2019 |work=Time Magazine |date=22 February 2018}}</ref> The free leg is extended behind the skater and swings toward the front as he or she springs into the air while, at the same time, drawing in his or her arms.<ref name="usfsjumps">{{cite web |title=Identifying Jumps |url=https://www.usfsa.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating |accessdate=28 February 2019 |page=2}}</ref> Skaters do not have to draw in their arms or free leg close to their bodies while performing the single salchow because bringing the free side of their bodies forward and around the opposite side of their bodies after they turn towards the back, is enough to produce the necessary rotation.<ref name="cultureonice"/>
 
▲The rotation in the air, with respect to a fixed point, is slightly less than 360 degrees because the takeoff edge curves in the same direction as the rotation in the air. When a skater pulls the arms into his or her body and/or brings his or her free leg inward, more rotations can be performed; for this reason, the salchow is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice">{{cite book |last1=Kestnbaum |first1=Ellyn |title=Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning |date=2003 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |location=Middletown, Connecticut |isbn=0819566411}}</ref>{{rp|p. 284}} As [[U.S. Figure Skating]] states, however, "timing is critical"<ref name="usfsjumps"/> because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge. A salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.<ref name="cultureonice"/>{{rp|p. 284}}
 
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
}}
 
==Works cited==
▲}}
* Hines, James R. (2011). ''Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6859-5}}.
 
* [https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/32039-figure-skating-media-guide-2023-24/file "ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24]". (Media guide) International Skating Union. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
* Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). ''Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning''. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. {{ISBN|0819566411}}.
 
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