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{{Short description|Figure skating jump}}
{{Infobox Figure Skating Element
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|element name= Salchow jump
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The '''Salchow jump''' is an edge jump in [[figure skating]]. It was named after its inventor, [[Ulrich Salchow]], in 1909. The Salchow is accomplished with a takeoff from the back inside edge of one foot and a landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. It is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice-284">Kestnbaum, p. 284</ref> Timing is critical because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge. A Salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.<ref name="cultureonice-284"/>
In competitions, the base value of a single Salchow is 0.40
==History==
[[File:1908 Olympic Games Ulrich Salchow.jpg|thumb|[[Ulrich Salchow]], inventor of the Salchow jump]]
The Salchow jump is an edge jump in the sport of [[figure skating]]. It was named after its inventor, Swedish world champion [[Ulrich Salchow]] in 1909.<ref name="mediaguide-16">Media
▲In competitions, the base value of a single Salchow is 0.40; the base value of a double Salchow is 1.30; the base value of a triple Salchow is 4.30; and the base value of a quadruple Salchow is 9.70.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2018 |title=Communication No. 2168: Single & Pair Skating |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/17142-isu-communication-2168/file |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321223247/https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/17142-isu-communication-2168/file |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 |publisher=International Skating Union |location=Lausanne, Switzerland |page=2}}</ref>
===Firsts===
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|-
!scope=row rowspan=4| 3S
| Triple Salchow (men's)|| {{Sortname|Ronald|Robertson|Ronald Robertson (figure skater)}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1955 World Figure Skating Championships|1955 World Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17">Media guide, p. 17</ref>
|-
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Petra|Burka}} || {{flagcountry|CAN}} || [[Canadian Figure Skating Championships|1962 Canadian Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-
|-
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Helli|Sengstschmid}} || {{flagcountry|AUT}} || [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-
|-
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Jana|Mrázková}} || {{flagcountry|CZE}} || [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-
|-
!scope=row rowspan=2| 4S
| Quadruple Salchow (men's)|| {{Sortname|Timothy|Goebel}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1997–98 ISU Junior Series|1997-1998 Junior Grand Prix final]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Quadruple Salchow (women's)|| {{Sortname|Miki|Ando}} || {{flagcountry|JAP}} || [[2002–03 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2002-2003 Junior Grand Prix final]] || <ref name="mediaguide-
|}
=== Multiple quadruple Salchows in one program ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Description
! scope="col" | Skater
! scope="col" | Nation
! scope="col" | Event
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| Quad Salchow w/quad [[toe loop jump]] (male's) || [[Ilia Klimkin]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[1999 Nebelhorn Trophy]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Quad Salchow w/quad toe loop (women's)|| [[Alexandra Trusova]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2018 World Junior Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Two quad Salchows in combination with the triple and quadruple toe loop (men's) || [[Timothy Goebel]] || {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || [[1999 Skate America]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Four quad jumps in the same program: Two quad Salchows, one in combination with the double toe loop; the quadruple toe loop in combination with the double toe loop; and the quadruple toe loop (men's) || [[Nathan Chen]] || {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || [[2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|2016 U.S. Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-18">Media guide, p. 18</ref>
|-
| Four quad jumps in the same program: Quad Salchow, quad Lutz, quad toe loop jump-triple toe loop, quad toe loop-Euler-triple Salchow (women's) || [[Alexandra Trusova]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[Japan Open (figure skating)|2019 Japan Open]] || <ref name="mediaguide-18"/>
|-
| Five quad jumps in the same program: the quad Salchow; the quad [[Lutz jump]] in combination with the triple toe; the quadruple [[flip jump]]; the quadruple toe in combination with the double toe and double loop; and the quadruple toe (men's)|| [[Nathan Chen]]|| {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|2017 U.S. Championships]]
[[2017 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2017 Four Continents Championships]]
|<ref name="mediaguide-18" />
|-
| Throw quad Salchow ([[pair skating]])|| [[Tiffany Vise]] and [[Derek Trent]]|| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]]|| [[2007 Trophee Eric Bompard]]||<ref name="mediaguide-18" />
|}
▲[[File:Miki Ando 2009 Worlds.jpg|thumb|left|Japanese figure skater [[Miki Ando]] (2009)]]
==Execution==
The rotation in the air, with respect to a fixed point, is slightly less than 360 degrees because the takeoff edge curves in the same direction as the rotation in the air.
▲According to the ISU, the Salchow jump is an edge jump. Its takeoff is made from the back inside edge of one foot and its landing is made on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.<ref name="mediaguide-13">Media Guide, p. 13</ref> The skater enters into the jump with a backward approach, launches it using his or her inside edge, and lands on the opposite outside edge.<ref name="park">{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Alice |title=How to Tell the Difference Between the 6 Figure Skating Jumps You'll See at the Olympics |url=http://time.com/5131773/guide-figure-skating-jumps-olympics/ |access-date=14 November 2019 |work=Time Magazine |date=22 February 2018}}</ref> The free leg is extended behind the skater and swings toward the front as he or she springs into the air while, at the same time, drawing in his or her arms.<ref name="usfsjumps">{{cite web |title=Identifying Jumps |url=https://www.usfsa.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating |access-date=14 November 2019 |page=2}}</ref> Skaters do not have to draw in their arms or free leg close to their bodies while performing the single Salchow because bringing the free side of their bodies forward and around the opposite side of their bodies after they turn towards the back, is enough to produce the necessary rotation.<ref name="cultureonice-284"/>
▲The rotation in the air, with respect to a fixed point, is slightly less than 360 degrees because the takeoff edge curves in the same direction as the rotation in the air. When a skater pulls the arms into his or her body and/or brings his or her free leg inward, more rotations can be performed; for this reason, the Salchow is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice-284"/> As [[U.S. Figure Skating]] states, however, "timing is critical"<ref name="usfsjumps"/> because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge.
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
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==Works cited==
* Hines, James R. (2011). ''Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6859-5}}.
* [https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/
* Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). ''Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning''. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. {{ISBN|0819566411}}.
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