Zhu Fan Zhi: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Book by Zhao Rukuo.}}

[[File:諸蕃志（四庫）.jpg|thumb|300px|A page from ''Zhu fan zhi'', with description of [[Jiaozhi]].]]

'''''Zhu Fan Zhi''''' ({{zh|t=諸蕃志|s=诸蕃志|p=Zhū Fān Zhì|w='''Chu-fan-chi'''}}), variously translated as ''''' A Description of Barbarian Nations''''', '''''Records of Foreign People''''',<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzZBdGQN_TIC&pg=PA73 |title= Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present|author= Peter Francis |page=73 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |date=30 June 2002 |isbn=978-0824823320 }}</ref> or other similar titles,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kk_iU0f-iT8C&pg=PA103 |title=The Manila-Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific|author= Shirley Fish |page=103 |publisher=AuthorHouse |date=18 May 2011 |isbn=9781456775438}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UKTzo1UiVgC&pg=PA89 |title=Qing Colonial Enterprise: Ethnography and Cartography in Early Modern China|author=Laura Hostetler |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |page=233|isbn= 978-9004165076 }}</ref><ref name=lu>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d__HBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 |title=A History of Chinese Science and Technology, Volume 2 |editor=Yongxiang Lu |page=289 |publisher=Springer |year=2014|isbn=9783662441664 }}</ref> is a 13th-century [[Song Dynasty]] work by [[Zhao Rukuo]]. The work is a collection of descriptions of countries and various products from outside China, and it is considered an important source of information on the people, customs and in particular the traded commodities of many countries in [[South East Asia]] and around the [[Indian Ocean]] during the Song Dynasty.<ref name="JSEAS">{{cite journal |jstor=20072321|title=The Trade in Lakawood Products between South China and the Malay World from the Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries AD |author=Derek Heng Thiam Soon|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume= 32|issue= 2 |date=June 2001|pages= 133–149 |doi=10.1017/s0022463401000066}}</ref>

Though the original book was lost, extracts were found in other compilations and annals, and its content was also incorporated into the 15th century ''[[Yongle Encyclopedia]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zc5ZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |title= Solving Disputes for Regional Cooperation and Development in South China Sea: A Chinese Perspective|author= Shicun Wu |publisher=Chandos Publishing|year= 2013 |isbn= 9781780633558}}</ref> Extracts from the ''Yongle Encyclopedia'' were then recompiled by Li Diaoyuan (李調元) for inclusion in his collection known as ''Han Hai'' (函海) in 1781.<ref name="Hirth & Rockhill 1911">{{cite book |author=Chau |first=Ju-kua |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023289345#page/n53/mode/2up |title=Chau Ju-kua: His Work On The Chinese And Arab Trade In The Twelfth And Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chï |authorpublisher=Printing Office Friedrichof Hirth,the WilliamImperial WoodvilleAcademy Rockhillof Sciences |urlyear=1911 https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023289345#page/n53/mode/2up|location=Saint Petersburg |pagepages=8838 |translator-last=Hirth |translator-first=Friedrich |translator-last2=Rockhill |translator-first2=William Woodville}}</ref>

The countries recorded include places and kingdoms in South East Asia, such as [[Jiaozhi]] (交趾, northern Vietnam), [[Champa]] (占城), [[Chenla Kingdom|Zhenla]] (眞臘, here referring to the [[CambodiaKhmer Empire]]),<ref name="Yang 2020">{{cite book |last=Zhao |first=Rukuo |url=https://arcg.is/e15vm |title=A Chinese Gazetteer of Foreign Lands: A New Translation of Part 1 of the Zhufan zhi (1225) |publisher=ArcGIS StoryMaps |publication-date=2020-06-15 |translator=Yang |translator-first=Shao-yun}}</ref> [[Langkasuka]] (凌牙斯加), [[Sanfotsi|Sanfoqi]] (三佛齊, [[Palembang]]), [[Java]] (闍婆), [[Bagan]] (蒲甘, Burma), and [[Ma-i|Mayi]] (麻逸, the [[Philippines]]).<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT41 |title=The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook|author= Damon L. Woods |page=16 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=9 December 2005|isbn=978-1851096756 }}</ref> Japan, Korea and Taiwan in East Asia, and countries in the Indian subcontinent such as Huchala (胡茶辣, [[Gujarat]]), Nanpi (南毗, [[Malabar region|Malabar]]) and Zhunian (注輦, [[Chola dynasty|Chola]]) are also mentioned.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xe9sFSJUOEC&pg=PA118 |title=Secret Maps of the Ancient World |author= Charlotte Harris Rees |page=118 |publisher=AuthorHouse |date=11 June 2008|isbn=978-1434392787 }}</ref> It also gives more information than previously available in Chinese sources on the Islamic world and their products. The country of Dashi (大食, the Arabs) is described as an extensive realm covering many territories (24 given in the book) with its capital in Egypt, and included Baida (白達, [[Baghdad]]); [[Nabhani dynasty|Wengman]] (甕蠻 [[Oman]]); Majia (麻嘉, [[Mecca]]); Jilani[[Ghaznavids|Jicini]] (吉慈尼, [[Ghazni]]) and others.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-8gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |title=Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia|author= Hyunhee Park |pages=51–52 |isbn= 978-1107018686 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year= 2012}}</ref>

The book further listed countries and places in Africa, these include Wusili (勿斯里廝離, [[Egypt]]) and its city of Egentuo (遏根陀, [[Alexandria]]), Bipaluo (弼琶囉, [[Berbera]]), Zhongli (中理, [[Somalia]] or [[Shungwaya]]?),<ref>Paul Wheatley (1964), "The land of Zanj: Exegetical Notes on Chinese Knowledge of East Africa prior to A. D. 1500", in R. W. Steel and R. M. Prothero (eds.), ''Geographers and the Tropics: Liverpool Essays'' (London: Longmans, Green and Co.), pp. 139–188, at 150.</ref> Cengba (層拔, [[Zanzibar]]), Binouye ([[Tunisia]] and the [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] region in [[Libya]]), and Tuopandi (駞盤地, [[Damietta]] in Egypt).<ref name="li" /> In this book, he described places such as the famed [[Lighthouse of Alexandria]]:<ref name="tasha">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfIyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA461 |title=The Lineaments of Islam: Studies in Honor of Fred McGraw Donner|editor= Paul Cobb|pages=461–474 |author=Tasha Vorderstrasse |publisher=Brill | date= 14 May 2014|isbn= 9789004231948}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-8gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |title=Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia|author= Hyunhee Park |page=53 |isbn= 978-1107018686 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year= 2012}}</ref>

The furthest western state described is Mulanpi (木蘭皮, [[Almoravid dynasty|Al-Murabitun]]) which included southern [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVPFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |title=Making the New World Their Own: Chinese Encounters with Jesuit Science in the Age of Discovery|author= Qiong Zhang |date=5 June 2015|publisher=Brill |pages=134–135 |isbn=9789004284388 }}</ref> The Mediterranean island of [[Sicily]] (斯加里野, [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sijialiye]]) is also mentioned.<ref name=wyatt />

"Ruxiang or xunluxiang comes from the three Dashi countries of Maloba ([[Murbat]]), Shihe ([[Shihr]]), and Nufa ([[DhofarSalalah|Zufar]]), from the depths of the remotest mountains.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA130 |access-date=December 26, 2011|title=Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea|year=2010|volume=10 of East Asian Economic and Socio-cultural Studies - East Asian Maritime History|author=Ralph Kauz|editor=Ralph Kauz|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |page=130|isbn=978-3-447-06103-2|quote=The frankincense was first collected in the Hadhramaut ports of Mirbat, Shihr, and Zufar whence Arab merchant vessels shipped it to Srivijaya, before it was then reexported to China. The term "xunluxiang" is derived from the Arab word "kundur". . . According to Li Xun, frankincense originally came from Persia.92 Laufer refers to the Xiangpu 香譜 by Hong Chu . . . Zhao Rukuo notes: Ruxiang or xunluxiang comes from the three Dashi countries of Murbat (Maloba), Shihr (Shihe), and Dhofar (Nufa), from the depths of the remotest mountains... }}</ref> The tree which yields this drug may generally be compared to the pine tree. Its trunk is notched with a hatchet, upon which the resin flows out, and, when hardened, turns into incense, which is gathered and made into lumps. It is transported on elephants to the Dashi (on the coast), who then load it upon their ships to exchange it for other commodities in [[Sanfoqi]]. This is the reason why it is commonly collected at and known as a product of Sanfoqi."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA131 |access-date=December 26, 2011|title=Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea|year=2010|volume=10 of East Asian Economic and Socio-cultural Studies - East Asian Maritime History|author=Ralph Kauz|editor=Ralph Kauz|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |page=131|isbn=978-3-447-06103-2}}</ref>

An annotated partial English translation was published in 1911 by [[Friedrich Hirth]] and [[William W. Rockhill]].<ref name="Hirth & Rockhill 1911" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02E5D91139E633A2575AC2A9649D946396D6CF |title=Old Chinese Book Tells of the World 800 Years Ago; Chau-Ju-Kua's Chronicles of the Twelfth Century, Now First Translated, Give a "Description of Barbarous Peoples Picked Up by This Noted Inspector of Foreign Trade and Descendant of Emperors |date= December 29, 1912 |newspaper=New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Chau Ju-kua: His Work On The Chinese And Arab Trade In The Twelfth And Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chï |author= Friedrich Hirth, William Woodville Rockhill |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023289345#page/n7/mode/2up }}</ref>

A new annotated translation of Volume 1, illustrated with maps and images, was published digitally by Shao-yun Yang in 2020.<ref>{{cite book |titlename=A"Yang Chinese2020" Gazetteer of Foreign Lands: A New Translation of Part 1 of the Zhufan zhi (1225)|translator= Shao-yun Yang |url=https://arcg.is/e15vm}}</ref>

[[Category:PrimaryHistory sourcesof forthe earlyPhilippines Philippine history(900–1565)]]