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{{Short description|American developmental psychologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Sidney Bijou
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|field = [[Developmental psychology]]
|work_institutions = [[University of Arizona]]
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'''Sidney William Bijou''' (November 12, 1908 – June 11, 2009) was an American [[developmental psychology|developmental psychologist]] who developed an approach of treating childhood disorders using [[behavioral therapy]], in which positive actions were rewarded and negative behaviors were largely ignored, rather than punished.
 
==Early life==
Bijou was born in the [[Arlington, Baltimore|Arlington]] neighborhood of [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]]. He moved to [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]] with his family when he was 10 years old.<ref name=NYTObit/> He earned a degree in business administration at the [[University of Florida]] in 1933. He was awarded a master's degree in psychology at [[Columbia University]] in 1937 and earned his [[Ph.D.]] in the field at the [[University of Iowa]] in 1941. Together with Joseph Jastak, he developed the [[Wide Range Achievement Test]], a comprehensive assessment of an individual's ability in reading, comprehension, spelling, and mathematics.<ref name=ESE>Reynolds, Cecil R.; and Fletcher-Janzen, Elaine. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wdNpBchvdvQC&lpg=PA284&ots=5oQoixdj9t&dq=sidney%20bijou%20baltimore&pg=PA284 "Encyclopedia of special education"], p. 248. [[John Wiley & Sons]], 2007.; {{ISBN|0-471-67802-3}}. Accessed July 23, 2009.</ref> During [[World War II]], he served in the [[United States Army Air CorpsForces|U.S. Army Air CorpsForces]].<ref name=NYTObit>Carey, Benedict. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/science/22bijou.html "Sidney W. Bijou, Child Psychologist, Is Dead at 100"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 21, 2009. Accessed July 22, 2009.</ref>
 
==Career in psychology==
{{expand section|date=June 2011}}
He was hired by [[Indiana University]] in 1946, where he spent two years under pioneering behaviorist [[B. F. Skinner]]. While other child psychologists had focused on the use of techniques such as [[play therapy]] to identify the motives and causes of problematic behavior, Bijou used Skinner's behavioral techniques to encourage positive behaviors through such rewards as praise, hugs and pieces of candy. Children who were defiant would be given a [[Child time-out|time-out]] and separated from a group activity, with the expectation that the bad behavior would be its own punishment, and that any additional sanctions would not have a positive effect. A child isolated from a group would strive to behave appropriately in order to have the opportunity to rejoin the group.<ref name=NYTObit/>
 
He relocated to the [[University of Washington]] in 1948, where he applied Skinner's techniques on children at the Institute of Child Development, and wrote several textbooks in the field together with [[Donald M. Baer|Donald Baer]]. Studies he performed there showed that encouragement of good behavior would elicit more good behavior even from unruly children. [[Ole Ivar Lovaas]] of the [[University of California, Los Angeles]], one of the developers of [[applied behavior analysis]] therapy for [[autism]], adapted Bijou's techniques to develop one of the most commonly used techniques of using rewards to enhance social skills of autistic children.<ref name=NYTObit/>
 
In 1968, together with Donald Baer, [[Todd Risley]], James Sherman, and [[Montrose Wolf]], he established the ''[[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis]]'', as a [[peer-reviewed]] journal publishing research about [[experimental analysis of behavior]] and its practical applications.<ref name=CCBS/><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis|date=1968|volume=1|issue=1|pagetitle=Board of Editors}}</ref>
 
He relocated over the years to the [[University of Illinois]], the [[University of Arizona]] (from 1975 to 1993) and the [[University of Nevada, Reno]] (from 1993 to 2001), where he established similar behavioral programs.<ref name=NYTObit/><ref name=CCBS/>
 
==Personal life==
Bijou died at age 100 on June 11, 2009, after collapsing at his home in [[Santa Barbara, California]]. He had moved there to live with his daughter [[Jude Bijou]] following his wife's death.<ref name=CCBS>Morris, Edward K. [http://www.behavior.org/ccbs/index.cfm?page=http://www.behavior.org/ccbs/sidney_bijou.cfm "Sidney W. Bijou: November 12, 1908 to June 11, 2009"]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies]]. Accessed July 23, 2009.</ref> He was survived by Jude and a son. His wife died in 2000; they had been married for 67 years.<ref name=NYTObit/>
 
His son recalled taking the family car for a [[joyride (crime)|joyride]] when he was 15 years old and being arrested by the police. At the police station, the officers offered several ideas for punishments for the misdeed, but Dr. Bijou rejected them all, stating that "he's already had punishment enough". His son recalled the incident, stating that "sometimes it can pay off to have a psychologist for a father".<ref name=NYTObit/>
 
==Books by Bijou==
* [https://www.worldcat.org/title/behavior-analysis-of-child-development/oclc/774904275&referer=brief_results Behavior Analysis of Child Development (1993)]
* [https://www.worldcat.org/title/new-directions-in-behavior-development/oclc/35142767&referer=brief_results New Directions in Behavior Development by Sidney W. Bijou and Emilio Ribes (c1996)]
* [https://www.worldcat.org/title/behavior-modification-contributions-to-education/oclc/7171057&referer=brief_results Behavior Modification: Contributions to education by Sidney W. Bijou and Emilio Ribes-Inesta]
* [https://www.worldcat.org/title/new-developments-in-behavioral-research-theory-method-and-application-in-honor-of-sidney-w-bijou/oclc/2875100&referer=brief_results New developments in behavioral research: theory, method, and application: In honor of Sidney Bijou]
* [https://www.worldcat.org/title/child-development-the-basic-stage-of-early-childhood/oclc/2272407&referer=brief_results Child development: the basic stage of early childhood] by Sidney Bijou (1976)
* [https://www.worldcat.org/title/exceptional-child-conditioned-learning-and-teaching-ideas-papers-by-sidney-w-bijou-et-al/oclc/14436182&referer=brief_results The exceptional child: conditioned learning and teaching ideas]. Papers by Sidney Bijou [et al.] (1971)
 
==References==
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{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijou, Sidney W.}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:American men centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century American psychologists]]
[[Category:ChildAmerican child psychologists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Indiana University faculty]]
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[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:People from Santa Barbara, California]]
[[Category:UniversityWarrington College of FloridaBusiness alumni]]
[[Category:University of Iowa alumni]]
[[Category:University of Arizona faculty]]
[[Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbana-Champaign faculty]]
[[Category:University of Nevada, Reno faculty]]
[[Category:University of Washington faculty]]
[[Category:United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II]]
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