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{{Short description|King of Poland from 1333 to 1370}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Kazimierz III sarcophagus figure.jpg
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| predecessor1 = [[Yuri II Boleslav|Yuri II of Galicia]]
| successor1 = [[Louis I of Hungary]]
| spouse = [[Aldona of Lithuania]]<br>[[Adelaide of Hesse]]<br>[[Christina Rokiczana]] ([[morganatic]])<br>[[Hedwig of Sagan]]
| issue = [[Elisabeth of Poland (1326-1361)|Elisabeth, Duchess of Pomerania]]<br>[[Anna of Poland, Countess of Celje|Anna, Countess of Cilli]]
| issue-link = #Relationships and children
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| death_place = [[Kraków]], [[United Kingdom of Poland|Poland]]
| burial_place = [[Wawel Cathedral]], Kraków
| signature = Pieczec Kazimierz Wielki.jpg}}
'''Casimir III the Great''' ({{lang-pl|Kazimierz III Wielki}}; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the [[King of Poland]] from 1333 to 1370. He also later became [[King of Ruthenia]] in 1340, and fought to retain the title in the [[Galicia-Volhynia Wars]]. He was the last Polish king from the [[Piast dynasty]].
Casimir inherited a kingdom weakened by war and
Casimir left no legitimate sons. When he died in 1370 from an injury received while hunting, his nephew, King [[Louis I of Hungary]], succeeded him as king of Poland in [[Union of Hungary and Poland|personal union with Hungary]].
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At the [[Sejm]] in [[Wiślica]], on 11 March 1347, Casimir introduced reforms to the Polish judicial system and sanctioned [[Civil law (private law)|civil]] and [[criminal law|criminal]] codes for Great and Lesser Poland, earning the title "the Polish Justinian".<ref name="Saxton" /> In 1364, having received permission from Pope Urban V, Casimir established the [[University of Kraków]], now the oldest university in Poland.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ness|first1=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_FnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA569|title=International Education: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems|last2=Lin|first2=Chia-Ling|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317467519|pages=569|language=en}}</ref> It was regarded as a rare distinction, since it was only the second university founded in Central Europe, after the Charles University in Prague.<ref name="Dobrawski 2016 37"/>
=== Politics and
Casimir demonstrated competence in foreign diplomacy and managed to double the size of his kingdom. He neutralized relations with potential enemies to the west and north, and began to expand his territory eastward. He conquered the Ruthenian kingdom of [[Halych]] and Volodymyr (a territory in the modern-day [[Ukraine]]), known in Polish history as Red Ruthenia and Volhynia. By extending the borders far south-east, the Polish kingdom gained access to the lucrative Black Sea trade.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dobrawski|first=Partice M.|title=Poland: The First Thousand Years|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-87580-756-0|location=Illinois|pages=35}}</ref>
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==Relationship with Jews==
[[File:PL Gloger-Encyklopedja staropolska ilustrowana T.3 355b.jpg|thumb|right|Casimir's depiction on a seal]]
On 9 October 1334, Casimir confirmed the privileges granted to Jews in 1264 by [[Bolesław V the Chaste]]. Under [[penalty of death]], he prohibited the kidnapping of Jewish children for the purpose of enforced [[Christianity|Christian]] [[baptism]], and he inflicted heavy punishment for the desecration of Jewish cemeteries. While Jews had lived in Poland since before his reign, Casimir allowed them to settle in Poland in great numbers and protected them as ''people of the king''. About 70 percent of the world's European Jews, or [[Ashkenazi]], can trace their ancestry to Poland due to
==Relationships and children==
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*Casimir III the Great is mentioned in a speech by [[Amon Göth]] in the film ''[[Schindler's List]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.raindance.org/scripts/Schindler's%20List%20script.pdf |title=SCHINDLER'S LIST SCRIPT |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>
=== Video
* Casimir features as a playable leader in the 2010 strategy game ''[[Civilization V]]'', having been added in its 2013 expansion, Brave New World.
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*[[Kazimierz]]
*[[Kazimierz Dolny]]
*[[List of Poles#Royalty|List of Poles]] and [[Poulaine]]s
*[[Esterka]]
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*{{cite book |title=God's Playground: A History of Poland |volume=I: The Origins to 1795 |first=Norman |last=Davies |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1982 }}
*{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Frost |title=The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania |volume=I, The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 }}
*{{cite
*{{cite book |title=Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe 1295-1345 |first=S.C. |last=Rowell |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 }}
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{{Commons category|Casimir III of Poland}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Casimir III. |volume= 5 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain | pages = 446-447 |short=1}}
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