Pitcairnioideae: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Automatic taxobox
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The '''Pitcairnioideae''' comprise the terrestrial subfamily of the bromeliads ([[Bromeliaceae]]) with over 1000 species in 16 genera. Unlike the many [[epiphyte]]s and [[lithophyte]]s which make up the rest of the family, with a few exceptions, all of the members of this subfamily are either [[terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] or [[wiktionary: saxicolous|saxicolous]]. Common to [[arid]] and high-altitude regions, this subfamily is considered to have the most ancient lineage, more closely resembling its grassy relatives than the exotic novelties represented in the other two subfamilies. The commonly cultivated [[genus|genera]] from this group include ''[[Dyckia]]'', ''[[Hechtia]]'', ''[[Pitcairnia]]'', and ''[[Puya (plant)|Puya]]''.
'''Pitcairnioideae''' is a subfamily of the bromeliad family, [[Bromeliaceae]]. Traditionally, it was a large subfamily, comprising all those species with winged or more rarely naked seeds. [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetic]] studies showed that traditional Pitcairnioideae was not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]], and the subfamily was more narrowly [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]].<ref name=GivnMillBerrSyts07/><ref name=GivnBarfVanERiin11/> {{As of|2022|November}}, the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads placed five genera in the subfamily.<ref name=EOB/> Members of the subfamily are found from the [[Andes]] to the coast of [[Brazil]], with one genus (''[[Fosterella]]'') found northwards to [[Mexico]].
 
==Description==
Species in the subfamily Pitcairnioideae have fruits in the form of capsules with winged seeds. The [[petal]]s are not joined together when the flowers open, and are usually large and conspicuous.<ref name=GivnMillBerrSyts07/>
Most Pitcairnioideae [[Leaf|leaves]] are fleshy with heavy spines on the edges, and resemble [[agave]]. Their blooms contain dry capsules with small, wingless seeds. Like most plants, and unlike most other bromeliads, this group has a developed root system to gather water and nutrients. Similarly, not all pitcairnioid leaves grow in an effective cup to catch water as is seen in the other families. Leaf [[trichome]]s are present in the Pitcairnioideae, but are not effective in gathering nutrients; the trichomes, however, can be sufficiently thick so as to provide a frost barrier essential to its survival (e.g. ''[[Puya laxa]]'').
 
== Genera Taxonomy==
Traditionally, the family Bromeliaceae was divided into three subfamilies based on the structure of the seeds and fruit, with Pitcairnioideae comprising all those with winged or rarely naked seeds. The other subfamilies were [[Bromelioideae]] and [[Tillandsioideae]]. A [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study in 2007 showed that traditional Pitcairnioideae was not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]], with Tillandsioideae embedded within it. The original broadly defined subfamily was divided it into six, including a more narrowly [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] Pitcairnioideae.<ref name=GivnMillBerrSyts07/> The division was confirmed in a larger 2011 study,<ref name=GivnBarfVanERiin11/> and is accepted by the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, which includes five genera in Pitcairnioideae.<ref name=EOB/>
The 16 genera are:
 
=== Genera ===
{{As of|2022|November}}, the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads placed five genera in the subfamily:<ref name=EOB/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Genus !! Number of living species
|-
|[[File:Deuterocohnia lorentziana RBGK.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Deuterocohnia]]'' <small>[[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]</small> ||18
| ||''[[Brewcaria]]'' <small>[[Lyman Bradford Smith|L.B.Sm.]], [[Julian Alfred Steyermark|Steyerm.]] & [[Harold E. Robinson|H.Rob.]]</small> ||6
|-
|[[File:BrocchiniaDyckia reductaplatyphylla Habitus Bln0906b4.jpg|120px]] ||''[[BrocchiniaDyckia]]'' <small>[[Julius Hermann Schultes|Schult.f.]] ex [[Josef August Schultes|Schult.]] & Schult.f.</small> ||20 130
|-
|[[File:Roraima Connellia quelchii.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Connellia]]'' <small>[[N. E. Brown|N.E.Br.]]</small> || 6
|-
| ||''[[Cottendorfia]]'' <small>Schult.f.</small> || 1
|-
|[[File:Deuterocohnia lorentziana RBGK.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Deuterocohnia]]'' <small>[[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]</small> ||18
|-
|[[File:Dyckia platyphylla 4.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Dyckia]]'' <small>Schult.f.</small> ||130
|-
|[[File:20120526 Encholirium horridum.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Encholirium]]'' <small>Schult.f.</small> ||22
|-
|[[File:Fosterella penduliflora (JP) 06-0051 14.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Fosterella]]'' <small>L.B.Sm.</small> ||30
|-
|[[File:HechtiaFosterella guatemalensispenduliflora (TSJP) 106-000010051 14.jpg|120px]] ||''[[HechtiaFosterella]]'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]]L.B.Sm.</small> ||52 30
|-
| ||''[[Lindmania]]'' <small></small> ||38
|-
| ||''[[Navia (plant)|Navia]]'' <small></small> ||93
|-
|[[File:20111226 Pepinia caricifolia.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Pepinia]]'' <small>[[Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart|Brongn.]] ex [[Édouard André|André]]</small> ||57
|-
|[[File:Pitcairnia sceptrigera (TS) 2-04469.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Pitcairnia]]'' <small>[[Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle|L'Hér.]]</small> ||331
|-
|[[File:Puya berteroana.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Puya (plant)|Puya]]'' <small>[[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]]</small> ||219
|-
| ||''[[Sequencia]]'' <small>(L.B.Sm.) Givnish</small> ||1
|-
| ||''[[Steyerbromelia]]'' <small>L.B.Sm.</small> ||6
|-
|[[File:Pitcairnia sceptrigerabifrons (TS)inflorescence 2-04469detail.jpgJPG|120px]] ||''[[Pitcairnia]]'' <small>[[Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle|L'Hér.]]</small> (including ''Pepinia'' <small>Brongn. ex André</small>) ||331over 400
|}
 
===Former genera===
Other genera that were placed in Pitcairnioideae when it was broadly defined are now put into different subfamilies.<ref name=GivnMillBerrSyts07/>
|* ||''[[Brewcaria]]'' <small>[[Lyman Bradford Smith|L.B.Sm.]], [[Julian Alfred Steyermark|Steyerm.]] & [[Harold E. Robinson|H.Rob.]]</small> ||6(may be included in ''Navia'') → [[Navioideae]]
* ''[[Brocchinia]]'' <small>[[Julius Hermann Schultes|Schult.f.]] ex [[Josef August Schultes|Schult.]] & Schult.f.</small> → Brocchinioideae (the only genus)
|[[File:Roraima* Connellia quelchii.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Connellia]]'' <small>[[N. E. Brown|N.E.Br.]]</small> || 6[[Lindmanioideae]]
|* ||''[[Cottendorfia]]'' <small>Schult.f.</small> || 1[[Navioideae]]
* ''[[Hechtia]]'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]]</small> → Hechtioideae (only genus)
|* ||''[[Lindmania]]'' <small>Mez</small> ||38 [[Lindmanioideae]]
|* ||''[[Navia (plant)|Navia]]'' <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small> ||93 [[Navioideae]]
|[[File:Puya* berteroana.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Puya (plant)|Puya]]'' <small>[[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]]</small> ||219 Puyoideae (the only genus)
|* ||''[[Sequencia]]'' <small>(L.B.Sm.) Givnish</small> ||1→ [[Navioideae]]
|* ||''[[Steyerbromelia]]'' <small>L.B.Sm.</small> ||6→ [[Navioideae]]
 
==Distribution==
The subfamily is thought to have arisen in the northern [[Andes]], spreading southwards and then eastwards into the [[Brazilian Shield]] and the easternmost part of [[Brazil]] (the "horn of Brazil"). ''Fosterella'' is also found in Mexico and Central America.<ref name=GivnBarfVanERiin11/>
 
==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Reflist}}|refs=
<ref name=EOB>{{citation |mode=cs2 |last1=Gouda |first1=E.J. |last2=Butcher |first2=D. |last3=Gouda |first3=C.S. |date=2022 |title=subfam. Pitcairnioideae Harms |website=Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads |publisher=Utrecht University Botanic Gardens |url=http://bromeliad.nl/species/Pitcairnioideae |access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>
*http://www.ecocam.com/species/Bromeliaceae.html
 
*http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/monocots/bromeliflorae.html
<ref name=GivnBarfVanERiin11>{{Cite journal|last1=Givnish |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Barfuss |first2=Michael H. J. |last3=Van Ee |first3=Benjamin |last4=Riina |first4=Ricarda |last5=Schulte |first5=Katharina |last6=Horres |first6=Ralf |last7=Gonsiska |first7=Philip A. |last8=Jabaily |first8=Rachel S. |last9=Crayn |first9=Darren M. |last10=Smith |first10=J. Andrew C. |last11=Winter |first11=Klaus |last12=Brown |first12=Gregory K. |last13=Evans |first13=Timothy M. |last14=Holst |first14=Bruce K. |last15=Luther |first15=Harry |last16=Till |first16=Walter |last17=Zizka |first17=Georg |last18=Berry |first18=Paul E. |last19=Sytsma |first19=Kenneth J. |date=2011 |title=Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, and historical biogeography in Bromeliaceae: Insights from an eight-locus plastid phylogeny |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=872–895 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1000059 |pmid=21613186 |hdl=2027.42/142109 |name-list-style=amp |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203011339/http://www.bsi.org/brom_info/taxonomy.html BSI - Bromeliad Info - Taxonomy]
 
*LUTHER, H. E. (2008) [https://web.archive.org/web/20101129224007/http://selby.org/clientuploads/pdf_files/Bromeliad_Binomial_List_2008.pdf An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials, Eleventh Edition] [http://www.selby.org The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens], [[Sarasota, Florida]], USA. Published by [http://www.bsi.org/ The Bromeliad Society International].
<ref name=GivnMillBerrSyts07>{{Cite journal |last1=Givnish |first1=Thomas |last2=Millam |first2=Kendra |last3=Berry |first3=Paul |last4=Sytsma |first4=Kenneth |date=2007 |title=Phylogeny, Adaptive Radiation, and Historical Biogeography of Bromeliaceae Inferred from ndhF Sequence Data |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=3–26 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20072301.04 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}
* http://www.ecocam.com/species/Bromeliaceae.html
* http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/monocots/bromeliflorae.html
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203011339/http://www.bsi.org/brom_info/taxonomy.html BSI - Bromeliad Info - Taxonomy]
* LUTHER, H. E. (2008) [https://web.archive.org/web/20101129224007/http://selby.org/clientuploads/pdf_files/Bromeliad_Binomial_List_2008.pdf An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials, Eleventh Edition] [http://www.selby.org The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens], [[Sarasota, Florida]], USA. Published by [http://www.bsi.org/ The Bromeliad Society International].
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q137791}}
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[[Category:Pitcairnioideae| ]]