Forestry in Russia: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Revision as of 04:43, 14 August 2017 edit Slon02 (talk \| contribs) Administrators 23,397 edits m →Russian forest-based industries financials: capitalizing ← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 09:28, 25 May 2024 edit undo LucasBrown (talk \| contribs) Extended confirmed users 41,834 edits No edit summary Tag: 2017 wikitext editor
(44 intermediate revisions by 30 users not shown)
Line 1: {{Short description\|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> ~~The [[timber industry]] is a significant contributor to the [[economy of Russia]], worth around 20 billion dollars per year.~~ {{lead rewrite\|date=March 2021}} ~~Russian Forest Industry - a set of Russian industries related to wood harvesting and processing . One of the oldest sectors of the economy.~~ The Russian forestry industry is a set of Russian industries related to wood harvesting and processing. As one of the oldest sectors in the country's economy, Russia's timber industry continues to bring in about $20 billion per year. Russia has more than a fifth of the world's forests, making it the largest forest country in the world. According to data for 2015, the total forest area has exceeded 885 million hectares, representing 45% of the total area of the country. The stock of wood in the area was 82 billion cubic meters. However in 2023 academics complained that not enough information had been published.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Filipchuk \|first=Andrey N. \|last2=Malysheva \|first2=Nataliya V. \|last3=Zolina \|first3=Tatiana A. \|last4=Seleznev \|first4=Alexander A. \|date=2023-10-01 \|title=Carbon stock in living biomass of Russian forests: new quantification based on data from the first cycle of the State Forest Inventory \|url=https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/forj-2023-0021 \|journal=Central European Forestry Journal \|language=en \|volume=69 \|issue=4 \|pages=248–261 \|doi=10.2478/forj-2023-0021 \|issn=2454-0358\|doi-access=free }}</ref> On the territory of Russia is 1/4 of the world's reserves of wood. According to data for 2015 the total forest area has exceeded 885 million hectares, representing 45% of the total area of the country. At the same time the stock of wood was in the area of 82 billion cubic meters. The main share of coniferous tree species comprise: pine, spruce, larch, cedar. A significant proportion of revenue from the industry is generated by the export of raw materials from sawing logs. For a long time Russia was the main supplier of raw wood material in Europe. However, according to a 2012 study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Government of the Russian Federation,<ref>[http://www.fao.org/3/i1757e/i1757e.pdf FAO. 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Main Report. FAO Forestry Working Paper 163, Rome, Italy]</ref><ref name=":0">[http://www.fao.org/3/i1757r/i1757r.pdf FAO. 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Main Report. FAO Forestry Working Paper 163, Rome, Italy] (in Russian)</ref> the potential of Russian forests is underutilized and Russia's share of the global trade in forest products is less than 4%.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/157942/icode/ \|title=Innovations and investments urged to modernize Russian forest sector www.fao.org \|access-date=2012-11-28 \|archive-date=2016-01-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101114510/http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/157942/icode/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.fao.org/forestry/outlook/79738/en/ Russian Federation Forest Sector Outlook Study to 2030 www.fao.org/forestry]</ref><ref>[http://www.fao.org/3/i3020e/i3020e00.pdf FAO. 2012. Russian Federation Forest Sector Outlook Study to 2030. Rome, Italy]</ref><ref name=":1">[http://www.fao.org/3/i3020r/i3020r00.pdf FAO. 2012. Russian Federation Forest Sector Outlook Study to 2030. Rome, Italy] (in Russian)</ref> ~~Forest Fund of Russia can be divided into four main groups:~~ Russia's timber industry sectors, as part of the Russia's total industrial production, are seventh place in terms of production and fifth place in terms of national exports.<ref name=":0" /> The main product of the Russia's forest industry is timber, whose share among the total volume of exported timber is approximately 75 - 80%. The logging industry is considered to be the basic direction of the whole forest complex. By the end of the 1980s, the USSR ranked second in the world in the export of wood, second only to the United States. As a result of numerous economic changes throughout the past decade, Russia has moved between 6th and 7th place worldwide in this index. ~~Waterproof, field, reserve, recreational forests. In this area can be carried out only sanitary felling of trees in order to improve the overall condition of the forest.~~ ~~Forest areas, which allowed selective cutting, not exceeding volume growth for the year.~~ ~~Operating forests, they can use the clear cutting.~~ ~~Timber industry as chemical, differs quite a complicated structure. Conventionally, all branches of forest complex can be divided into four groups:~~ All data is due to be recorded in the national forest inventory accounting system by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Sveza to start piloting the national forest inventory accounting system \|url=https://sveza.com/press/news/sveza-to-start-piloting-the-na/}}</ref> ~~Logging industry - timber harvesting;~~ ~~Wood industry - mechanical and chemical-mechanical treatment and processing of wood. Of plate production, furniture production, production of lumber and so on;~~ ~~Pulp and paper industry - mainly chemical processing of wood, pulp, paper and cardboard;~~ ~~Wood chemical industry - production of charcoal, rosin and turpentine.~~ == Types of forests == Russia has more than a fifth of the world's [[forest]]s, which makes it the largest forest country in the world.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf FAO. 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Main Report. FAO Forestry Working Paper 163, Rome, Italy]</ref><ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i1757r/i1757r.pdf FAO. 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Main Report. FAO Forestry Working Paper 163, Rome, Italy] {{ru icon}}</ref> However, according to a 2012 study by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] and the Government of the Russian Federation,<ref>[http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/157942/icode/ Innovations and investments urged to modernize Russian forest sector www.fao.org]</ref><ref>[http://www.fao.org/forestry/outlook/79738/en/ Russian Federation Forest Sector Outlook Study to 2030 www.fao.org/forestry]</ref> the considerable potential of Russian forests is underutilized and Russia's share of the global trade in forest products is less than four percent.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3020e/i3020e00.pdf FAO. 2012. Russian Federation Forest Sector Outlook Study to 2030. Rome, Italy]</ref><ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3020r/i3020r00.pdf FAO. 2012. Russian Federation Forest Sector Outlook Study to 2030. Rome, Italy] {{ru icon}}</ref> The Forest Fund of Russia has divided the country's forests into four main groups: waterproof, field, reserve, recreational forests. In reserve areas, workers can only participate in sanitary felling of trees to improve the overall condition of the forest. Forest areas, which allow selective cutting, cannot exceed volume growth for the year. Operating forests are allowed to use clear cutting. Generally speaking, Russian forests are composed mostly of coniferous tree from the following species: pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. == Sectors included in the Russian timber industry == ~~==Economical Facts about Timber industries in Russia==~~ The timber industry as chemical component differs from the others with quite a complicated structure. However, conventionally, all branches of forest complex can be divided into four groups: Sectors included in the timber industry, as part of the Russian industrial production are in seventh place in terms of production and fifth in terms of exports. [2] The most important role the forest industry plays in the economies of the European countries of the North, in the vast territories of Eastern and Western Siberia and the Far East timber complex inferior fuel industry and metallurgy. * Logging industry, which harvests timber The main product of the industry is now the timber, whose share among the total volume of exported timber is approximately 75 - 80%. Logging industry is considered to be the basic direction of the whole forest complex. By the end of the 1980s, the USSR ranked second in the world in the export of wood, behind only the United States. As a result of numerous economic changes over the past decade, Russia has moved on 6 - 7th place in this index. * Wood industry, which utilizes mechanical and chemical-mechanical treatment and processing of wood, as well as plate, furniture, and lumber production * Pulp and paper industry, which handles mainly the chemical processing of wood, pulp, paper, and cardboard * Wood chemical industry, which produces charcoal, rosin, and turpentine. == International involvement == As in other industries in Russia, based on the extraction of raw materials and the resumption of raw materials in the timber industry a significant proportion of revenue is formed by the export of raw materials sawing logs. For a long time Russia was the main supplier of wood raw material in Europe and the Middle East, China and Japan. The bulk of Russian lumber is shipped to China, Egypt, Uzbekistan, Japan and Iran. In the 1st quarter of 2010, there was an increase in the volume of lumber shipments to Europe, China, Middle East and North Africa. Prices generally reduced for lumber worldwide, but raised in China and other CIS countries. At the same time, China took the largest share in exports at 19%. The leaders in the volume of exports of sawed timber in the 1st quarter were: Lesosibirsk LDK, Ust-Ilim Timber Processing Plant, Novoyeniseysk LHK, "Sawmill-25", and "Svir Timber". The Russian forest industry also plays a big role in the economies of the Northern European countries as well, specifically in the vast territories of Eastern and Western Siberia and the Far East's timber, inferior fuel, and metallurgy industries. According to analyst group of companies Lesprom Network, the Russian government's decision to raise export duty on roundwood in July 2007 by 20%, and April 2008, 25% resulted in a decrease in the competitiveness of Russian companies-exporters in world markets. In the second half of 2008, amid the global economic crisis, the volume of construction fell sharply in Japan, China and Western Europe, production volumes declined substantially in the major economic sectors that consume the wood . == History of the industry == ~~In 2008, the volume of timber in Russia decreased by 14.4% compared with 2007. Production growth in the wood was 1.4%, in the pulp and paper production, publishing and printing - 0.8%.~~ === 2008 decrease in production === The net profit Russian forest industry companies in 2008 fell sharply, evidenced by an annual ranking of the 50 largest companies data Russian timber industry, published by the magazine "Forest Industry". Total revenue companies included in the Top 50 "Forest Industry" in 2008 amounted to 216.34 billion rubles. In the 10 largest companies account for more than 70% of total revenue. The total net profit of 50 rated companies reached 6.26 billion rubles. The proportion of companies that are engaged exclusively in the processing of wood without pulp and paper production amounted to slightly more than 27% of total revenue, while total net profit - 26.8% . According to analyst group of companies called the Lesprom Network, the Russian government's decision to raise export duty on roundwood in July 2007 by 20% and April 2008 by 25% resulted in a decrease in the competitiveness of Russian companies as exporters in the world markets. In the second half of 2008, amid the global economic crisis, the volume of construction fell sharply in Japan, China, and Western Europe, and as a result, production volumes also substantially declined in the major economic sectors that consume the wood. In 2008, the volume of timber in Russia decreased by 14.4% compared to the volume of the year before. Production growth in the area of wood specifically was 1.4%; in the pulp and paper production industry, the production growth for publishing and printing was only 0.8%. The net profit of the Russian forest industry companies in 2008 fell sharply, evidenced by an annual ranking of the 50 largest companies data published by the magazine "Forest Industry". Total revenue companies included in the Lesnaya Industriya's Top 50 "Forest Industry" amounted to 216.34 billion rubles ($2.93 billion USD). The 10 largest companies accounted for more than 70% of total revenue, with the total net profit of the top 50 companies amounting to 6.26 billion rubles ($84.8 million USD). The share of companies that engaged exclusively in the processing of wood without pulp and paper production accounted for slightly more than 27% of total revenue, while the total net profit from these industries was around 26.8%. In addition to country-specific, there are common features of development of the industry: increase in market share of goods substitutes and reduced share of wood and paper products. For example, the appearance of plastic packaging has reduced the consumption of paper, and the development of the Internet has led to a reduction in the consumption of newsprint. === Aftermath and recovery === In Russia, there is no private ownership of forest land, which is replaced by a long-term lease of forest land for recreational and logging purposes. However, in some countries there is private ownership of the land. For example, in the US management of forest land - this is a big business volume of more than $500 billion forest land in the country cover about 500 million acres, of which 53% belong to private owners who are not manufacturers, 30% are in the public domain, 4% owned by industrialists. and 8% owned by financial investors. Following the results of 2008, the average profitability ratio of Top 50 companies decreased to 0.7%, compared to 9.0% in the previous year. Woodworking companies’ profitability was slightly higher than that of pulp and paper companies (5.7% and 4.9% respectively), and only four of the Top 50 companies managed to reach a double-digit profitability ratio in 2008. Zelenodolskiy plywood plant had the highest profitability ratio (17%) in 2008. The fastest-growing forest industry company in Russia was United Panel Group, whose revenue was 3.04 billion roubles ($41.3 million USD), up 89.5%. Ilim Group gained the largest net benefit in 2008 with a revenue of 1.67 billion roubles ($22.7 million USD) and was also listed in the Top 50 forest industry companies as having the largest revenue overall, at 37.92 billion roubles ($515 million USD). The Top 50 Russian Forest Industry rating is prepared and published by Lesnaya Industriya magazine on the base of companies’ accounting reporting and data provided by the companies.<ref name=":2">Bogatyrev, Alexei; Fateeva, Veronika; Fedotkina, Yana (October 6, 2009), [https://www.lesprom.com/en/news/Lesnaya_Industriya_Profitability_ratio_of_Russian_forest_industry_companies_decreased_harshly_40679/ "Profitability ratio of Russian forest industry companies decreased harshly"], ''Lesnaya Industriya''</ref> ~~==Composition==~~ ~~Forestry (raw only accommodation factor)~~ === Other reasons for stunted growth === ~~European North~~ In Russia, there is no private ownership of forest land, which has been replaced by long-term leases of forest land for recreational and logging purposes. Comparatively, the US management of forest land allows for big business volume of more than $500 billion revenue from 500 million acres of forest land. About 53% of this land belongs to private owners who are not manufacturers. The remaining 30% of the land is in the public domain, 4% is owned by industrialists, and 8% is owned by financial investors. In addition to country-specific factors, there are common features of development in the industry, such as increases in the market share of goods, substitutes, and a reduced share of wood and paper products in general. For example, the popularity of plastic packaging has reduced the consumption of paper, and the development of the internet has led to a reduction in the consumption of newsprint. ~~(The forest area is reduced)~~ ==Composition of the industry== ~~Eastern Siberia~~ ~~Ural~~ ~~Far East~~ ~~Mechanical wood processing~~ ~~Sawmills (raw factor)~~ ~~Construction materials (consumption factor) - is typical for all regions~~ ~~Chemical treatment of wood~~ ~~Pulp and paper industry (energy, raw materials, environmental factors accommodation, hygroscopic)~~ ~~Dendrochemistry (raw factor)~~ ~~Machining of wood [edit \| edit wiki text]~~ === Lumber, pulp and paper === ~~Vintage frame saw, mounted on Rakovski Street in Minsk~~ In connection with the declared policy of the Russian government to reduce the export of raw timber, companies are starting to increase the export of sawed timber. In the 1st quarter of 2010, the volume of exports of softwood lumber from Russia increased by 11% and export prices increased by 6%, as offered by the results of a published analytical service called Lesprom Network who handles export markets research. Another export to factor is pulp and paper. The two biggest destinations for Russia's export of pulp and paper are Northern Europe and Eastern Siberia.[[File:View from Radionuclide Station RN60 - Flickr - The Official CTBTO Photostream.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Taiga in [[Kamchatka Krai]], with [[Koryaksky]] volcano in the distance.]] Mechanical wood processing (sawmilling, manufacture of prefabricated wooden houses, furniture, plywood, wood-fiber, chipboard) is located in the blanks areas and in areas of consumption. (Especially when crossing the floatable rivers and railways, or in estuaries) === Biofuels === ~~Lumber [edit \| edit wiki text]~~ In Russia, the development of the biofuel sector is regulated by the state program. The goal of the program prioritizes "energy saving and energy efficiency for the period up to 2020," with goals for saving energy that stretch as far as 2030 in scope. However, as noted in the journal article "Forest Industry",<ref name=":1" /> these goals are not sufficiently clear in the draft. According to these documents, by 2020, 4.5% of electricity in Russia must be made with the use of alternative sources, those being not consisting of lumber related products. Comparatively, in Norway, the figure for alternatively-sourced electricity is 67.5%, and in Sweden and Latvia the figures are 50% and 40% respectively. In connection with the declared policy of the Russian government to reduce the export of raw timber companies are starting to increase the export of sawn timber. In the 1st quarter of 2010 the volume of exports of softwood lumber from Russia increased by 11%, export prices increased by 6%, it said in a published analytical results service Lesprom Network export markets research. The bulk of Russian lumber was shipped to China, Egypt, Uzbekistan, Japan and Iran. In the 1st quarter of 2010 increased the volume of lumber shipments to Europe, China, Middle East and North Africa. Reduced prices for lumber, raised in China and the CIS countries. At the same time China took the largest share in exports - 19%. The leaders in the volume of exports of sawn timber in the 1st quarter were: Lesosibirsk LDK, Ust-Ilim Timber Processing Plant, Novoyeniseysk LHK, "Sawmill-25" and "Svir Timber". Biofuel consumption grows in Central Europe as Germany, Netherlands, and United Kingdom increase the import of pellets. Brazil, Canada and the United States also have large reserves of biofuel feedstocks, making them direct competitors with Russia in the market of exporting wood pellets to Europe. ~~Pulp and paper industry [citation \| edit wiki text]~~ ~~Main article: Pulp and Paper Industry in Russia~~ ~~In the production of paper in the first place the European North, in the second - the Eastern Siberia.~~ === Prominent venues for wood and timber production === Venues - Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk and Ust-Ilim, Irkutsk. And Svetogorsk, Moscow, Balakhna (Nizhniy Novgorod region), Astrakhan (as a raw material - cane), Rostov-on-Don (as a raw material - cane), Amursk, Perm, Solikamsk. In this connection, the sharpness becomes the question of the preservation and renewal of forest resources in Siberia (especially taiga) and the other aforementioned cities of the Russian Federation. The most prominent venues for the production of raw wood materials in Russia are Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk and Ust-Ilim, Irkutsk, Svetogorsk, Moscow, Balakhna (Nizhniy Novgorod region), Astrakhan (as a raw material - cane), Rostov-on-Don (as a raw material - cane), Amursk, Perm, and Solikamsk. The largest enterprises of the timber industry, combining all stages of the processing timber, are Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Asino (Tomsk.), Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk (Krasnoyarsk region), Bratsk and Ust-Ilim, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. This collection of groups is called the timber industry complex. == Problems with the industry == The largest enterprises of the timber industry, combining all stages of the processing timber 3 are called the timber industry complex. It Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Asino (Tomsk.), Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk (Krasnoyarsk region), Bratsk and Ust-Ilim, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Annually, the forest industry harvests about 0.5 billion tons of biomass, of which only 25% is put towards production. Many members of the industry do not use the needles, bark, or twigs, as using these components would be considered an irrational use of extracted raw materials. The finished product, when converted, contributes to only about 11% of the feedstock. In addition, according to the opinions the Forest Club participants at St. Petersburg International Forestry Forum in autumn of 2011, the Russian timber industry faces the following problems: * The increase in fuel prices ~~Biofuels [edit \| edit wiki text]~~ * Problems of transport and logistics, including the commercialization of transport companies that serve the forest industry, which causes an increase in the final cost of forestry-related products In Russia, the development of the biofuel sector is regulated by the state program "Energy saving and energy efficiency for the period up to 2020." and "Energy Strategy of Russia for the period till 2030". However, as noted in the journal article "Forest Industry". [6], these goals are not sufficiently clear in the draft. According to these documents, by 2020, 4.5% of electricity in Russia must be made with the use of alternative sources. In Norway the figure is 67.5%, in Sweden - 50%, in Latvia - 40%. * Problems of legal regulation regarding the organization of auctions that offer the right to lease forest areas * The lack of a coherent framework to regulate what governs economic relations with foreign countries With the growing of biofuel consumption in Central Europe will miss its forest resources, therefore, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom increase the import of pellets. Russia is fully capable to take a large part of this market, but it is necessary to improve the country's relations with Europe. Direct Russian competitors in the market of wood pellets in Europe - Brazil, Canada and the United States with large reserves of biofuel feedstocks. * The cost of cleaning systems for water and air resources used in the timber industry * The absence of a competent methodology for selecting investment projects in the timber industry.<ref name=":2" /> ~~==Russian forest-based industries financials==~~ ~~[[File:View from Radionuclide Station RN60 - Flickr - The Official CTBTO Photostream.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Taiga in [[Kamchatka Krai]]]]~~ Profitability ratio of Russian [[forest industry]] companies decreased harshly in 2008, as indicated in the annual Top 50 Russian Forest Industry rating published by [[Lesnaya Industriya]] Russian magazine. Following the results of 2008, joint revenue of companies listed in the [[Lesnaya Industriya]]’s Top 50 amounted to 216.34 billion roubles ($7.19 billion). Ten largest companies had over 70% of the total Top 50 joint revenue. Joint net benefit of 50 companies made up 6.26 billion roubles ($208.1 million). Share of woodworking companies that do not deal in pulp and paper business was slightly over 27% of the total revenue and 26.8% of the total net benefit. Average profitability ratio of Top 50 companies decreased to 0.7%, compared to 9.0% in the previous year. Woodworking companies’ profitability was slightly higher than that of pulp and paper companies (5.7% and 4.9% respectively). Only four of the Top 50 companies managed to reach a double-digit profitability ratio. [[Zelenodolskiy plywood]] plant had the highest profitability ratio (17%) in 2008. The fastest-growing forest industry company in Russia was [[United Panel Group]], which revenue boosted by 89.5% up to 3.04 billion roubles. Among pulp and paper companies, the fastest-growing was [[Obyedinyonnye bumazhnye fabriki]] (United paper mills, +49.6% up to 1.76 billion roubles). ~~[[Ilim Group]] gained the largest net benefit un 2008 (1.67 billion roubles) and was also listed in the Top 50 forest industry companies as having the largest revenue (37.92 billion roubles).~~ ~~The Top 50 Russian Forest Industry rating is prepared and published by [[Lesnaya Industriya]] magazine on the base of companies’ accounting reporting and data provided by th companies.~~ ~~<ref>{{Citation~~ ~~\| last = Bogatyrev~~ ~~\| first =Alexei~~ ~~\| author-link =~~ ~~\| last2 =Fateeva~~ ~~\| first2 =Veronika~~ ~~\| last3 =Fedotkina~~ ~~\| first3 =Yana~~ ~~\| author3-link =~~ ~~\| title =Profitability ratio of Russian forest industry companies decreased harshly~~ ~~\| magazine =Lesnaya Industriya~~ ~~\| date =October 6, 2009~~ ~~\| url = http://wood.lesprom.com/news/40679/}}</ref>~~ ~~==Problems of forest industry==~~ The forest industry is harvested annually about 0.5 billion tons of biomass, of which production is only 25%. Do not use needles, bark, twigs, that apparently is due to irrational use of extracted raw materials. The finished product is converted only 11% of the feedstock. In addition, according to the voiced in autumn 2011 Forest Club participants at the St. Petersburg International Forestry Forum, Russian timber industry is faced with the following problems: ~~The increase in fuel prices;~~ ~~Problems of transport and logistics. Including commercialization and transport companies serving the forest industry, povlёkshaya an increase in the final cost of forestry products;~~ ~~Problems of legal regulation of the lease and the organization of auctions for the right to lease forest areas;~~ ~~The lack of a coherent foreign countries the regulatory framework governing economic relations;~~ ~~The cost of cleaning systems for water and air resources used in the timber industry;~~ ~~The absence of a competent methodology of selection of investment projects in the timber industry. [7]~~ == See also == * [[Deforestation in Russia]] * [[Tractor and agricultural machinery in Russia\|The forest engineering in Russia]] * [[Temperate rainforests of the Russian Far East]] * [[Forest cover by federal subject in Russia]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ~~<references/>~~ ==External links== {{~~commonscat~~Commons category\|Forestry in Russia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040558/http://www.lesopromyshlennik.ru/lesprom/lesprom_eng.htm official site"The Timber Industry Worker" magazine -one of the leading professional publications on forest complex on the territory of Russia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071223190429/http://www.kommersant.com/t487624/r_3/n_43/Timber_Industry_2000-2004/ Timber Industry 2000-2004] (Kommersant) [http://matreshko.com Market place of russian timber] [http://www.kommersant.com/t487624/r_3/n_43/Timber_Industry_2000-2004 Timber Industry 2000-2004] (Kommersant) [http://gurukul.ucc.american.edu/TED/SIBERIA.HTM Siberia Logging] (TED Projects) {{Citation \| title =Commercial Logging Fails in Russian Parliament \| journal =Environment News Service \| date =November 26, 2003 \| url =http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2003/2003-11-26-04.asp}} {{Citation \| last =Litvinovna \| first =Irina \| title =Timber industry in Russia shows promise \| journal =The Logging and Sawmilling Journal \| date =October 2004 \| url =http://www.forestnet.com/archives/Oct_04/guest_column.htm}} Line 132 ⟶ 86: {{Forestry by country}} {{Forestry}} {{Authority control}} ~~[[Category:Economy of Russia]]~~ [[Category:Forestry in Russia\| ]] [[Category:Economy of Russia]]