Timoto–Cuica people: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Timoto-Cuica
|image = Opfernder =Venezuela TimoteTimoto-Cuica languagesSlg Ebnöther.pngjpg
|image_caption = TimotoMasculine andfigure Cuicafrom toponyms[[Trujillo (state)|Trujillo]] c. 500 [[AD]]
|population = extinctUnknown
|region1 = '''[[Venezuelan Andes]]''':<br/>{{VEN}} <small>([[Mérida (state)|Mérida]], [[Trujillo (state)|Trujillo]], [[Táchira]])</small>
|region1 = {{flag|Venezuela}}
|pop1 = extinctSmall
|ref1 =
|languages = [[Timote-Cuica language|Timote-Cuica]]
|religions =
|related = [[Muisca people|Muisca]]
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}}
 
'''Timoto–Cuica people''' were an [[indigenousIndigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenousIndigenous grouppeople of the Americas]] composed primarily of two large tribes, the '''Timote''' and the '''Cuica''', that inhabited in the [[Andes|Andean]] region of westernWestern [[Venezuela]].<ref name=mahoney>Mahoney 89</ref> They were closely related to the [[Muisca people|Muisca]] of the [[AndesColombia]]n Andes, who spoke [[Chibcha language|Muysccubun]], a version of [[Chibcha language|Chibcha]]. The Timoto-Cuicas were not only composed of the TimotoTimote and the Cuica groups, but also of smaller tribes including the Mucuchíes, the Miguríes, the Tabayes, and the Mucuñuques.
 
== Culture and society ==
[[File:CampoTimote-Cuica de Méridalanguages.JPGpng|thumb|175px|left|Timoto-Cuica territory,and inCuica present-day [[Mérida State|Mérida, Venezuela]].toponyms]]
[[File:Campo de Mérida.JPG|thumb|left|Timoto-Cuica territory, in present-day [[Mérida (state)|Mérida]], Venezuela.]]
[[Pre-Columbian]] Venezuela had an estimated indigenous population of one million,<ref name=mahoney/> with the Andean region being the most densely populated area. The two tribes lived in what are today the states of [[Mérida State|Mérida]], [[Trujillo State|Trujillo]], and [[Táchira State|Táchira]].
 
[[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] Venezuela had an estimated indigenous population of one million,<ref name=mahoney/> with the Andean region being the most densely populated area. The two groups lived in what are today the states of [[Mérida (state)|Mérida]], [[Trujillo (state)|Trujillo]] and [[Táchira]]. Most scholars agree that the Timoto-Cuicas arose as a distinct tribal group, with the Timotes and the Cuicas as the main components of largely the same identity. They possessed advanced technology and thrived as a civilization much more developed than the nomadic tribes further east. The Timotes were mostly present in the area of today’s Mérida state in Venezuela, the mountainous Andean region, with the sub-group of Cuicas living slightly to the north, in the llano plains.
Timoto-Cuica society was complex with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks.<ref name=mahoney/> Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional crops included potatoes and [[ulluco]]s.<ref name=art>[http://en.amigosprecolombino.es/cultures/central-america-and-intermedia/venezuela Venezuela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904200841/http://en.amigosprecolombino.es/cultures/central-america-and-intermedia/venezuela |date=2011-09-04 }} ''Friends of the Pre-Columbian Art Museum.'' (retrieved 9 July 2011)</ref>
 
The chief characteristic of the Timoto-CuicaCuicas culture was their focus on agriculture, primitive industry and trade. They focused heavily on the terraced cultivation system, by creating irrigated platforms on the hillsides of the region – a system often seen in the Andean civilizations. societySociety was complex with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks.<ref name=mahoney/> Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional crops included potatoes and [[ullucoullucus|ullucos]]s.<ref name=art>[http://en.amigosprecolombino.es/cultures/central-america-and-intermedia/venezuela Venezuela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904200841/http://en.amigosprecolombino.es/cultures/central-america-and-intermedia/venezuela |date=2011-09-04 }} ''Friends of the Pre-Columbian Art Museum.''. (retrieved 9 July 2011)</ref>
They left behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the [[arepa]], a staple in [[Venezuelan cuisine|Venezuelan]] and [[Colombian cuisine]].
 
By creating large ‘steps’, reinforcing them with stone and irrigating them with a system of channels, they managed to succeed in creating an efficient agricultural system. This skillful method of cultivation allowed the Timoto-Cuicas to grow an abundance of vegetables – the earliest sources mention the growing of potatoes and corn, as well as beans, sweet yucca and several indigenous plants: cassava, mecuy, quiba, guaba and agave.
== Gallery ==
 
They left behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the [[arepa]], a staple in [[Venezuelan cuisine|Venezuelan]] and [[Colombian cuisine]].
[[File:Placa de los Nikitaos y carámica de los Kuikas.jpg|thumb|left|Plaque and ceramics of thr Nikitao and Cuica tribes]]
 
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
[[File:Placa de los Nikitaos y carámica de los Kuikas.jpg|thumb|left|Plaque and ceramics of thrthe Nikitao and Cuica tribes]]
Momia de los Isnumbíes.jpg|Mummy from the Isnumbí people, Diocesan Museum of Mérida
Habitación de los indios.jpg|Room of the natives of [[Apartaderos]]
Indios Mucuchíes.jpg|Mucuchí people, who were part of the Timoto tribe
Indias Mucuchíes.jpg|Mucuchí women
Mucuchíes de Misteke.jpg|[[Mucuchíes|Mucuchí people]] from Misteke, Venezuela
</gallery>
 
== References ==
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== Bibliography ==
* Mahoney, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p1_m-Y-5FJEC&pg=PA89&dq=Timoto&hlpg=en&ei=TvMYTuOOF-fZiAKoirnRBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Timoto&f=falsePA89 "Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish American in Comparative Perspective.''"] New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-521-11634-3}}.
 
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Timoto-Cuicas}}
* {{in lang|es}} [http://html.rincondelvago.com/cultura-indigena-en-venezuela.html Indigenous Culture in Venezuela]
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/123456789/18495/1/articulo3.pdf De los timoto-cuicas a la invisibilidad del indigena andino y a su diversidad cultural]
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.italcambio.com/bille_mone/html2/caciques/historiaCaciques.htm Caciques de Venezuela)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124143501/http://www.italcambio.com/bille_mone/html2/caciques/historiaCaciques.htm |date=2009-11-24 }}
* [http://www.austria.gob.ve/content.php?contecual=32&contepert=1&lan=en Get to know Venezuela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041833/http://www.austria.gob.ve/content.php?contecual=32&contepert=1&lan=en |date=2016-03-04 }}
 
{{Ethnic groups in Venezuela}}
{{Pre-Columbian}}
 
{{authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Indigenous peoples in Venezuela]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian cultures]]
[[Category:Extinct Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]