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{{distinguish|Kwarandji}}
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{{use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2018}}
The '''Gurindji''' ({{IPA-aus|ˈɡʊrɪndʒiː|}}) are an [[Aboriginal Australian]] people of northern Australia, {{convert|460|km}} southwest of [[Katherine, Northern Territory|Katherine]] in the [[Northern Territory]]'s [[Victoria River (Northern Territory)|Victoria River]] region.
==Country==
The Gurindji people live on an estimated {{convert|8,400|mi2|km2}} of land, situated on the headwaters of the [[Victoria River (Northern Territory)|Victoria River]] south from Mundane and Tjalwa or Longreach Waterhole, extending westward to G.B. Rockhole and east to Bullock Creek and Canfield River, at Wave Hill. Their southern boundary lies near Hooker Creek.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=232}}
==Language and culture==
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[[Gurindji language|Gurindji]] is one of the eastern [[Ngumbin languages]],{{sfn|Harvey|2020|p=412}} in the [[Ngumpin–Yapa languages|Ngumbin-Yapa]] subgroup of [[Pama-Nyungan languages]]. It is however characterised by a high level of adoption of [[loanword]]s from non Pama-Nyungan sources.{{sfn|McConvell|2009|p=392}}
[[Gurindji Kriol]] is a [[mixed language]], mostly spoken at [[Kalkaringi]] and [[Daguragu, Northern Territory|Daguragu]] along with Gurindji and English.<ref name=freeedom/>
Gurindji people share many similarities in language and culture with the neighbouring [[Warlpiri people]]. They also regard themselves as "one mob" with the [[Malngin]], [[Bilinara]], [[Mudburra]] and [[Ngarinyman]] peoples, referring to themselves as a group named Ngumpit, sharing "most of our languages and culture".<ref name=freeedom>{{cite web | title=History and culture | website=Freedom Day Festival | date=23 August 1966 | url=http://www.freedomday.com.au/ | access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>
Among the Ngumpit, there are four [[skin name]]s for boys, such as Janama and Japarta, and four for girls, such as Nangala and Nawurla. These are inherited at birth and kept for life, determining how all of the people relate to each other.<ref name=freeedom/>
Jurntakal (snake) is a major [[Dreamtime| Dreaming]] for the Gurindji, with this and other ancestor spirits keeping their traditional lands alive.<ref name=freeedom/>
Art is the main occupation, with the Karungkarni Art and Cultural Centre the hub of artistic activity.<ref name=freeedom/>
==Ethnography==
Important contributions to the study of the Gurindji were made by the young Japanese scholar Hokari Minoru (保苅実,
==Native title==
The Gurindji people of the Northern Territory are best known for [[The Gurindji Strike]], or Wave Hill walk-off,{{sfn|Hokari|2000|p=98}} led by [[Vincent Lingiari]] in 1966, protesting against mistreatment by the station managers. The strike would become the first major victory of the Indigenous land rights movement.{{sfn|Turpin|Meakins|2019}} A small part of their traditional lands (roughly {{convert|3,236|km2|mi2}}), subsequently known as "Daguragu Station" was handed back to them in 1975{{sfn|Lewis|2012|p=291}} as a Northern Territory pastoral lease, by the then Australian prime minister, [[Gough Whitlam]]– paving the way for further [[Native title|land rights]] victories in Australia.
In 1984, after a hearing under the ''[[Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976]]'',{{sfn|McConvell|Hagen|1981}} and 1981 recommendations made by the original Aboriginal Commissioner, Justice [[John Toohey (judge)|John Toohey]],{{sfn|Toohey|1982}} they were granted [[Inalienable right|inalienable]] freehold title to almost all of the area originally transferred back to them by Whitlam, {{convert|3,250|km2|mi2}} of their tribal land. A final small portion of the Daguragu lease was recommended by the later Commissioner, Justice Maurice, in 1984.{{sfn|Maurice|1985}} It wasn’t until May 1986 that the [[Hawke government]] finally handed over the inalienable Aboriginal [[freehold title]] deeds to the Gurindji.<ref name=hope2016>{{cite web | last=Hope | first=Zach | title=Vincent Lingiari's vision left to rot and die| website=NT News | date=20 August 2016 | url=https://www.ntnews.com.au/news/northern-territory/vincent-lingiaris-vision-left-to-rot-and-die/news-story/18c14695b559b4128b69e9c50ce09135 | access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=clc1986>{{cite web | title=Daguragu station land claim | website=Central Land Council, Australia | date=1 November 1986 | url=https://www.clc.org.au/land-won-back/info/daguragu-station-land-claim/ | access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> Much of Wave Hill pastoral
==Governance==▼
Two Gurindji communities are [[Kalkarindji]] (formerly Wave Hill and then Kalkaringi),{{sfn|NT Place Names Register|2007}} a township of {{convert|260|ha}} located on the [[Buntine Highway]], and [[Daguragu, Northern Territory|Daguragu]], a community settled on land under the ''Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976''. Municipal and other services to both communities were provided by the [[Daguragu Community|Daguragu Community Government Council]] until 2008, when it was replaced by the Victoria Daly Shire, now called the [[Victoria Daly Region]], which has a regional office for the [[council ward|ward]] of Kalkarindji/Daguragu located in Kalkarindji.{{sfn|Victoria Daly Regional Council}} Kalkarindji was [[gazette]]d as an open town in September 1976 (hence permits are not required for residents or visitors). The council services a number of [[outstation movement|outstations]] where traditional owners, belonging to the Gurindji language group, live. Some residents of Daguragu and Kalkarindji who belong to other language groups, including the [[Warlpiri people|Warlpiri]].▼
▲==Governance and economy==
Two Gurindji communities are [[Kalkarindji]] (established by the NT Government as Wave Hill Welfare Settlement<ref name=hope2016/>),{{sfn|NT Place Names Register|2007}} a township of {{convert|260|ha}} located on the [[Buntine Highway]], and [[Daguragu, Northern Territory|Daguragu]], a community settled on land under the ''Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976''.{{sfn|Victoria Daly Regional Council}}
The locality of [[Gurindji, Northern Territory]], an area of {{convert|32372|km2}}, surrounds Kalkarindji/Daguragu.<ref name=survey>{{cite web |title=Localities within Victoria River sub-region (CP-5459) |url= https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/409212/CP-5459.pdf |website= NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government |date= 28 May 2014 |access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=area>{{cite web|title= Gurindji (area)|url= https://www.australias.guide/nt/location/gurindji/ |publisher= Australias Guide Pty Ltd.|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>▼
Kalkarindji was [[gazette]]d as an open town in September 1976 (hence permits are not required for residents or visitors).
At the [[2016 Australian census]], the combined population of Daguragu/Kalkarindji was 575 people, of whom 517 (90.4%) identified as "[[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people]]".{{sfn|ABS 2016 Census}}▼
Daguragu is located {{convert|8|km}} north of Kalkarindji via a [[bitumen]] road. Permission from [[traditional owner]]s, through the [[Central Land Council]], is required to visit Daguragu. Daguragu became the first [[cattle station]] to be owned and managed by an Aboriginal community, the Murramulla Gurindji Company, after the Wave Hill walk-off. By the time the Gurindji eventually won ownership of Daguragu in 1986, there was little left of the economy. The bakery was destroyed by flooding in 2001. The [[Northern Territory Emergency Response]] ("The Intervention") put controls on people and made [[Eminent domain|compulsory land acquisitions]] in 2007. Equipment and jobs went during a reorganisation of shires by the NT Labour government in 2008.<ref name=hope2016/>
The Gurindji Aboriginal Corporation is a [[Registered Native Title Body Corporate]] (RNTBC) owned by the communities of Kalkaringi and Daguragu, a total of about 700 people of mainly Gurindji, [[Mudburra]] and [[Warlpiri people|Warlpiri]] heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indigenous.gov.au/news-and-media/stories/supporting-protecting-kalkaringi-daguragu|website=indigenous.gov.au|title=Supporting and protecting Kalkaringi and Daguragu communities|date=28 May 2020|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> It oversees a number of community-owned enterprises, such as the Kalkaringi Store and Caravan Park.<ref name=gac>{{cite web | title=What we do | website=Gurindji Aboriginal Corporation | url=https://www.gurindjicorp.com.au/what-we-do | access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>▼
▲
▲
A 2016 news article about Daguragu described it as "starved, beat up and dying", after "half a century of government duplicity and over promising; bad local management and corporate naivety; land tenure bureaucracy and coercion". It has a [[child care|creche]] and a successful [[Indigenous ranger]] program, but the hub of activity is at Kalkarindji. Here there is a school, a social club and other services. The [[traditional owner]] groups of the two communities do not have a smooth relationship.<ref name=hope2016/>
==Demographics==
▲At the [[2016 Australian census]], the combined population of Daguragu/Kalkarindji was 575 people, of whom 517 (90.4%) identified as "[[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people]]".{{sfn|ABS 2016 Census}}
==Surrounding locality==
▲The locality of [[Gurindji, Northern Territory]], an area of {{convert|32372|km2}}, surrounds Kalkarindji/Daguragu.<ref name=survey>{{cite web |title=Localities within Victoria River sub-region (CP-5459) |url= https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/409212/CP-5459.pdf |website= NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government |date= 28 May 2014 |access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=area>{{cite web|title= Gurindji (area)|url= https://www.australias.guide/nt/location/gurindji/ |publisher= Australias Guide Pty Ltd.|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
==Freedom Day==
==Alternative names==
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==Notable people==
* [[Joseph (Joe) Croft]]
* [[Vincent Lingiari]]
* [[Charlie King (sports broadcaster)|Charlie King]]
==See also==
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}}
*{{Cite book| title = Radeikaru ōraru hisutorī. Ōsutoraria senjūmin Aborigini no rekishi jissen
| script-title = ja:ラディカル・オーラル・ヒストリー
| last = Hokari | first = Minoru | year = 2004
| publisher = [[Ochanomizu University|Ochanomizu Shobō]]
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| last = Hokari | first = Minoru | year = 2011
| publisher = [[University of New South Wales Press]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgIbe9eSi-MC
| isbn = 978-1-742-24031-2
}}
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| last = Lewis | first = Darrell | year = 2012
| publisher = [[Monash University Publishing]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JTbWBQAAQBAJ&pg
| isbn = 978-1-921-86726-2
}}
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| last = Rose | first = Deborah Bird | year = 1991
| publisher = [[Aboriginal Studies Press]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=upmGAwAAQBAJ
| isbn = 978-0-855-75224-8
}}
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{{refend}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite web | last=Ward | first=Charlie | title=An historic handful of dirt: Whitlam and the legacy of the Wave Hill Walk-Off | website=The Conversation | date=20 August 2016 | url=http://theconversation.com/an-historic-handful-of-dirt-whitlam-and-the-legacy-of-the-wave-hill-walk-off-63700}} Article by the author of the 2017 book ''A Handful of Sand: The Gurindji Struggle, After the Walk-off''.
**{{cite journal|url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n4117/pdf/book_review15.pdf|title=A Handful of Sand: The Gurindji Struggle, After the Walk-offby Charlie Ward... Book Review|first=Rolf |last=Gerritsen|journal=[[Aboriginal History]] |volume= 41|date= 2017|pages=233–234|publisher=ANU Press}}
*Hokari, Minoru (2011). Gurindji Journey: A Japanese Historian in the Outback. UNSW Press.
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060831035038/http://www.daguragu.nt.gov.au/home/home Daguragu Community Government Council]
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[[Category:Aboriginal land rights in Australia]]
[[Category:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Gurindji| ]]
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