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{{Short description|Earthquake intensity scale}}
The '''China Seismic Intensity Scale''' ('''CSIS''') is a national standard in the [[People's Republic of China]]<ref>Effectively this only applies to [[mainland China]]. [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taiwan]] each use a different intensity scale. See [[Seismic scale#Intensity scales]] for more details.</ref> used to measure [[Seismic scale#Intensity scales|seismic intensity]]. Similar to [[European Macroseismic Scale|EMS-92]] on which CSIS drew reference, seismic impacts are classified into 12 degrees of intensity, or '''liedu''' ({{zh|s=烈度|t=烈度|p=lièdù}}, literally "degrees of violence") in [[Roman numerals]] from I for insensible to XII for landscape reshaping.
The '''China seismic intensity scale''' ('''CSIS''') is a national standard in the [[People's Republic of China]]<ref>Effectively this only applies to [[mainland China]]. [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taiwan]] each use a different intensity scale. See [[Seismic intensity scales]] for more details.</ref> used to measure [[Seismic_intensity_scales|seismic intensity]]. Similar to [[European Macroseismic Scale|EMS-92]] on which CSIS drew reference, seismic impacts are classified into 12 degrees of intensity, or ''liedu'' ({{zh|s=烈度|t=烈度|p=lièdù}}, literally "degrees of violence") in [[Roman numerals]] from I for insensible to XII for landscape reshaping.
 
The scale was initially formalized by the [[China Earthquake Administration]] ('''CEA''') in 1980, therefore often referred to by its original title as "'''China Seismic Intensity Scale (1980)'''". It was later revised, and adopted as a national standard, or '''[[List of GB standards|Guobiao]]''', series '''GB/T 17742-1999''' by then National Quality and Technology Supervision Administration (now [https://web.archive.org/web/20090209025401/http://english.aqsiq.gov.cn/ General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine of P.R.C.], '''AQSIQ''') in 1999.<ref name="GB/T 17742-1999">{{cite web
| publisher=General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine of P.R.C.
{{cite web
| author=CHEN Dasheng, SHI Zhenliang, XU Zonghe, GAO Guangyi, NiAN Jiaquan, XIAO Chengye, FENG Yijun (陈达生、时振梁、徐宗和、高光伊、鄢家全、肖承邺、冯义钧)
| publisher=General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine of P.R.C.
| url=http://www.dccdnc.ac.cn/html/zcfg/gfxwj2.jsp
| author=CHEN Dasheng, SHI Zhenliang, XU Zonghe, GAO Guangyi, NiAN Jiaquan, XIAO Chengye, FENG Yijun (陈达生、时振梁、徐宗和、高光伊、鄢家全、肖承邺、冯义钧)
| title=China Seismic Intensity Scale (中国地震烈度表)
| url=http://www.dccdnc.ac.cn/html/zcfg/gfxwj2.jsp
| date=1999-04-26
| title=China Seismic Intensity Scale (中国地震烈度表)
| dateaccessdate=19992008-0409-2612
| language=Chinese
| accessdate=2008-09-12
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029013249/http://www.dccdnc.ac.cn/html/zcfg/gfxwj2.jsp
| language=Chinese
| archive-date=2008-10-29
}}
| url-status=dead
</ref>
}}</ref>
The standard was set for revision not long before the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web
| publisher=China Earthquake Administration (中国地震局)
| url=http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_history/08_06/30/1214800979031.html
| title=Revision of "China Seismic Intensity Scale" started (《中国地震烈度表》修订工作启动)
| date=1999-04-26
| accessdate=2008-09-12
| language=Chinese
}}
</ref>
 
==''Liedu'' Scalescale==
Unlike the [[Seismic scale#Magnitude scales|magnitude scales]] that objectively estimate the released seismic energy, ''liedu'' denotes how strongly an earthquake affects a specific place. It is determined by a combination of subjective evaluations (such as human senses and building damagesdamage) and objective kinetic measures. Building damagesdamage are further refined with a combination of descriptive qualifiers and a numeric evaluation process.
 
The following is an unofficial translation of the Appendix I of GB/T 17742-1999.
{| class="wikitable" style="background:#FEFEFE"
|+ ''Liedu'' scale<ref name="GB/T 17742-1999" />
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Liedu'' (Intensity)
! rowspan="2" | Senses by people on the ground
! colspan="2" | Degree of building damage
! rowspan="2" | Other damage
! colspan="2" | Horizontal motion on the ground
|-
! Damage
! Mean damage index
! [[Peak ground acceleration|Peak acceleration]] m/s<sup>2</sup>
! Peak speed m/s
|-
! style="background:white" id="csis-1" | I
| Insensible
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="background:#BFCCFF" id="csis-2" | II
| Sensible by very few still indoor people
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="background:#9999FF" id="csis-3" | III
| Sensible by a few still indoor people
| Slight rattle of doors and windows
|
| Slight swing of suspended objects
|
|
|-
! style="background:#80FFFF" id="csis-4" | IV
| Sensible by most people indoors, a few people outdoors; a few wake up from sleep
| Rattle of doors and windows
|
| Obvious swing of suspended objects; vessels rattle
|
|
|-
! style="background:#7DF894" id="csis-5" | V
| Commonly sensible by people indoors, sensible by most people outdoors; most wake up from sleep
| Noise from vibration of doors, windows, and building frames; falling of dusts, small cracks in plasters, falling of some roof tiles, bricks falling from a few roof-top chimneys
|
| Rocking or flipping of unstable objects
| align="center" | 0.31<br>(0.22 - 0.44)
| align="center" | 0.03<br>(0.02 - 0.04)
|-
! style="background:yellow" id="csis-6" | VI
| Most unable to stand stably, a few scared to running outdoors
| Damage - Cracks in the walls, falling of roof tiles, some roof-top chimneys crack or fall apart
| align="center" | 0 - 0.10
| Cracks in river banks and soft soil; occasional burst of sand and water from saturated sand layers; cracks on some standalone chimneys
| align="center" | 0.63<br>(0.45 - 0.89)
| align="center" | 0.06<br>(0.05 - 0.09)
|-
! style="background:#FFC800" id="csis-7" | VII
| Majority scared to running outdoors, sensible by bicycle riders and people in moving motor vehicles
| Slight destruction - localized destruction, crack, may continue to be used with small repairs or without repair
| align="center" | 0.11 - 0.30
| Collapse of river banks; frequent burst of sand and water from saturated sand layers; many cracks in soft soils; moderate destruction of most standalone chimneys
| align="center" | 1.25<br>(0.90 - 1.77)
| align="center" | 0.13<br>(0.10 - 0.18)
|-
! style="background:#FF9100" id="csis-8" | VIII
| Most swing about, difficult to walk
| Moderate destruction - structural destruction occurs, continued usage requires repair
| align="center" | 0.31 - 0.50
| Cracks appear in hard dry soils; severe destruction of most standalone chimneys; tree tops break; death of people and cattle caused by building destruction
| align="center" | 2.50<br>(1.78 - 3.53)
| align="center" | 0.25<br>(0.19 - 0.35)
|-
! style="background:red" id="csis-9" | {{color|white|IX}}
| Moving people fall
| Severe destruction - severe structural destruction, localized collapse, difficult to repair
| align="center" | 0.51 - 0.70
| Many cracks in hard dry soils; possible cracks and dislocations in bedrock; frequent landslides and collapses; collapse of many standalone chimneys
| align="center" | 5.00<br>(3.54 - 7.07)
| align="center" | 0.50<br>(0.36 - 0.71)
|-
! style="background:#C80000" id="csis-10" | {{color|white|X}}
| Bicycle riders may fall; people in unstable state may fall away; sense of being thrown up
| Most collapse
| align="center" | 0.71 - 0.90
| Cracks in bedrock and earthquake fractures; destruction of bridge arches founded in bedrock; foundation damage or collapse of most standalone chimneys
| align="center" | 10.00<br>(7.08 - 14.14)
| align="center" | 1.00<br>(0.72 - 1.41)
|-
! style="background:#800000" id="csis-11" | {{color|white|XI}}
|
| Widespread collapse
| align="center" | 0.91 - 1.00
| Earthquake fractures extend a long way; many bedrock cracks and landslides
|
|
|-
! style="background:#400000" id="csis-12" | {{color|white|XII}}
|
|
| align="center" |
| Drastic change in landscape, mountains, and rivers
|
|
|}
 
Notes about qualifiers: "very few" - <10%; "few" - 10% - 50%; "most" - 50% - 70%; "majority" - 70% - 90%; "commonly" - >90%.
<table border="1">
<caption>Table of Liedu<ref name="GB/T 17742-1999" />
</caption>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Liedu (Intensity)</th> <th rowspan="2">Senses by people on the ground</th> <th colspan="2">Degree of building damage</th> <th rowspan="2">Other damages</th> <th colspan="2">Horizontal motion on the ground</th>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td>Damages</td> <td>Mean damage index</td> <td>[[Peak ground acceleration|Peak acceleration]] m/s<sup>2</sup></td> <td>Peak speed m/s</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="white">I</th> <td>Insensible</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="#BFCCFF">II</th> <td>Sensible by very few still indoor people</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="#9999FF">III</th> <td>Sensible by a few still indoor people</td> <td>Slight rattle of doors and windows</td> <td></td> <td>Slight swing of suspended objects</td><td></td><td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="80FFFF">IV</th> <td>Sensible by most people indoors, a few people outdoors; a few wake up from sleep</td> <td>Rattle of doors and windows</td> <td></td> <td>Obvious swing of suspended objects; vessels rattle</td><td></td><td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="#7DF894">V</th> <td>Commonly sensible by people indoors, sensible by most people outdoors; most wake up from sleep</td> <td>Noise from vibration of doors, windows, and building frames; falling of dusts, small cracks in plasters, falling of some roof tiles, bricks falling from a few roof-top chimneys</td> <td></td> <td>Rocking or flipping of unstable objects</td> <td align="center">0.31<br>(0.22 - 0.44)</td> <td align="center">0.03<br>(0.02 - 0.04)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="yellow">VI</th> <td>Most unable to stand stably, a few scared to running outdoors</td> <td>Damages - Cracks in the walls, falling of roof tiles, some roof-top chimneys crack or fall apart</td> <td align="center">0 - 0.10</td> <td>Cracks in river banks and soft soil; occasional burst of sand and water from saturated sand layers; cracks on some standalone chimneys</td> <td align="center">0.63<br>(0.45 - 0.89)</td> <td align="center">0.06<br>(0.05 - 0.09)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="#FFC800">VII</th> <td>Majority scared to running outdoors, sensible by bicycle riders and people in moving motor vehicles</td> <td>Slight destruction - localized destruction, crack, may continue to be used with small repairs or without repair</td> <td align="center">0.11 - 0.30</td> <td>Collapse of river banks; frequent burst of sand and water from saturated sand layers; many cracks in soft soils; moderate destruction of most standalone chimneys</td> <td align="center">1.25<br>(0.90 - 1.77)</td> <td align="center">0.13<br>(0.10 - 0.18)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="#FF9100">VIII</th> <td>Most swing about, difficult to walk</td> <td>Moderate destruction - structural destruction occurs, continued usage requires repair</td> <td align="center">0.31 - 0.50</td> <td>Cracks appear in hard dry soils; severe destruction of most standalone chimneys; tree tops break; death of people and cattle caused by building destruction</td> <td align="center">2.50<br>(1.78 - 3.53)</td> <td align="center">0.25<br>(0.19 - 0.35)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="red">IX</th> <td>Moving people fall</td> <td>Severe destruction - severe structural destruction, localized collapse, difficult to repair</td> <td align="center">0.51 - 0.70</td> <td>Many cracks in hard dry soils; possible cracks and dislocations in bedrock; frequent landslides and collapses; collapse of many standalone chimneys</td> <td align="center">5.00<br>(3.54 - 7.07)</td> <td align="center">0.50<br>(0.36 - 0.71)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="#C80000"><span style="color: white">X</span></th> <td>Bicycle riders may fall; people in unstable state may fall away; sense of being thrown up</td> <td>Most collapse</td> <td align="center">0.71 - 0.90</td> <td>Cracks in bedrock and earthquake fractures; destruction of bridge arches founded in bedrock; foundation damage or collapse of most standalone chimneys</td> <td align="center">10.00<br>(7.08 - 14.14)</td> <td align="center">1.00<br>(0.72 - 1.41)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="#800000"><span style="color: white">XI</span></th> <td></td> <td>Wide spread collapse</td> <td align="center">0.91 - 1.00</td> <td>Earthquake fractures extend a long way; many bedrock cracks and landslides</td><td></td><td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="#400000"><span style="color: white">XII</span></th> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center"></td> <td>Drastic change in landscape, mountains, and rivers</td><td></td><td></td>
</tr>
</table>
 
Notes about Qualifiers: "very few" - <10%; "few" - 10% - 50%; "most" - 50% - 70%; "majority" - 70% - 90%; "commonly" - >90%.
 
==Applications==
Historic local seismic liedu is an important reference in [[Earthquake engineering|quake proofing]] existing and future buildings. The national standard ''Code for Seismic Design of Buildings'' (GB 500011-2001) published in 2001 and partially revised shortly after the [[2008 Sichuan Earthquakeearthquake]] includes a list of liedu that each building in designated cities is expected to resist.<ref name="GB 500011-2001, App A">{{cite web
| author=XU Zhengzhong, WANG Yayong, et al. (徐正忠、王亚勇等)
| url=http://www.morgain.com/Help/GB50011-2001/A.htm
| title=Code for seismic design of buildings (GB 500011-2001) (partially revised in 2008), Appendix A ( 《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB 500011－2001） （2008 年局部修订） 附录 A 我国主要城镇抗震设防烈度、设计基本地震加速度和设计地震分组)
| publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PRC (MOHURD, 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部)
| year=2001
Line 87 ⟶ 152:
 
==See also==
* [[Seismic scaleintensity scales]]
* [[Seismic magnitude scales]]
* [[Seismic engineering]]
 
Line 95 ⟶ 161:
==External links==
*{{cite book
| lastlast1=Spencer
| firstfirst1=B.F.
| last2=Hu |first2=Y. X.
| author=Spencer, B.F.
| coauthors=Hu, Y. X.
| title=Earthquake Engineering Frontiers in the New Millennium: Proceedings of the China-US Millennium Symposium on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, 8–11 November 2000
| publisher=Taylor & Francis
| isbn=9026518528, 9789026518522978-90-265-1852-2
| year= 2001}}
 
{{Seismic scales}}
 
[[Category:Seismic intensity scales]]
[[Category:Guobiao standards]]
[[Category:Earthquake engineering]]
[[Category:Science and technology in China]]
 
[[Category:1999 introductions]]
[[de:Chinesische seismische Intensitätsskala]]
[[it:Liedu]]
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