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The '''right to development''' is a [[human right]] that recognizes every human right for constant improvement of [[well-being]]. It was recognized by the United Nation as an international human right in 1986.
== History ==
The right to development was debated for decades prior to its adoption as an international human right by the UN in 1986.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Meng |first=Wenting |title=Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9783838219073 |series=Ibidem |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=58-59}} Conceptual differences were impacted by Cold War political positions.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=59}} The right to development is now included in the mandate of several UN institutions and offices.
The right was first recognized in 1981 in Article 22 of the [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]] as a definitive individual and collective right. Article 22(122) provides that: "All peoples shall have the right to their economic, social and cultural development with due regard to their freedom and identity and in the equal enjoyment of the common heritage of mankind."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Umozurike|first=U. O.|date=1983|title=The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2202548|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=77|issue=4|pages=902–912|doi=10.2307/2202548|jstor=2202548 |s2cid=153133087 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref>▼
The UN's declaration was presaged by the 1974 [[New International Economic Order|Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order]] and in 1977 by a resolution of the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]].
The right to development was subsequently proclaimed by the [[United Nations]] in 1986 in the "Declaration on the Right to Development," which was adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] resolution 41/128.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sengupta|first=Arjun|date=2002|title=On the Theory and Practice of the Right to Development|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20069637|journal=Human Rights Quarterly|volume=24|issue=4|pages=837–889|doi=10.1353/hrq.2002.0054 |jstor=20069637 |s2cid=144506575 |issn=0275-0392}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sengupta|first=Arjun|date=2000|title=Realizing the Right to Development|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-7660.00167|journal=Development and Change|language=en|volume=31|issue=3|pages=553–578|doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00167|issn=1467-7660}}</ref> The vote took place on the 4th of December 1986. A total of 146 States voted for the resolution with only one State against it and 8 abstentions (against: the United States of America (which later approved similar declarations); abstaining: Denmark, Finland, the Federal Republic of Germany, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).<ref>https://undocs.org/A/41/PV.97 | page 49</ref> The declaration was preceded in 1974, by the [[New International Economic Order|Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order]] and in 1977 by a resolution of the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]].▼
▲The right to development was first recognized in 1981 in Article 22 of the [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]] as a definitive individual and collective right. Article 22(122) provides that: "All peoples shall have the right to their economic, social and cultural development with due regard to their freedom and identity and in the equal enjoyment of the common heritage of mankind."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Umozurike|first=U. O.|date=1983|title=The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2202548|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=77|issue=4|pages=902–912|doi=10.2307/2202548|jstor=2202548 |s2cid=153133087 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref>
=== United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development ===
▲The right to development was subsequently proclaimed by the [[United Nations]] in 1986 in the "Declaration on the Right to Development," which was adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] resolution 41/128.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sengupta|first=Arjun|date=2002|title=On the Theory and Practice of the Right to Development|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20069637|journal=Human Rights Quarterly|volume=24|issue=4|pages=837–889|doi=10.1353/hrq.2002.0054 |jstor=20069637 |s2cid=144506575 |issn=0275-0392}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sengupta|first=Arjun|date=2000|title=Realizing the Right to Development|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-7660.00167|journal=Development and Change|language=en|volume=31|issue=3|pages=553–578|doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00167|issn=1467-7660}}</ref> The vote took place on the 4th of December 1986. A total of 146 States voted for the resolution with
The text of the declaration was the result of significant compromises.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=59}} It contained ten short articles and ambiguous wording.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=59}}
The Preamble of the Declaration on the Right to Development states "development is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process, which aims at the constant improvement of the well-being of the entire population and of all individuals on the basis of their active, free and meaningful participation in development and in the fair distribution of benefits resulting therefrom."
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The 1993 [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]] states in Article 10 "The [[World Conference on Human Rights]] reaffirms the "right to development", as established in the Declaration on the Right to Development, as a universal and inalienable right and an integral part of fundamental human rights.
As stated in the Declaration on the Right to Development, the human person is the central subject of development. While development facilitates the enjoyment of all human rights, the lack of development may not be invoked to justify the abridgement of internationally recognized human rights. States should cooperate with each other in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development. The international community should promote an effective international cooperation for the realization of the right to development and the elimination of obstacles to development. Lasting progress towards the implementation of the right to development requires effective development policies at the national level, as well as equitable economic relations and a favorable economic environment at the international level."
China participated in the drafting of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, and its resolution on "the contribution of development to the enjoyment of all human rights" was adopted by the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]].<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=59}}
Having opposed the right to development in the 1986 Declaration, the United States changed its position and supported the right in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=59}}
===Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People===
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== Definition ==
The Right to development is fully recognized as a universal human right.
As recognized by article 1 of the 1986
==See also==
*[[Development studies]]
*[[Human rights and development]]
*[[Three generations of human rights]]
*[https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/DevelopmentIndex.aspx Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, right to development]
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