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Line 1: {{Short description\|Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Papua New Guinea}} {{Infobox language \|name=Kuman \|nativename= \|states=[[Papua New Guinea]] \|region=[[~~Simbu~~Chimbu Province]], from [[Kundiawa]] to beyond [[Kerowagi]] in the west and Gembogl in the north, at the foot of [[Mount Wilhelm]] \|speakers={{sigfig\|115,000\|2}} \|date=2000 census \|ref=~~e18~~e25 \|speakers2=L2: 70,000 (2021)<ref name=e25/> \|familycolor=Papuan \|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea]] Line 16 ⟶ 18: }} '''Kuman''' (also '''~~Simbu~~Chimbu''' or '''~~Chimbu~~Simbu''') is a language of [[~~Simbu~~Chimbu Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]]. In 1994, it was estimated that 80,000 people spoke Kuman, 10,000 of them [[monolingual]]s;<ref>{{~~Ethnologue15~~e15\|kue}}</ref> in the 2000 census, 115,000 were reported, with few monolinguals.<ref name=~~"e18"~~e25/> ''[[Ethnologue]]'' also reported 70,000 second language speakers in 2021.<ref name=e25/> ==Phonology== Like other Chimbu languages, Kuman has rather unusual [[lateral consonant]]s. Besides the typical {{IPA\|/l/}}, it has a "laterally released velar affricate" which is voiced medially and voiceless finally (and does not occur initially).<ref>Foley, 1986:63, ''The Papuan languages of New Guinea''</ref> Based on related languages, this is presumably {{IPA\|/k͡ʟ̝̊/}}, allophonically {{IPA\|[ɡ͡ʟ̝]}} (see [[voiceless velar lateral fricative]]). Like other [[Chimbu languages]], Kuman has rather unusual [[lateral consonant]]s. Besides the typical {{IPA\|/l/}}, it has a "laterally released velar affricate" which is voiced medially and voiceless finally (and does not occur initially).<ref>Foley, 1986:63, ''The Papuan languages of New Guinea''</ref> Based on related languages, this is presumably {{IPA\|/k͡𝼄/}}, allophonically {{IPA\|[ɡ͡ʟ̝]}} (see [[voiceless velar lateral fricative]]). === Consonants === {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" \| ![[Labial consonant\|Labial]] ![[Alveolar consonant\|Alveolar]] ![[Palatal consonant\|Palatal]] ![[Velar consonant\|Velar]] \|- ! rowspan="2" \|[[Plosive]] !<small>voiceless</small> \|{{IPA link\|p}} \|{{IPA link\|t}} \| \|{{IPA link\|k}} \|- !<small>prenasal/vd.</small> \|{{IPA link\|ᵐb}} ~ {{IPA link\|b}} \|{{IPA link\|ⁿd}} ~ {{IPA link\|d}} \| \|{{IPA link\|ᵑɡ}} ~ {{IPA link\|g}} \|- ! colspan="2" \|[[Nasal consonant\|Nasal]] \|{{IPA link\|m}} \|{{IPA link\|n}} \| \| \|- ! colspan="2" \|[[Fricative]] \| \|{{IPA link\|s}} \| \| \|- ! colspan="2" \|[[Tap and flap consonants\|Tap]] \| \|{{IPA link\|ɾ}} \| \| \|- ! colspan="2" \|[[Lateral consonant\|Lateral]] \| \|{{IPA link\|l}} \| \|{{IPA link\|ʟ}} \|- ! colspan="2" \|[[Semivowel]] \|{{IPA link\|w}} \| \|{{IPA link\|j}} \| \|} * Voiced plosives are usually prenasal, but may fluctuate in word-initial position as ordinary voiced stops {{IPA\|[b, d, ɡ]}}. * Voiceless stops {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} are always aspirated {{IPA\|[pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]}} in word-initial position. * {{IPA\|/ɾ/}} only occurs word-medially and word-finally. In word-final position it is heard as a trill {{IPAblink\|r}}. * {{IPA\|/s/}} can be pronounced as {{IPAblink\|s}}, {{IPAblink\|ᵗs}} in word-initial position. * {{IPA\|/w/}} can be pronounced as {{IPAblink\|β}} before front vowels {{IPA\|/i, e/}}. * {{IPA\|/ʟ/}} is heard as voiceless {{IPAblink\|ʟ̥}} or fricative {{IPAblink\|𝼄}}, when preceding a consonant. It is heard as a voiced fricative {{IPAblink\|ʟ̝}} when between vowels. It is also heard as an alveolar fricative {{IPAblink\|ɬ}} before an /s/.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Pfantz\|first=Daryl & Mary\|title=Kuman Language [Simbu Province]\|publisher=SIL\|year=2004\|location=Organized Phonological Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Piau\|first=Julie A.\|title=Verbal Syntax of Kuman.\|publisher=Australian National University: Canberra.\|year=1985}}</ref> === Vowels === {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ![[Front vowel\|Front]] ![[Central vowel\|Central]] ![[Back vowel\|Back]] \|- ![[High vowel\|High]] \|{{IPAlink\|i}} \| \|{{IPAlink\|u}} \|- ![[Mid vowel\|Mid]] \|{{IPAlink\|e}} \| \|{{IPAlink\|o}} \|- ![[Low vowel\|Low]] \| \|colspan="2"\|{{IPAlink\|a}} \|} * /a/ can be heard as either central {{IPAblink\|ä}} or back {{IPAblink\|ɑ}} in free variation. * /e/ is pronounced as {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} as a first vowel in a word. * /o/ is pronounced in its lax form as {{IPAblink\|ɔ}} before /ɾ/. ===Syllable patterns=== [[Syllable]] structure is (C)V(C). Any consonant can occur in [[Syllable onset\|onset]] position, but in [[Syllable coda\|coda]] position only /m/, /n/, /gɬ/, /l/ and /k/ can occur.<ref name="Trefry" /> ==Grammar== Line 24 ⟶ 115: {{Expand section\|date=December 2009}} ==Vocabulary== The following basic vocabulary words are from Salisbury (1956)<ref>Salisbury, R.F. 1956. The Siane Language of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. ''Anthropos'' 51:447-480.</ref> and Trefry (1969),<ref name="Trefry">{{Cite book\| title = A comparative study of Kuman and Pawaian\| last=Trefry \|first=D \| year=1969\|publisher=ANU Asia-Pacific Linguistics / Pacific Linguistics Press\|location=Canberra \|hdl=1885/146470}}</ref> as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://transnewguinea.org/language/kuman \|title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea \|last=Greenhill \|first=Simon \|date=2016 \|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> :{\| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Kuman \|- ! head \| bit-na; bɩtiɩno \|- ! hair \| iŋguno; yungo \|- ! ear \| kina-na; kunano \|- ! eye \| gumutino; ongomit-na \|- ! nose \| guma-ne; gumano \|- ! tooth \| siŋguno \|- ! tongue \| dirambino \|- ! leg \| kati; kat-na \|- ! louse \| numan \|- ! dog \| aʝg; agi; akɬ ̥ \|- ! pig \| bogla; bugɬa \|- ! bird \| kua \|- ! egg \| mugɬo; muɬo \|- ! blood \| borɔmai; bořumai; maiam \|- ! bone \| yambiřo; yombura \|- ! skin \| gaŋgino \|- ! breast \| amu-na; amuno \|- ! tree \| endi \|- ! man \| yagl; yakɬ ̥ \|- ! woman \| ambu \|- ! sun \| ande; andesuŋgua \|- ! moon \| ba \|- ! water \| nigl; nikɬ ̥ \|- ! fire \| baugl; doŋga \|- ! stone \| kombuglo; kombugɬo \|- ! road, path \| konbo; konumbo \|- ! name \| kaŋgin; kangi-ne \|- ! eat \| neuŋgua \|- ! one \| suařa \|- ! two \| suo \|} ==References== {{reflist}} ~~Hardie, Peter. 2003. ''Is Kuman Tonal? An account of basic segmental and tonological structure in the Papuan language Kuman''. MA thesis: Australian National University~~ ==~~External~~Further ~~links~~reading== Hardie, Peter. 2003. ''Is Kuman Tonal? An account of basic segmental and tonological structure in the Papuan language Kuman''. MA thesis: Australian National University {{WALS\|kmn\|Kuman}} <!-- Leave the ISO 639-3 as is. That's how WALS named it --> == External links == * [http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474523654/2_Kuman.pdf Kuman phonology and sample text] * [[Kaipuleohone]] has a [[Chimbu–Wahgi languages\|Chimbu-Wahgi]] collection from Andrea L. Berez that [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/29514 includes Kuman language materials] * A number of collections in [[Paradisec]] include [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/search?language_code=kue Kuman materials] {{Languages of Papua New Guinea}} {{Chimbu–Wahgi languages}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Languages of Simbu Province]] [[Category:Languages of Eastern Highlands Province]] [[Category:Chimbu–Wahgi languages]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]