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|speakers={{sigfig|115,000|2}}
|date=2000 census
|ref=e18e25
|speakers2=L2: 70,000 (2021)<ref name=e25/>
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea]]
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}}
 
'''Kuman''' (also '''Chimbu''' or '''Simbu''') is a language of [[Chimbu Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]]. In 1994, it was estimated that 80,000 people spoke Kuman, 10,000 of them [[monolingual]]s;<ref>{{Ethnologue15e15|kue}}</ref> in the 2000 census, 115,000 were reported, with few monolinguals.<ref name="e18"e25/> ''[[Ethnologue]]'' also reported 70,000 second language speakers in 2021.<ref name=e25/>
 
==Phonology==
Like other [[Chimbu languages]], Kuman has rather unusual [[lateral consonant]]s. Besides the typical {{IPA|/l/}}, it has a "laterally released velar affricate" which is voiced medially and voiceless finally (and does not occur initially).<ref>Foley, 1986:63, ''The Papuan languages of New Guinea''</ref> Based on related languages, this is presumably {{IPA|/k͡ʟ̝̊k͡𝼄/}}, allophonically {{IPA|[ɡ͡ʟ̝]}} (see [[voiceless velar lateral fricative]]).
 
=== Consonants ===
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* {{IPA|/s/}} can be pronounced as {{IPAblink|s}}, {{IPAblink|ᵗs}} in word-initial position.
* {{IPA|/w/}} can be pronounced as {{IPAblink|β}} before front vowels {{IPA|/i, e/}}.
* {{IPA|/ʟ/}} is heard as voiceless {{IPAblink|ʟ̥}} or fricative {{IPAblink|ʟ̝̊𝼄}}, when preceding a consonant. It is heard as a voiced fricative {{IPAblink|ʟ̝}} when between vowels. It is also heard as an alveolar fricative {{IPAblink|ɬ}} before an /s/.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pfantz|first=Daryl & Mary|title=Kuman Language [Simbu Province]|publisher=SIL|year=2004|location=Organized Phonological Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Piau|first=Julie A.|title=Verbal Syntax of Kuman.|publisher=Australian National University: Canberra.|year=1985}}</ref>
 
=== Vowels ===
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* /e/ is pronounced as {{IPAblink|ɛ}} as a first vowel in a word.
* /o/ is pronounced in its lax form as {{IPAblink|ɔ}} before /ɾ/.
 
===Syllable patterns===
[[Syllable]] structure is (C)V(C). Any consonant can occur in [[Syllable onset|onset]] position, but in [[Syllable coda|coda]] position only /m/, /n/, /gɬ/, /l/ and /k/ can occur.<ref name="Trefry" />
 
==Grammar==
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==Vocabulary==
The following basic vocabulary words are from Salisbury (1956)<ref>Salisbury, R.F. 1956. The Siane Language of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. ''Anthropos'' 51:447-480.</ref> and Trefry (1969),<ref> name="Trefry,">{{Cite D.book| 1969.title = ''A comparative study of Kuman and Pawaian''.| Canberra:last=Trefry |first=D | year=1969|publisher=ANU Asia-Pacific Linguistics. / Pacific Linguistics Press|location=Canberra |hdl=1885/146470}}</ref> as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/language/kuman |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016 |access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref>
 
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