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| image_caption = The suit of Spades from a French pack, ranking as in Triomphe
| Family = [[Trick-taking]]
| alt_names = Trump, Triumph, French
| type =
| players = 2 or 4
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| footnotes =
}}
'''Triomphe''' (French for triumph), once known as '''French
==Spanish rules==
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According to [[David Parlett]], the French game of Triomphe was known in England as '''Trump''' or '''French Ruff''', the latter name to distinguish it from the ancestor of Whist and Bridge, English Ruff.<ref>Parlett (2008), p. 106</ref>
The rules are only known from ''[[The Compleat Gamester]]'', first published in 1674, and reprinted more or less verbatim until 1754.<ref>Cotton (1674), pp. 121/122</ref><ref>Johnson (1754), pp. 214/215</ref> A [[French-suited pack]] is used. They describe a game for two players or two teams of two or three players-a-side. Players cut for the deal and the player cutting the highest or lowest card, as pre-agreed, deals 5 cards each in packets of 2 and 3, before turning the next as trumps. Cards rank in [[Écarté]] order: K Q
Players must follow suit or trump and overtrump if unable to follow; only discarding if unable to follow suit or trump
Gambiter assumes
==German rules==
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Aces are high and deuces are low. Each player takes a card from the deck; the lowest becomes the dealer. The dealer passes out nine cards to each player with the remaining cards forming the stock. The dealer exposes one card from the stock which will be the trump suit. If the dealer exposes an ace, he can exchange a worthless card for it. He can do the same with the remainder of the stock taking any trumps until he exposes a non-trump. The highest trump cards are fixed: the Ace of Hearts, the King of Diamonds, the Queen of Spades, and the Jack of Clubs.
The object of each hand is to capture cards with the most points. Aces are worth four, kings three, queens two, and jacks one; in total there should be 40 points. If a player achieves a slam (winning all the tricks), he will get 80 points. It was thus a [[point-trick game]], probably one of the earliest known.
==French rules==
Though Triomphe can be traced back to the 1480s in France,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dummett|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Dummett|title=Il Mondo e l'angelo|date=1993|publisher=Bibliopolis|location=Naples|pages=158–160}}</ref> the earliest surviving rules date to 1659. French Triomphe was played by four players divided into two partnerships with a 52-card deck.<ref>[[Charles Cotton|Cotton, Charles]], ''[[The Compleat Gamester]]'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=6-lYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA57
The object of each hand is to win at least three tricks. Winning three or four tricks awards one point while winning all five tricks is worth two points. The first team to get five points wins the game. The eldest to the right of the dealer sets the first trick's suit with the winner of each trick leading to the next one. All players must follow suit if possible. Trumps must be used if void of the trick's suit. If the next player is also void, then she must over-trump if possible. If void in suit and trumps, then any card can be played but won't win. Since there are only 20 cards in play, any attempt to cheat by [[revoke|revoking]] is easily caught and the culprit loses the game.
Since the 18th century, the game has been played with a 32-card [[stripped deck]].<ref>[https://
== Variants ==
Triomphe generated a number of variants including:
<!--* « soit au forçat ou plaisant lequel se jouë deux contre deux, ou trois chacun pour soy, ou seul à seul » (''La mort aux pipeurs'', 1608) ; au « forçat », il faut couper obligatoirement si l’on n’a pas de la couleur demandée ; au « plaisant », on n’est pas obligé. -->
* Triomphe de Toulouse: "one may not rob in this game"; the partners, sitting side by side may communicate with one another and choose, without speaking, which cards to play.<ref>D.L.M. (1654). La maison des jeux académique. 1st edn. Paris : Robert de Nain and Marin Leché. Picquet, Hoc, Guerre.</ref>
* [[Bête|Homme or Bête]]: a classic French game, where players bid to be the declarer, the "Man" or ''Homme'', and undertake to make 3 tricks. Any other player may "contre" this and double the game. The declarer, on winning, sweeps the pool; on losing, "makes the bête (''fait la bête''), i.e. doubles the pool. The rules are first described by Daniel Martin, ''Colloques ou devis françois'', Strasbourg, 1626 ; Id., ''Les Colloques françois & allemands'', Strasbourg, 1627, but also in ''La maison academique contenant les jeux'' de 1659 ; la Bête (under this name) was very successful in Europe, especially Germany (where it became ''Labetenspiel'', ''Kaufflabet'' or ''Contraspiel'', the game where one "contre'd".<ref>The "contre" is mentioned for the first time by [[Randle Cotgrave]], ''A dictionarie of the French and English tongues'' (Londres, 1611) : "Faire. […] Faire le contre. […] ''also, at a card-play to hold, or vndertake, the game, as well as another''. ".</ref>
* [[Homme d'Auvergne]], similar to Bête (rules also in ''La maison academique contenant les jeux'' de 1659).
* [[Lenturlu]] or [[Pamphile (card game)|Pamphile]], a variant that appeared in the mid-17th century; same rules as Triomphe (5 cards each), but the {{Clubs}}J (Pamphile) is the highest card; a 5-card flush is a ''Lenturlu'', which earns extra points; like basic Triomphe, the maker must take 3 tricks to win; in the [[Dutch Republic]], the game was called ''Lanterluy'', in [[Great Britain]], ''Lanterloo'' or ''Loo''; in northern Germany, Lenterlu, Lenterspiel or [[Bester Bube]].
* [[Mouche (card game)|Mouche]], Triomphe with stakes anted by each player to the pot (the ''mouche''), which the winner claims; rules l’''Encyclopédie'' ([http://enccre.academie-sciences.fr/encyclopedie/article/v10-2092-10/ voir])
* [[Bourre]] (à cinq): resembles Mouche closely, especially popular in the countryside in the 19th century.
== Footnotes ==
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== Bibliography ==
* [[Cotton, Charles]] (1674) [https://books.google.
* Johnson, Charles (1754). ''The Compleat Gamester''. 8th edn. London: J. Hodges.
* [[McLeod, John (card game researcher)|McLeod, John]] (2005). "Playing the Game: The Benelux Games of Trumps" in ''The Playing-Card'' 33 (2). October/December 2004. {{ISSN|0305-2133}} pp. 91 ff.
* [[Parlett, David]] (2008). ''The Penguin Book of Card Games'', Penguin, London. {{ISBN|978-0-141-03787-5}}
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