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{{short description|Union Navy admiral and United States Navy admiral}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Andrew Hull Foote
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|death_date= {{death date and age|1863|6|26|1806|9|12}}
|birth_place=[[New Haven, Connecticut]], U.S.
|death_place=[[New York City
|placeofburial=[[Grove Street Cemetery]],
|placeofburial_label=Place of burial
|image=Andrew H. Foote.jpg
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance=
|branch={{
|serviceyears= 1822–1863
|rank= [[File:USN Rear Admiral rank insignia.jpg|25px]] [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear admiral]]
|commands={{USS|Perry|1843|6}}<br>{{USS|Portsmouth|1843|6}}<br>[[Mississippi River Squadron|Western Gunboat Flotilla]]
|unit=
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|awards=[[Thanks of Congress]]
|laterwork=
|signature = Signature of Andrew Hull Foote (1806–1863).png
}}
'''Andrew Hull Foote''' (September 12, 1806 – June 26, 1863) was an American naval officer who was noted for his service in the [[American Civil War]] and also for his contributions to several naval reforms in the years prior to the war. When the war came, he was appointed to command of the Western Gunboat Flotilla, predecessor of the [[Mississippi River Squadron]]. In that position, he led the gunboats in the [[Battle of Fort Henry]]. For his services with the Western Gunboat Flotilla, Foote was among the first naval officers to be promoted to the then-new rank of [[rear admiral]].{{efn|Three others were nominated at the same time as Foote but stood higher on the list submitted to Congress: David G. Farragut, Samuel Francis Du Pont, and Louis M. Goldsborough.}}
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==Antebellum naval service==
Between 1822 and 1843, Foote saw service in the [[Caribbean]], Pacific, and [[Mediterranean]], African Coast and at the [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard|Philadelphia Navy Yard]]. He first began as a midshipman on {{USS|Grampus|1821|6}}. In 1830, he was commissioned a lieutenant, and was stationed in the Mediterranean.<ref name="D"/> In 1837, Foote circumnavigated the globe in {{USS|John Adams|1799|6}}. After serving on sea, Foote was put in charge of the [[Philadelphia Naval Asylum]]. After serving on land he went back to sea, and organized a Temperance Society aboard {{USS|Cumberland|1842|6}}.<ref name="D"/> This group developed into a movement that resulted in ending the policy of supplying [[grog]] to U.S. Naval personnel.<ref name=C>[[#hoppin|Hoppin, 1874]], pp. 58–59</ref>
[[File:Africa and the American Flag.jpg|200px|left|thumb|
From 1849 to 1851, Foote commanded {{USS|Perry|1843|6}}, cruising the waters off the African coast. He was active in suppressing the [[African slave trade|slave trade]] there.<ref name=D>[[#davenport|Davenport & Scudder, 1919]], pp. 86–88</ref> This experience persuaded him to support the cause of [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolition]], and in 1854, he published a 390
Foote was promoted to Commander in 1856, and took command of {{USS|Portsmouth|1843|6}} in the [[East India Squadron]]. With this command, Foote was assigned the mission of observing British operations against [[Guangzhou|Canton, China]], during the [[Second Opium War]]. This eventually resulted in his being attacked from Chinese shore batteries.<ref name="D"/> Foote led a landing party that [[Battle of the Pearl River Forts|seized the barrier forts]] along the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] in reprisal for the attack.<ref name=E>[[#hoppin|Hoppin, 1874]], p. 122</ref> This led to a short occupation by the U.S. Navy of Chinese territory.<ref name="D"/>
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Foote returned to the Continental United States in 1858, and took command of the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]], in [[Brooklyn, New York]], a post he held until the outbreak of the hostilities of the Civil War.<ref name="D"/>
As the Civil
==Civil War and death==
[[File:Letter from Foote to children Aug 1861 page 1.jpg|thumb|
[[File:Letter from Foote to his children Aug 1861 page 2.jpg|thumb|
[[File:Union Army ironclads in 1862 action detail, from- "Bombardment of Island 'Number Ten' In the Mississippi River." (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Union Army [[Ironclad warship|ironclads]] in 1862 action in art,
When the [[American Civil War]] began in 1861, Foote was in command of the [[New York Navy Yard]]. On June 29, 1861, Foote was promoted to [[Captain (United States O-6)|captain]]. From 1861 to 1862, Foote commanded the [[Mississippi River Squadron]] with distinction, organizing and leading the gunboat flotilla in many of the early battles of the [[Western Theater of the American Civil War]]. Even though Foote was an officer in the United States Navy, the Western Flotilla was under the jurisdiction of the Union Army. In early February 1862, now holding the rank of [[flag officer]] (equivalent to the modern [[Commodore (United States)|commodore]]), he cooperated with General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] against [[Battle of Fort Henry|Fort Henry]] on the [[Tennessee River]]. Despite heavy damage to one of the gunboats, Foote was able to quickly subdue the fort. When the Confederate garrison commander, Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, sent out a flag of truce asking the terms of surrender, Foote sent back a blunt reply, “No sir, your surrender will be unconditional!”<ref>{{cite web |title=Ulysses S. Grant: The Myth of 'Unconditional Surrender' Begins at Fort Donelson |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/ulysses-s-grant-myth-unconditional-surrender-begins-fort-donelson
Several days later Grant, with three divisions, and Foote with his fleet of ironclads, along with the assistance of Captain [[Seth Ledyard Phelps]] and his fleet of [[timberclad warship]]s, moved against [[Fort Donelson]] on the [[Cumberland River]]. Hoping for a repeat of the success at Fort Henry, General Grant urged Foote to attack the fort's river batteries. Fort Donelson's guns, however, were better-placed than Fort Henry's were. Three of Foote's gunboats were damaged including the [[flagship]], [[USS Baron DeKalb (1861)|USS ''St. Louis'']]. Foote himself received a wound in his foot.<ref>Smith, 2001, pp. 138–142</ref> For his service at Forts Henry and Donelson, Foote received the [[Thanks of Congress]]. After repairing his flotilla, Foote joined with General [[John Pope (military officer)|John Pope]] in a campaign against [[Battle of Island Number Ten|Island Number Ten]] on the [[Mississippi River]]. In July 1862 Foote received a second [[Thanks of Congress]], this time for the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Island Number Ten.<ref>[[#eicher|Eicher, 2002]] p. 238</ref>
[[File:Commodore_Andrew_H._Foote_-_NARA_-_528017_(cropped).tif|alt=|right|328x328px]]
Later in 1862, Foote was promoted to [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]].<ref name="D" /> In 1863, on his way to take command of the [[South Atlantic Blockading Squadron]], he suddenly died, struck down by [[Bright's disease]]. His untimely death in New York shocked the nation.<ref name="G">[[#hoppin|Hoppin, 1874]], p. 379</ref> He was interred at [[Grove Street Cemetery]] in [[New Haven]].<ref name="H">Crofut's p. 592</ref>
==Namesakes==
Three ships were named [[USS Foote|USS ''Foote'']] for him. Civil War [[Fort Foote]] on the Potomac,<ref name=F>[[#hoppin|Hoppin, 1874]], p. 209</ref> now a
Foote Street NE (and Foote Place) in Washington, DC is named for him, part of a series of streets named for Civil War generals.
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==External links==
{{commons category|Andrew Hull Foote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040229100801/http://history.navy.mil/danfs/f3/foote-iii.htm history.navy.mil: DANFS biography of Andrew Foote]
* {{find a Grave|6942807}}
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[[Category:People of Connecticut in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Burials at Grove Street Cemetery]]
[[Category:Abolitionists from Connecticut]]
[[Category:American naval historians]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
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[[Category:Foote family]]
[[Category:Historians from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Deaths from nephritis]]
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