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Line 1: '''Being-in-itself''' is the self-contained and fully realized [[~~Being~~being]] of objects. It is a term used in early 20th century [[continental philosophy]], especially in the works of [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], and the [[existentialism\|existentialists]]. ==Being-in-itself for Heidegger== {{Main\|Heideggerian terminology}} In the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, Being-in-itself is contrasted with the being of persons, which he terms [[Dasein]]. {{Harv\|Heidegger\|1962\|p=H.27}} "Dasein means: care of the Being of beings as such that is ecstatically disclosed in care, not only of human Being...Dasein is ''itself'' by virtue of its essential ''relation to'' Being in general." {{Harv\|Heidegger \|2000\|p=H.31}} ~~Fortunately,~~ Heidegger recognized the dangers inherent to talking about Being in general and particular beings, and thus devoted space in ''[[Being and Time]]'' and the ''Introduction to Metaphysics'' to an explication of the differences; often noted by translators who distinguish Being (Sein), from ''a'' being (das Seiende). His attention to the complication is helpful for those who are looking for detailed explanation, but rarely clears the air of confusions. Dasein is Being that is aware of, and interested in, its own Being. Dasein is, by its nature, invested in social interaction and society. This is because in Heidegger's metaphysical system, one of the most fundamental ways to understand Being is through relationships. All things stand in a relation to all other things -— and by virtue of his stress on Dasein's [[ontological]] distinction, things may also stand in relation to Dasein. {{Harv\|Heidegger\|1962\|p=H.78}} The argument for this claim draws heavily on [[Hegel\|Hegel's]] great work, the ''[[Phenomenology of Spirit]]''. Essentially, Being in itself is one of Heidegger's main concerns throughout his authorship. Despite Heidegger's interest in it, he returns — more often than not indirectly — to the subject by interrogating other concepts that simply ''invoke'' Being without explicitly acknowledging it. In other words, whereas Heidegger calls the being of persons 'Dasein', he determines 'Being in itself' to be at the same time the most vague and general concept possible to contemplate, but also the topic of greatest interest to him as a [[philosopher]]. ==Being-in-itself for Sartre==<!-- This section is linked from [[Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology]] --> Being-in-itself refers to objects in the external world -— a mode of existence that simply is. It is not conscious so it is neither active nor passive, and harbors no potentiality for transcendence. This mode of being is relevant to inanimate objects, but not to humans, who Sartre says must always make a choice.<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/works/exist/sartre.htm "Existentialism Is a Humanism", Lecture by J.P. Sartre, 1946.]</ref>▼ In Sartrean existentialism, being-in-itself (''être-en-soi'') is also contrasted with the being of persons, which he describes as a combination of, or vacillation or tension between, [[being for itself\|being-for-itself]] (''être-pour-soi'') and [[being for others\|being-for-others]] (''I'être-pour-autrui''). {{Citation needed\|date=February 2007}} Sartre depicted a man in a café who has applied himself to a portrayal of his role as a waiter. The waiter thinks of himself as being a waiter (as in being-in-itself), which Sartre says is impossible since he cannot be a waiter in the sense that an inkwell is an inkwell. He is primarily a man (being-for-itself), just one who happens to be functioning as a waiter – with no fixed nature or essence, who is constantly recreating himself. He is guilty of focusing on himself as being-in-itself and not being-for-itself. Sartre would say that as a human, a being-for-itself by nature, the waiter is "a being that is not what it is and it is what it is not." Therefore, the waiter who acts as if he is at his very core a waiter "is not what [he] is"- which is to say, he is not solely a waiter- and "is what [he] is not"- meaning that he is many things other than a waiter. In simply playing the part of a waiter, the man in this example is reducing himself to a "being-in-itself" and is therefore in [[Bad faith (existentialism)\|bad faith]]. ▲Being-in-itself refers to objects in the external world - a mode of existence that simply is. It is not conscious so is neither active nor passive, and harbors no potentiality for transcendence. ==See also==▼ One of the problems of human existence for Sartre is the desire to attain being-in-itself, which he describes as the desire to be [[God]] - this is a longing for full control over one's destiny and for absolute identity, only attainable by achieving full control over the destiny of all existence. The desire to be God is one of the ways people fall into [[Bad faith (existentialism)\|bad faith]]. {{Citation needed\|date=February 2007}} Sartre's famous depiction of a man in a café who has applied himself to a portrayal of his role as a waiter illustrates this. The waiter thinks of himself as being a waiter (as in being-in-itself), which Sartre says is impossible since he cannot be a waiter in the sense that an inkwell is an inkwell. He is primarily a man (being-for-itself), just one who happens to be functioning as a waiter – with no fixed nature or essence, who is constantly recreating himself. He is guilty of focusing on himself as being-in-itself and not being-for-itself. He becomes a "man for others," instead of being true to his own freedom, thus acting in bad faith. {{Columns-list\|colwidth=30em\| * [[20th -century philosophy]]▼ * [[~~Phenomenology~~Authenticity (philosophy)\|~~Phenomenology~~Authenticity]]▼ * [[Bad faith (existentialism)\|Bad faith]] * [[Existence]]▼ * [[Existentialism]]▼ * [[Hegelianism]] * [[Noumenon]] * [[Phenomenology (philosophy)\|Phenomenology]] * [[Role engulfment]] }} ==Notes== ~~{{Expand section\|date=May 2008}}~~ {{Reflist}} ==References== ==Referrname=Heidegger\| given=Martin \| title=Introduction to Metaphysics \| publisher=Yale University Press\| year=2000 \| ISBN=0-30-008328-9 }}▼ * {{Citation \| surname=Heidegger\| given=Martin \| title=Being and Time \| publisher=The Camelot Press\| year=1962 }}. ~~</div>~~ ▲~~==Referrname~~* {{Citation \| surname=Heidegger\| given=Martin \| title=Introduction to Metaphysics \| publisher=Yale University Press\| year=2000 \| ISBN=0-30300-~~008328~~08328-9 }} ==Further reading== ''Essays in Existentialism'' by Jean-Paul Sartre ''Existentialism is a Humanism'' by Jean-Paul Sartre ''The Ethics of Ambiguity'' by Simone de Beauvoir ▲==See also== ▲[[Existence]] ▲[[Existentialism]] ▲[[Phenomenology (philosophy)\|Phenomenology]] ▲*[[20th century philosophy]] {{Continental philosophy}} ~~{{Portal\|Philosophy}}~~ {{Existentialism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Being In Itself}} [[Category:~~Existentialism~~Existentialist concepts]] [[Category:Phenomenology]] [[Category:Ontology]] [[Category:Jean-Paul Sartre]] [[Category:Martin Heidegger]]