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چکیده: In order to improve the performance of normalized subband adaptive filter algorithm (NSAF) for identifying the block-sparse (BS) systems, this paper introduces the novel adaptive algorithm which is called BSNSAF. In the following, an improved multiband structured subband adaptive filter (IMSAF) algorithms for BS system identification is also proposed. The BS-IMSAF has faster convergence speed than BS-NSAF. Since the computational complexity of BS-IMSAF is high, the selective regressor (SR) and dynamic selection (DS) approaches are utilized and BS-SR-IMSAF and BS-DS-IMSAF are introduced. Furthermore, the theoretical steady-state performance analysis of the presented algorithms is studied. All algorithms are established based on the 𝐿2,0-norm constraint to the proposed cost function and the method of Lagrange multipliers is used to optimize the cost function. The good performance of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated through several simulation results in the system identification setup. The algorithms are justified and compared in various scenarios and optimum values of the parameters are obtained. Also, the computational complexity of different algorithms are studied. In addition, the theoretical steady state values of mean square error (MSE) values are compared with simulation values. The BS-NSAF algorithm has better performance than NSAF for BS system identification. The BSIMSAF algorithm has better convergence speed than BS-NSAF. To reduce the computational complexity, the BS-SR-IMSAF and BS-DSR-IMSAF

چکیده:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic steatohepatitis disorder. If left untreated, it can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. Several studies have shown that saroglitazar, a PPARα/γ dual agonist, and curcumin (the principal constituent of turmeric) may be effective in the treatment of NAFLD. This research aimed to study the pharmacological mechanism of these compounds in rats with NAFLD.

NAFLD was induced in male Wistar rats (aged 6–8 weeks) by feeding them a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks. Subsequently, the rats were divided into four groups, with Group 1 continuing on HFD, while groups 2, 3, and 4 received HFD supplemented with saroglitazar, curcumin, and both saroglitazar and curcumin, respectively. We evaluated the expression of Nrf2, ERK1/2, NOX1,2,4, antioxidant enzymes, PPARα, γ, and genes regulating lipid metabolism in the liver. Histopathology of liver tissue was also examined. Furthermore, we analyzed serum levels of lipid profiles and hepatic enzymes.

Rats with NAFLD that received treatment involving saroglitazar and curcumin showed a significant decrease in the expression of ERK1/2, SREBP1, PPARγ, pro-inflammatory cytokines, NOXs, and ROS levels. Additionally, the levels of Nrf2, PPARα, and antioxidant enzymes showed a significant increase. The serum levels of lipid profiles and hepatic enzymes also decreased significantly after drug treatment.

Our results confirm that both saroglitazar and curcumin ameliorate NAFLD by regulating the Nrf2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. These findings suggest that curcumin could serve as a suitable substitute for saroglitazar, although they appear to have a synergistic effect.

چکیده:

Thiazolidinones are heterocyclic organic medicines and the antifungal, antibacterial, and antiproliferative effects were shown in the studies. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible negative effects of (4S)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in zebrafish testicular tissue on an ultrastructural level. Experimental groups were exposed to different doses (0.2mM, 0.4mM, and 0.6mM) of thiazolidinone for 5 days. Further, no treatment was given to the control group. The testicular tissues were fixed and embedded in epoxy resin. The pathological sections were evaluated with transmission electron microscope. The sertoli, leydig, and spermatogenic cells of the control group showed intact morphology. In experimental groups, mitochondrial swelling, intense cristae loss, and autophagic vacuoles were observed in the Sertoli cells. Dilated perinuclear space, mitochondrial degeneration, and dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) were detected in spermatocytes. The spermatids showed separation between genetic material and nuclear membrane. The condensation of genetic material was irregular. Mitochondrial degeneration and dilatation of sER tubules were detected. The Leydig cells showed perinuclear space dilatation, mitochondria degeneration, and dilatation in sER tubules. Our findings suggest that thiazolidinone has degenerative effects on zebrafish testis and this chemical should be carefully used in the pharmaceutical industry.

چکیده:

The quick and advancing prevalence of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 produced a global crisis surge with a profound impact on human health and worldwide economic constancy. The virus is known as one strain of coronavirus, which causes the respiratory infection responsible for the current pandemic of COVID-19. The virus spike protein has a high binding affinity to human ACE2, depending on crystallization analysis and biochemical interaction studies. Studies consistently reveal that rs2285666, a polymorphism found in ACE2, diverse significantly between Europeans and Asians, changing ACE2 expression. The alternating allele TT of rs2285666 SNP increased gene expression to 50%; thus, it may have a role in SARS-COV-2 infection vulnerability. This study aimed to investigate rs2285666 SNP association with SARS-CoV2 infection as a first report in the Iraqi population. Fifty (20 Male/30 Female) Covid-19 patients with severe symptoms with mean age (of 41.5±10.7) and 50 (20 Male/30 Female) healthy people as a control group with mean age (of 41.5±10.7) were included in this study. Sample of a patient tested as a mutant genotype (TT) by RFLP assay. The results reveal a MAF value of 0.3 for this gene in Iraqi samples, more than Europeans (0.2) and less than East Asians (0.55). The codominant model had significant OR of both alleles CT and TT (OR=4.26 & 6.7; P-value=0.012 & 0.023 respectively). In conclusion, there is an association between increased severity of SARS-Cov-2 infection and rs2285666 polymorphism of the codominant genotype model of the Iraqi population. However, several other factors may affect disease severity, such as ethnic group differences, sex, comorbidity, virus strain, and others.

چکیده: In this research article, we report the preparation of from melamine-terephthalaldehyde supported Copper-1,2,4,5-tetrabenzenecarboxylic acid (COF-MOF) as a porous acidic catalyst for the one-pot preparation of 1,8-Dioxooctahydroxanthenes. As a new methodology, this strategy offers several advantages including green reaction conditions, high yield of the products, short reaction time, facile work-up, and recyclability of the catalyst.

چکیده:

The anti-cancer properties of fermented Wheat Germ Extract (FWGE) have been proven due to the active ingredient benzoquinones, especially 2, 6-dimethoxybenzoquinone (2, 6-DMBQ).  In this research, the development of the FWGE production process with a higher content of 2, 6-DMBQ with respect to the bench-scale was considered and simulated by SuperPro Designer (SPD) software. To evaluate the effect of wheat germ granulation, the fermentation process was performed in 250 mL and 2-liter shake flasks and 3.6- and 13-liter bioreactors. Then, the possibility of yeast complete separation in the final product was investigated by combining centrifugation in 3000 g and pressure filtration with linen, polyester, polypropylene, and cellulose membranes. A comparison of the dryer type effect including oven, spray dryer, freeze dryer, and rotary vacuum dryer in terms of drying time and final moisture content of FWGE showed that the spray dryer gives the product with the least humidity 5 (w/w)% in the lowest time 15 min. Examination of the effect of granulation also showed that at higher scales, non-granulated wheat germ produces more 2,6-DMBQ. Yeast complete removal from the final product was achieved using initial centrifugation at 3000 g and then a filter press with a combination of polypropylene membranes 8-10 µm, polyester 5 µm, and a polymer membrane 1-2 µm. Finally, the production process on scales of 10, 100, and 1000 liters was simulated by SPD software. On the basis of investment cost, the return rate of investment (ROI) equaled 4, 1.9, and 0.4 years on scales of 10, 100, and 1000 liters, respectively. These results showed that the scale-up of the FWGE production process significantly decreases the ROI and can be considered a high-value-added production line at higher scales.

چکیده: A continuous-flow synthetic platform utilizing a microchannel reactor was developed here to realize the gram-to-kilogram scale-up synthesis of 2,2’-diallylbisphenol A (DABPA) via thermal Claisen rearrangement with high efficiency and safety. The optimal reaction temperature of this thermal rearrangement was confirmed firstly by differential scanning calorimetry and then the classical batch synthesis was carried out to find that large quantities of reaction heat were accumulated, which not only promoted the formation of many by-products but also would bring various uncontrollable risks such as bumping. Thus a simple continuous flow synthetic platform was constructed which employed a microchannel as the reactor. The optimal working temperature of this reactor and the flow velocity of the reactant were screened and established. Compared with the conventional batch method, the utilizing of a flow reactor avoided a large amount of reactant staying in the reaction mixture and minimized the accumulation of reaction heat, which not only enhanced the safety of the reaction process but also prevented the formation of many by-products, delivering a practical strategy for the scale-up synthesis of DABPA.

چکیده:

The establishment of an approach for detecting the anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-receptor-binding domain (RBD) neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) by a safe, easy, and rapid technique without requiring the use of live viruses is essential for facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Depending on competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology, the current study assay was designed to simulate the virus-host interaction using purified SARS-COV-2-RBD from the spike protein and the host cell receptor human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein. The performance of this in-house neutralizing ELISA assay was validated using freshly prepared standards with different known concentrations of the assay. In this regard, a cohort of 50 serum samples from convalescent COVID-19 individuals with different disease severity at different time points post-recovery and a cohort of 50 serum samples from healthy individuals were processed by the in-house developed assay for detecting SARS-CoV-2 nAbs, in comparison with a commercial total anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assay as a gold standard. The assay obtained a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI: 75.69-95.47) and a specificity of 92% (95% CI: 80.77- 97.78%). A negative strong correlation was demonstrated in the standard curve between the optical density absorbance and log concentration of the nAbs with a statistical measure of r2 (coefficient of determination) = 0.9539. The SARS-COV-2-RBD neutralizing ELISA assay serves as a high throughput qualitative and quantitative tool that can be applied in most laboratory settings without special biosafety requirements to detect anti-RBD nAbs for seroprevalence, pre-clinical, and clinical evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines efficiency and the rapid selection of convalescent plasma donors for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.

چکیده: Reaction of 2, 3- dichlroquinoxaline with hydrazine in methanol at room temperature gave 1-(2-chloroquinoxalin-3-yl) hydrazine and after 24 hours. Condensation of 1-(2-chloroquinoxalin-3-yl) hydrazine with ethylorthoesters on their boiling carboxylic acids for 8 hours afforded a group of 4-Chloro- [1,2,4] triazolo[4, 3- a]quinoxaline derivatives. Stirring of 4-Chloro- [1,2,4]triazolo[4, 3- a]quinoxaline derivatives with amines for 2 hours in ethanol at room temperature afforded a group of 4-Amino- [1,2,4]triazolo[4, 3-a]quinoxaline derivatives. Solvent effect of methanol and chloroform on this reaction and the spectral data is discussed.

چکیده:

Although almost three years have passed since the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19), this unprecedented situation is still not under control. Since COVID-19 has the potential to harm the human body, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the outbreak of post-traumatic stress disturbance (PTSD) during the COVID-19 epidemic. We used the search strategy of “novel coronavirus” OR “2019 novel coronavirus” OR “novel coronavirus pneumonia” OR “new coronavirus” OR “coronavirus disease 2019” OR “SARS2” OR “2019-n CoV” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “COVID-19” AND “PTSD” OR “PTS” OR “post-traumatic stress” OR “mental disorders”. The exclusion criteria included: a) articles that were not in English or Persian language; b) articles whose full text was not available, c) articles that did not report the prevalence of PTSD, d) articles that were not specific to COVID-19 or included other diseases, e) duplicate publications; f) reviews, abstracts, case reports, case series, and g) studies with target groups other than healthcare workers (HCWs), patients with COVID-19 and general population. After reviewing the articles and checking the exclusion criteria, the full text of 27 articles was reviewed. The studies showed the prevalence of PTSD in the HCW, general population and COVID-19 patients varied from the lowest to the highest as 3.8% to 56.6%, 4.6% to 67.09% and 5.61% to 96.2%, respectively. Given the prevalence of PTSD associated to COVID-19 in the investigated groups, it is recommended to design and implement educational and interventional programs to manage stress and deal with stressful situations such as epidemics.