ARM (processorarkitektur)
For alternative betydninger, se arm (flertydig). (Se også artikler, som begynder med arm)
ARM, tidligere Advanced RISC Machines og endnu tidligere Acorn RISC Machine, er en RISC-mikroprocessorarkitektur. ARM-arkitekturen er den mest anvendte 32-bit-arkitektur efter antal producerede enheder.
ARM-processoren var en af de første RISC-processorer og var fra starten kraftfuld; det var muligt at udføre en instruktion for hver anden klokcyklus. ARM-processoren har en særlig "ren" RISC-implementation og den anses for at være en af de mest elegante moderne mikroprocessorer. Den bliver anvendt i de udbredte ARM mikrocontrollere.
En af meddesignerne af ARM-arkitekturen er Steve Furber, som har fået en Britisk ærestitel. [1]
ARM1 og ARM2 var og er sikkert de mindste CPUer med 32 bit databus der findes. De blev udviklet i perioden 1984-1987. ARM1 og ARM2 har kun hhv. 25.000 og 30.000 transistorer,[2] hvilket er medvirkende til det særligt lave energiforbrug. Motorolas ældre 16/32-bit-processor 68000 har til sammenligning 68.000 transistorer.
ARM2 blev anvendt i Acorn Archimedes PCen, som kunne købes fra 1987.[2]
Intels xScale anvender ARM-arkitekturen.
ARM-kerner
[redigér | rediger kildetekst]Arkitekturer
[redigér | rediger kildetekst]| Arkitektur | Familie |
|---|---|
| ARMv1 | ARM1 |
| ARMv2 | ARM2, ARM3 |
| ARMv3 | ARM6, ARM7 |
| ARMv4 | StrongARM, ARM7TDMI, ARM9TDMI |
| ARMv5 | ARM7EJ, ARM9E, ARM10E, XScale |
| ARMv6 | ARM11, ARM Cortex-M |
| ARMv7 | ARM Cortex-A (fx Cortex-A9, Cortex-A15), ARM Cortex-M, ARM Cortex-R |
| ARMv8-R | Cortex-R__ (32 bit)[3][4] |
| ARMv8-A | Cortex-A53, Cortex-A57 (64 bit)[5] |
Familier
[redigér | rediger kildetekst]| Familie | Arkitektur version | Kerne | Egenskaber | Cache (I/D)/MMU | Typisk MIPS @ MHz | Anvendelser |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARM1 | ARMv1 | ARM1 | Ingen | ARM Evaluation System anden processor til BBC Micro | ||
| ARM2 | ARMv2 | ARM2 | Arkitektur 2 tilføjet MUL (multiplikation) instruktioner | Ingen | 4 MIPS @ 8 MHz 0,33 DMIPS/MHz |
Acorn Archimedes, Chessmachine |
| ARMv2a | ARM250 | Integreret MEMC (MMU), Grafik and IO processor. Arkitektur 2a tilføjet SWP og SWPB (swap) instruktioner. | Ingen, MEMC1a | 7 MIPS @ 12 MHz | Acorn Archimedes | |
| ARM3 | ARMv2a | ARM2a | Første anvendelse af en processor cache i ARM. | 4K samlet | 12 MIPS @ 25 MHz 0,50 DMIPS/MHz |
Acorn Archimedes |
| ARM6 | ARMv3 | ARM60 | v3 arkitektur første til at understøtte 32 bits hukommelsesadressering (tidligere 26 bits) | Ingen | 10 MIPS @ 12 MHz | 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, Zarlink GPS Receiver |
| ARM600 | Cache og coprocessor bus (til FPA10 floating-point unit). | 4K samlet | 28 MIPS @ 33 MHz | |||
| ARM610 | Cache, ingen coprocessor bus. | 4K samlet | 17 MIPS @ 20 MHz 0,65 DMIPS/MHz |
Acorn Risc PC 600, Apple Newton 100 series | ||
| ARM7 | ARMv3 | ARM700 | 8KB samlet | 40 MHz | Acorn Risc PC prototype CPU kort | |
| ARM710 | 8KB samlet | 40 MHz | Acorn Risc PC 700 | |||
| ARM710a | 8KB samlet | 40 MHz 0,68 DMIPS/MHz |
Acorn Risc PC 700, Apple eMate 300 | |||
| ARM7100 | Integreret SoC. | 8KB samlet | 18 MHz | Psion Series 5 | ||
| ARM7500 | Integreret SoC. | 4KB samlet | 40 MHz | Acorn A7000 | ||
| ARM7500FE | Integreret SoC. "FE" Tilføjet FPA og EDO hukommelseskontroller. | 4KB samlet | 56 MHz 0,73 DMIPS/MHz |
Acorn A7000+ | ||
| ARM7TDMI | ARMv4T | ARM7TDMI(-S) | 3-trins pipeline, Thumb-instruktioner[6] | none | 15 MIPS @ 16,8 MHz | Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, iPod, Lego NXT |
| ARM710T | 8KB samlet, MMU | 36 MIPS @ 40 MHz | Psion Series 5mx | |||
| ARM720T | 8KB samlet, MMU | 60 MIPS @ 59,8 MHz | Zipit Wireless Messenger | |||
| ARM740T | MPU | |||||
| ARMv5TEJ | ARM7EJ-S | Jazelle DBX, Forbedret DSP instruktioner, 5-trins pipeline | Ingen | |||
| StrongARM | ARMv4 | SA-110 | 16KB/16KB, MMU | 203 MHz 1,0 DMIPS/MHz |
Apple Newton 2x00 serie, Acorn Risc PC, Rebel/Corel Netwinder, Chalice CATS, Psion Netbook | |
| SA-1110 | 16KB/16KB, MMU | 233 MHz | LART, Intel Assabet, Ipaq H36x0, Balloon2, Zaurus SL-5x00 | |||
| ARM8 | ARMv4 | ARM810 | 5-trins pipeline, static branch prediction, double-bandwidth memory | 8 KB samlet, MMU | 84 MIPS @ 72 MHz 0,85 DMIPS/MHz |
Acorn Risc PC prototype CPU card |
| ARM9TDMI | ARMv4T | ARM9TDMI | 5-trins pipeline | Ingen | ||
| ARM920T | 16KB/16KB, MMU | 200 MIPS @ 180 MHz | Armadillo, GP32,GP2X (first core), Tapwave Zodiac (Motorola i. MX1), Hewlet Packard HP-49/50 lommeregnere, Sun SPOT, Samsung s3c2442 (HTC TyTN, FIC Neo1973[7]) | |||
| ARM922T | 8KB/8KB, MMU | |||||
| ARM940T | 4KB/4KB, MPU | GP2X (anden kerne) | ||||
| ARM9E | ARMv5TE | ARM946E-S | Forbedrede DSP instruktioner | variable, tightly coupled memories, MPU | Nintendo DS, Nokia N-Gage, Conexant 802.11 chips | |
| ARM966E-S | Ingen cache, TCMs |
ST Micro STR91xF, inkluderer Ethernet [8] | ||||
| ARM968E-S | Ingen cache, TCMs | |||||
| ARMv5TEJ | ARM926EJ-S | Jazelle DBX, Forbedret DSP instruktioner | variable, TCMs, MMU | 220 MIPS @ 200 MHz, | Mobiltelefoner: Sony Ericsson (K, W serie), Siemens og Benq (x65 serie og nyere), Texas Instruments OMAP1710, Qualcomm MSM6100, MSM6125, MSM6225, MSM6245, MSM6250, MSM6255A, MSM6260, MSM6275, MSM6280, MSM6300, MSM6500, MSM6800 | |
| ARMv5TE | ARM996HS[9][10][11] | Processor uden taktgiver, Forbedrede DSP instruktioner | Ingen cache, TCMs, MPU | |||
| ARM10E | ARMv5TE | ARM1020E | (VFP), 6-trins pipeline, Forbedrede DSP instruktioner | 32KB/32KB, MMU | ||
| ARM1022E | (VFP) | 16KB/16KB, MMU | ||||
| ARMv5TEJ | ARM1026EJ-S | Jazelle DBX, Forbedrede DSP instruktioner | variable, MMU or MPU | |||
| XScale | ARMv5TE | 80200/IOP310/IOP315 | I/O Processor, Forbedrede DSP instruktioner | |||
| 80219 | 400/600 MHz | Thecus N2100 | ||||
| IOP321 | 600 BogoMips @ 600 MHz | Iyonix | ||||
| IOP33x | ||||||
| IOP34x | 1-2 core, RAID Acceleration | 32K/32K L1, 512K L2, MMU | ||||
| PXA210/PXA250 | Applikationsprocessor, 7-trins pipeline | Zaurus SL-5600, iPAQ H3900 | ||||
| PXA255 | 32KB/32KB, MMU | 400 BogoMips @ 400 MHz | Gumstix, Palm Tungsten E2,Mentor Ranger & Stryder | |||
| PXA26x | Standard 400 MHz, op til 624 MHz | Palm Tungsten T3 | ||||
| PXA27x | Applikationsprocessor | 800 MIPS @ 624 MHz | HTC Universal, Zaurus SL-C1000, 3000, 3100, 3200, Dell Axim x30, x50, og x51 serien, Motorola Q, Balloon3, Trolltech Greenphone, Palm TX, Motorola Ezx Platform A728, A780, A910, A1200, E680, E680i, E680g, E690, E895, Rokr E2, Rokr E6, Fujitsu Siemens LOOX N560 | |||
| PXA800(E)F | ||||||
| Monahans | 1000 MIPS @ 1,25 GHz | |||||
| PXA900 | Blackberry 8700, Blackberry Pearl (8100) | |||||
| IXC1100 | Control Plane Processor | |||||
| IXP2400/IXP2800 | ||||||
| IXP2850 | ||||||
| IXP2325/IXP2350 | ||||||
| IXP42x | NSLU2 | |||||
| IXP460/IXP465 | ||||||
| ARM11 | ARMv6 | ARM1136J(F)-S | SIMD, Jazelle DBX, (VFP), 8-stage pipeline | variable, MMU | 740 @ 532-665 MHz (i.MX31 SoC), 400-528 MHz | Texas Instruments OMAP2420 (Nokia N95, Nokia N93), Zune, Nokia N800, Qualcomm MSM7200 (with integrated ARM926EJ-S Coprocessor@274MHz, used in HTC TyTN II (Kaiser), HTC Nike) |
| ARMv6T2 | ARM1156T2(F)-S | SIMD, Thumb-2[6], (VFP), 9-trins pipeline | variable, MPU | |||
| ARMv6KZ | ARM1176JZ(F)-S | SIMD, Jazelle DBX, (VFP) | variable, MMU+TrustZone[12] | Apple iPhone, Conexant CX2427X, Motorola RIZR Z8, Raspberry Pi | ||
| ARMv6K | ARM11 MPCore | 1-4 core SMP, SIMD, Jazelle DBX, (VFP) | variable, MMU | |||
| Cortex | ARMv7-A | Cortex-A8 | Application profile, VFP, NEON, Jazelle RCT, Thumb-2, 13-trins superskalar pipeline | variable (L1+L2), MMU+TrustZone | op til 2000 (2,0 DMIPS/MHz i hastighed fra 600 MHz til mere end 1 GHz) | Texas Instruments OMAP3 |
| Cortex-A9 | Application profile, (VFP), (NEON), Jazelle RCT and DBX, Thumb-2, Out-of-order speculative issue superscalar | MMU+TrustZone | 2,0 DMIPS/MHz | |||
| Cortex-A9 MPCore | As Cortex-A9, 1-4 core SMP | MMU+TrustZone | 2,0 DMIPS/MHz | |||
| ARMv7-R | Cortex-R4(F) | Embedded profile, (FPU) | variable cache, MPU optional | 600 DMIPS | Broadcom is a user | |
| ARMv7-M | Cortex-M3 | Microcontroller profile, kun Thumb-2. | Ingen cache, (MPU) | 125 DMIPS @ 100 MHz | Luminary Micro[13] mikrocontroller familie, ST Microelectronics STM32[14] | |
| ARMv6-M | Cortex-M1 | FPGA targeted, Microcontroller profile, Thumb-2 (BL, MRS, MSR, ISB, DSB, og DMB). | Ingen, tightly coupled memory optional. | Op til 136 DMIPS @ 170 MHz[15] (0.8 DMIPS/MHz[16], MHz achievable FPGA-dependent) | "Actel ProASIC3 and Actel Fusion PSC devices will sample in Q3 2007"[17] |
Kilder/referencer
[redigér | rediger kildetekst]- ^ 29 December 2007, BBC News: Home computing pioneer honoured Arkiveret 31. december 2007 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...Steve Furber, of the University of Manchester, was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)....The scientist also helped design the ARM processor, a type of chip that dominates mobile electronics [i dag]...ARM processors have become popular for portable electronics because of their efficient use of power..."
- ^ a b 28 Nov 2015, theregister: Meet ARM1, grandfather of today's mobe, tablet CPUs – watch it crunch code live in a browser Arkiveret 29. maj 2020 hos Wayback MachineCitat: "...More or less, the 32-bit RISC ARM instruction set hasn't changed too much since the mid-1980s; a more compact instruction set called Thumb was introduced by ARM for handhelds and small embedded gizmos, and the 64-bit ARMv8 instruction set, launched in 2011, resembles MIPS64..."
- ^ "10/23/2013, eetimes.com: ARM Unveils New Architecture for Automotive". Arkiveret fra originalen 10. september 2017. Hentet 8. december 2013.
- ^ "2013, arm.com: ARMv8-R Architecture Overview" (PDF). Arkiveret (PDF) fra originalen 1. januar 2019. Hentet 8. december 2013.
- ^ arm.com: ARMv8-A Architecture Arkiveret 29. april 2017 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...ARMv8-A introduces 64-bit architecture support to the ARM architecture..."
- ^ a b arm.com: 2.2.2. ARM, Thumb, Thumb-2, and Thumb-2EE instruction sets
- ^ "Neo1973: GTA01Bv4 versus GTA02 comparison". Arkiveret fra originalen 13. marts 2012. Hentet 2007-11-15.
- ^ "Arkiveret kopi". Arkiveret fra originalen 27. september 2007. Hentet 10. januar 2008.
- ^ "handshakesolutions.com: ARM996HS™ processor". Arkiveret fra originalen 1. februar 2009. Hentet 13. februar 2008.
- ^ 28. apr 2006, Ing.dk: Klokløs processor støjer mindre (Webside ikke længere tilgængelig)
- ^ "02/08/2006, eetimes.com: ARM offers first clockless processor core". Arkiveret fra originalen 5. marts 2012. Hentet 13. februar 2008.
- ^ arm.com: 2.2.1. TrustZone model
- ^ "Luminary Micro – Stellaris® — the industry's first Cortex-M3 MCUs". Arkiveret fra originalen 22. februar 2015. Hentet 21. januar 2021.
- ^ "Welcome to STMicroelectronics". Arkiveret fra originalen 17. maj 2008. Hentet 10. januar 2008.
- ^ "ARM Extends Cortex Family with First Processor Optimized for FPGA" Arkiveret 5. maj 2007 hos Wayback Machine, ARM press release, March 19 2007. Accessed April 11, 2007.
- ^ "ARM Cortex-M1" Arkiveret 1. april 2007 hos Wayback Machine, ARM product website. Accessed April 11, 2007.
- ^ "ARM Extends Cortex Family with First Processor Optimized for FPGA". Arkiveret fra originalen 5. maj 2007. Hentet 10. januar 2008.
Se også
[redigér | rediger kildetekst]Eksterne henvisninger
[redigér | rediger kildetekst] |
Wikimedia Commons har medier relateret til: |
- ARM Ltd. Arkiveret 15. april 2018 hos Wayback Machine
- ARM Assembler Programming; tutourial, resources, and examples Arkiveret 28. juni 2007 hos Wayback Machine
Linux og ARM
[redigér | rediger kildetekst]ARM uden MMU kan køre Linux kerne 2.6 varianten uClinux:
- Linux 2.6: A Breakthrough for Embedded Systems
- uClinux – 2.6.x branch Arkiveret 27. oktober 2004 hos Wayback Machine
- Linux 2.6 – With working ARM support Arkiveret 9. august 2004 hos Wayback Machine
ARM med MMU (f.eks. ARM-kerne ARM920T) kan køre standard Linux kerne 2.4-2.6.
Emulator
[redigér | rediger kildetekst]- ArcEm – Archimedes Emulator Arkiveret 9. august 2013 hos Wayback Machine