Kašmir

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Kašmir (Kašmirski: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر, Urdu کشمیر; Hindski: कश्मीर) je najsjevernija geografska regija Indijskog potkontinenta. Do sredine 19. vijeka, izraz "Kašmir" označavao je samo Kašmirsku dolinu između planinskog lanca Velikih Himalaja i Pir Pandžalskog područja. Danas ovaj naziv označava veću oblast koja obuhvata područje Džammu i Kašmir pod indijskom upravom (podijeljenih na Džammu, Kašmirska dolina i Ladhak), te pakistanske teritorije Azad Kašmir i Gilgit-Baltistan kao i teritorije pod upravom Kine, Aksai Chin i Shaksgam doline.^[1]^[2]^[3]

U prvoj polovini 1. milenijuma, regija Kašmir je postala važno središte hinduizma, a kasnije i budizma. Nešto kasnije u 9. vijeku, nastao je Kašmirski šaivizam.^[4] Godine 1339. Šah Mir je postao prvi muslimanski vladar u Kašmiru, inaugurirajući Salatin-i-Kašmir ili Šah Mir dinastiju. Kašmir je bio dio Mogulskog Carstva od 1586. do 1751. godine, i nakon toga, sve do 1820. godine, afganistanskog Duranskog Carstva. Te godine su Sikhi, pod komandom Ranjit Singa, pripojili Kašmir. Godine 1846, nakon poraza Sikha u prvom anglo-sikhskom ratu i nakon kupovine ovog područja od Britanaca po ugovoru iz Amritsara, Raja (vladar) iz Džammua, Gulab Sing, postao je novi vladar Kašmira. Vladavina njegovih potomaka, pod okriljem britanske krune, trajala je sve do podjele Indije 1947. godine, kada je bivša kneževska država Britanske Indije prisvajana od strane Pakistana i Indije.

Od 1947. godine, veći dio područja Jammu i Kašmira bio je upleten u teritorijalni spor između Indije, Pakistana i Kine - s Indijom koja kontrolira oko 43% kopnene površine regije i 70% njenog stanovništva. Pakistan kontroliše oko 37% zemljišta, dok Kina preostalih 20%.^[1]^[2]^[5] Kašmir se smatra najvećim militarizovanim područjem na svijetu - region je bio svjedok triju velikih ratova između Indije i Pakistana, te još jednog ograničenog rata između Indije i Kine, brojnih pograničnih sukoba, visokog planinskog ratovanja tokom siachenskog konflikta, tekuće pobune u Jammu i Kašmiru, te egzodusa Hindusa iz Kašmira i unutrašnjih civilnih nemira.^[6]

Također pogledajte

Potres u Kašmiru 2005.

Vanjski linkovi

Instrument of Accession
United Nations Military Observers Group in Kashmir Arhivirano 14. 5. 2008. na Wayback Machine
Official website of the Jammu and Kashmir Government (Indian-administered Kashmir)
Official website of the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Government (Pakistan-administered Kashmir)
[1] (Kashmir resources)

Reference

^ ^a ^b "Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent". Encyclopædia Britannica. Pristupljeno 16. 7. 2016. Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a “line of control” agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
^ ^a ^b "Kashmir territories profile". BBC. Pristupljeno 16. 7. 2016. Quote: "The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades. Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought three wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in part. Today it remains one of the most militarised zones in the world. China administers parts of the territory."
^ "Kashmir profile — timeline". BBC. Pristupljeno 16. 7. 2016. Quote: "1950s – China gradually occupies eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin). 1962 – China defeats India in a short war for control of Aksai Chin. 1963 – Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China."
^ Basham, A. L. (2005) The wonder that was India, Picador. Pp. 572. ISBN 0-330-43909-X, p. 110.
^ Margolis, Eric (2004). War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet (paperback izd.). Routledge. str. 56. ISBN 9781135955595.
^ Coleman, Peter (2011). The Five Percent: Finding Solutions to Seemingly Impossible Conflicts (paperback izd.). Hachette UK. ISBN 9781586489229.

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Commons ima datoteke na temu: Kašmir

[britannica-intro-1] "Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent". Encyclopædia Britannica. Pristupljeno 16. 7. 2016. Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a “line of control” agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."

[bbc-intro-2] "Kashmir territories profile". BBC. Pristupljeno 16. 7. 2016. Quote: "The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades. Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought three wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in part. Today it remains one of the most militarised zones in the world. China administers parts of the territory."

[3] "Kashmir profile — timeline". BBC. Pristupljeno 16. 7. 2016. Quote: "1950s – China gradually occupies eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin). 1962 – China defeats India in a short war for control of Aksai Chin. 1963 – Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China."

[4] Basham, A. L. (2005) The wonder that was India, Picador. Pp. 572. ISBN 0-330-43909-X, p. 110.

[War_Top_of_the_World-5] Margolis, Eric (2004). War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet (paperback izd.). Routledge. str. 56. ISBN 9781135955595.

[Kargil_from_Surprise_to_Victory-6] Coleman, Peter (2011). The Five Percent: Finding Solutions to Seemingly Impossible Conflicts (paperback izd.). Hachette UK. ISBN 9781586489229.

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