Izvorni kôd stranice Celakant

{{Taksokvir | boja = pink
|raspon_fosila=Rani [[devon (period)|devon]], prije 409 miliona godina –→ [[holocen|sadašnjost]]
| naziv = Celakant
| status = {{Ugroženi}}
| slika = Coelacanth off Pumula on the KwaZulu-Natal South Coast, South Africa, on 22 November 2019.png
| slika_širina = 250px
| opis_slike = {{small|Živi celakant u [[Umzumbe|Pumuli]] na [[Južna obala KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Južna Afrika]], 2019.}}
| slika2 = Axelrodichthys araripensis - Naturmuseum Senckenberg - DSC02202.JPG
|opis_slike2= Primjerak ''[[Axelrodichthys]] araripensis'' iz rane krede u [[Brazil]]u ([[Mawsoniidae]])
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Sarcopterygii]]
| ordo = Actinistia/ Coelacanthiformes
| kladus = [[Euteleostomi]]<br>[[Sarcopterygii]]
| genus = '''''[[Coelacanth]]'''''
| dvoimeno = ''Coelacath'' sp.
| dvoimeno_autorstvo = Cope, 1871
| tipska_vrsta_autorstvo = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1839
| razdioba_stepen = Porodice i rodovi
| razdioba = * Latimerioidei
** [[Latimeriidae]]
** †[[Mawsoniidae]]
ostale, vidi tekst
}}
'''Coelacanth''' je rod riba reda '''Actinistia''' koji uključuje dvije [[Postojeći takson|postojeće]] [[vrsta|vrste]] u [[rod (biologija)|rodu]] ''[[Latimeria]]'': [[celakant Zapadnog Indijskog okeana]] (''Latimeria chalumnae''), prvenstveno pronađen u blizini [[Komorska ostrva|Komorskih otoka]] kod istočne obale Afrike i [[indonezijski celakant]] (''Latimeria menadoensis''). [[Tipska vrsta]] je †''[[Coelacanthus granulatus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Coelacanths, Coelacanth Pictures, Coelacanth Facts – National Geographic|url = http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/coelacanth/|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume = 96|issue = 11|pages = 6279–84|access-date = 30. 10. 2015|last1 = Yokoyama|first1 = Shozo|last2 = Zhang|first2 = Huan|last3 = Radlwimmer|first3 = F. Bernhard|last4 = Blow|first4 = Nathan S.|year = 1999|doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.11.6279|pmid = 10339578|pmc = 26872|bibcode = 1999pnas...96.6279y|doi-access = free}}</ref> Naziv "Coelacanth" potiče od [[perm]]skog roda ''[[Coelacanthus]]'', koji je bio prvi [[naučni naziv|naučno nazvan]] kao celakant.<ref>Agassiz, L. 1839. Recherches sur les poissons fossiles II. Petitpierre, Neuchâtel.</ref>
 
Celakanti slijede najstariju poznatu živu [[Loza (evolucija)|lozu]] [[Sarcopterygii]] (ribe s režnjevim perajima i [[tetrapoda]]), što znači da su bliži srodni [[ribe dvodihalice|plućašima]] i [[tetrapoda]]ma (što uključuje [[vodozemci|vodozemce]], [[gmizavci|gmizavce]], [[ptice]] i [[sisari|sisare]]) nego na [[Actinopterygii|ribe s zracima]]. Nalaze se duž obale Indonezije i u [[Indijski okean|Indijskom okeanu]].<ref name="ref3">{{cite journal |bibcode=1999PNAS...9612616H |title=Two Living Species of Coelacanths? |last1=Holder |first1=Mark T. |last2=Erdmann |first2=Mark V. |last3=Wilcox |first3=Thomas P. |last4=Caldwell |first4=Roy L. |last5=Hillis |first5=David M. |volume=96 |year=1999 |pages=12616–20 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.22.12616 |pmid=10535971 |issue=22 |pmc=23015 |jstor=49396|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ref10"/> Celakant Zapadnog [[Indijski okean|Indijskog okeana]] je [[kritično ugrožena vrsta]].
 
Najstariji poznati fosili celakanta stari su preko 410 miliona godina. Smatralo se da su celakanti izumrli u [[kasna kreda|kasnoj kredi]], prije oko 66 miliona godina, ali su 1938. otkriveni da žive na obali Južne Afrike.<ref name=Smith>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=J. L. B.|title=Old Fourlegs: the Story of the Coelacanth|publisher=Longmans Green |year=1956}}{{page number|date=decembar 2021}}</ref>{{page number|date=decembar 2021}}<ref name="ref2">{{cite journal |bibcode=1975Sci...190.1105L |title=Latimeria, the Living Coelacanth, is Ovoviviparous |last1=Lavett Smith |first1=C. |last2=Rand |first2=Charles S. |last3=Schaeffer |first3=Bobb |last4=Atz |first4=James W. |volume=190 |year=1975 |pages=1105–6 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.190.4219.1105 |issue=4219|s2cid=83943031 }}</ref>
 
Celakant se dugo smatrao "[[živi fosil|živim fosilom]]" jer su naučnici mislili da je jedini preostali član [[takson]]a inače poznatog samo iz [[fosil]]a, bez bliskih živih srodnika,<ref name="ref1">{{cite book |last1=Forey |first1=Peter L |title=History of the Coelacanth Fishes |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcoelaca0000fore |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-412-78480-4 |location=London}}{{page needed|date=april 2013}}</ref> i da je evoluirao u otprilike svoj sadašnji oblik prije otprilike 400&nbsp;miliona godina.<ref name="ref4">{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0470 |title=Oldest coelacanth, from the Early Devonian of Australia |year=2006 |last1=Johanson |first1=Z. |last2=Long |first2=J. A |last3=Talent |first3=J. A |last4=Janvier |first4=P. |last5=Warren |first5=J. W |journal=Biology Letters |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=443–6 |pmid=17148426 |pmc=1686207}}</ref> Međutim, nekoliko novijih studija pokazalo je da su oblici tijela celakanta mnogo raznolikiji nego što se mislilo.<ref name="Friedman2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00169.x |title=First discovery of a primitive coelacanth fin fills a major gap in the evolution of lobed fins and limbs |year=2007 |last1=Friedman |first1=Matt |last2=Coates |first2=Michael I. |last3=Anderson |first3=Philip |journal=Evolution & Development |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=329–37 |pmid=17651357|s2cid=23069133 }}</ref><ref name="Friedman2006">{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3316 |title=A newly recognized fossil coelacanth highlights the early morphological diversification of the clade |year=2006 |last1=Friedman |first1=Matt |last2=Coates |first2=Michael I. |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=273 |issue=1583 |pages=245–50 |jstor=25223279 |pmid=16555794 |pmc=1560029}}</ref><ref name=Rebellatrix>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.657317 |title=A fork-tailed coelacanth, Rebellatrix divaricerca, gen. Et sp. Nov. (Actinistia, Rebellatricidae, fam. Nov.), from the Lower Triassic of Western Canada |year=2012 |last1=Wendruff |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Wilson |first2=Mark V. H. |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=499–511|s2cid=85826893 }}</ref>
 
== Etimologija ==
Reč „Coelacanth“ je adaptacija modernog latinskog „Cœlacanthus“ = „šuplja kičma“, od [[starogrčki|grčkog]] κοῖλ-ος – koilos = "šuplji" + ἄκανθ-α – ''akanta'' = kičma),<ref>{{cite web|title = The Coelancanth {{!}} Actforlibraries.org|url = http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-coelancanth/|website = actforlibraries.org|access-date = 30. 10. 2015}}</ref> pozivajući se na šuplje zrake [[repno peraje|repnog peraja]] prvog fosilnog uzorka koji je opisao i nazvao [[Louis Agassiz]] 1839. godine, koji pripada rodu ''[[Coelacanthus]]''.<ref name=ref1/> Ime roda ''Latimeria'' obilježava spomen na [[Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer]], koja je otkrila prvi primjerak.<ref>{{cite web|title = Smithsonian Institution – The Coelacanth: More Living than Fossil|url = http://vertebrates.si.edu/fishes/coelacanth/coelacanth_wider.html|website = vertebrates.si.edu|access-date = 30. 10. 2015}}</ref>
 
== Otkriće ==
[[slika:Coelacanthus granulatus.JPG|left|thumb|Fosil ''[[Coelacanthus|Coelacanthus granulatus]],'' pervoopisani  celakant, kojeg je otkrio [[Louis Agassiz]] in 1839]]
Najraniji fosili celakanta otkriveni su u 19. stoljeću. Vjerovalo se da su celakanti, koji su povezani sa [[pluća|plućašicama i]] [[tetrapoda]]ma, [[izumiranje|izumrli]] na kraju [[kreda (period)|krednog]] perioda.<ref>{{cite web|title = Coelacanth – Deep Sea Creatures on Sea and Sky|url = http://www.seasky.org/deep-sea/coelacanth.html|website = seasky.org|access-date = 27. 10. 2015}}</ref> Bliže povezani s tetrapodama nego sa ribama s perajima, celakanti su smatrani prijelaznom vrstom između riba i [[tetrapoda]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Axel |title=Molecular evidence on the origin of tetrapods and the relationships of the coelacanth |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=111–116 |doi=10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89004-7 |pmid=21236972 |year=1995 |url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-36291 |type=Submitted manuscript}}</ref> Dana 23. decembra 1938. godine, prvi primjerak roda ''[[Latimeria]]'' pronađen je kod istočne obale Južne Afrike, kod [[rijeka Chalumna|rijeke Chalumna]] (danas Tyolomnqa).<ref name=Smith/> Kustos muzeja [[Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer]] otkrila je ribu među ulovom lokalnog ribara.<ref name=Smith/> Courtenay-Latimer kontaktirala je ihtiologa sa Univerziteta Rhodes, [[J. L. B. Smith]]a, šaljući mu crteže riba, a on je potvrdio važnost ribe poznatim telegramom: „Najvažniji očuvani skelet i škrge = opisana riba."<ref name=Smith/>
 
Njegovo otkriće 66&nbsp;miliona godina nakon navodnog izumiranja čini celakant najpoznatijim primjerom [[Lazarusov takson|Lazarusovog taksona]], evolucijske linije koja je izgleda nestala iz fosilnog zapisa da bi se ponovo pojavila mnogo kasnije. Od 1938. godine, [[celakant Zapadnog Indijskog okeana]] je pronađen na [[Komori]]ma, [[Kenija|Keniji]], [[Tanzanija|Tanzaniji]], [[Mozambik]]u, [[Madagaskar]]u, u [[iSimangaliso|Močvarnom parku]] i na južnoj obali [[Kwazulu-Natal]] u Južnoj Africi.<ref name=venter>{{cite journal|last1=Venter|first1=P.|last2=Timm|first2=P.|last3=Gunn|first3=G.|last4=le Roux|first4=E.|last5=Serfontein|first5=C.|year=2000|title=Discovery of a viable population of coelacanths (''Latimeria chalumnae'' Smith, 1939) at Sodwana Bay, South Africa|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=96|issue=11/12|pages=567–568}}</ref><ref name="Fraser et al 2020" />
 
Uzorak sa [[Komorska ostrva|Komorskih otoka]] otkriven je u decembru 1952. godine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11755015/prehistoric_fish_offers_rare_glimpse_of/|title=Prehistoric fish offers rare glimpse of hidden sea life – Coelacanth (1953)|date=23. 2. 1953|work=Abilene Reporter-News|access-date=18. 6. 2017|page=25}}</ref> Između 1938. i 1975. godine ulovljena su i snimljena 84 primjerka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11755368/70millionyearold_fish_dissected/|title=70-million-year-old fish dissected – Coaelacanth (1975)|date=28. 5. 1975|work=Redlands Daily Facts|access-date=18. 6. 2017|page=6}}</ref>
 
Druga [[Postojeći takson|postojeća]] [[vrsta]], [[Indonezijski celacant]], opisana je od [[Manado]]a, [[Sjeverni Sulawesi]], [[Indonezija]] 1999. godine od strane Pouyauda et al.<ref name=Pouyaud>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0764-4469(99)80061-4 |title=Une nouvelle espèce de cœlacanthe. Preuves génétiques et morphologiques |trans-title=A new species of coelacanth. Genetic and morphologic proof |language=fr |year=1999 |last1=Pouyaud |first1=Laurent |last2=Wirjoatmodjo |first2=Soetikno |last3=Rachmatika |first3=Ike |last4=Tjakrawidjaja |first4=Agus |last5=Hadiaty |first5=Renny |last6=Hadie |first6=Wartono |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences |volume=322 |issue=4 |pages=261–7 |bibcode=1999CRASG.322..261P |pmid=10216801}}</ref> na osnovu uzorka koji je otkrio [[Mark V. Erdmann]] 1998. godine<ref name=Erdmann>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/26376 |year=1998 |last1=Erdmann |first1=Mark V. |last2=Caldwell |first2=Roy L. |last3=Moosa |first3=M. Kasim |journal=Nature |volume=395 |issue=6700 |page=335 |bibcode=1998Natur.395..335E |title=Indonesian 'king of the sea' discovered|s2cid=204997216 }}</ref> i deponiran na [[Indonezijski institut nauka]] (LIPI).<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/dispute-over-legendary-fish |title= Dispute Over a Legendary Fish|first= Constance |last=Holden|date=30. 3. 1999 |journal=Science |volume= 284|issue= 5411|pages= 22–3|doi= 10.1126/science.284.5411.22b|pmid= 10215525|s2cid= 5441807}}</ref> Erdmann i njegova supruga Arnaz Mehta prvi put su naišli na primjerak na lokalnoj pijaci u septembru 1997. godine, ali su snimili samo nekoliko fotografija prvog primjerka ove vrste prije nego što je prodat. Nakon što je potvrdio da se radi o jedinstvenom otkriću, Erdmann se vratio u Sulawesi u novembru 1997. kako bi intervjuirao ribare i potražio daljnje primjerke. Drugi primjerak ulovio je ribar u julu 1998., koji je potom predat Erdmannu.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Coelacanth discovery in Indonesia |first=Henry |last=Gee |date= 1. 10. 1998 | journal=Nature | doi=10.1038/news981001-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/coelacanth/coelacanth1.html |title=The Discovery |work=University of California Museum of Paleontology }}</ref>
 
== Opis ==
[[slika:Latimeria chalumnae replica.jpg|thumbnail| Rekonstrukcija [[celakant Zapadnog Indijskog okeana|celekanta Zapadnog Indijskog okeana]]]]
[[slika:Latimeria menadoensis.jpg|thumb|upright| Očuvana ''Latimeria menadoensis'', [[Tokyo]] Sea Life Park, [[Japan]]]]
''[[Latimeria chalumnae]]'' i ''[[Latimeria menadoensis|L.&nbsp;menadoensis]]'' su jedine dvije poznate žive vrste celakanta.<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref6">{{cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Joseph S. |title=Fishes of the World |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |publisher=John Wiley |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-471-75644-6 |page=461}}</ref> Celakanti su velike, debele ribe s perajima koje mogu narasti do više od 2 m i teže oko 90&nbsp;kg.<ref>{{cite web|title = Coelacanths, Coelacanth Pictures, Coelacanth Facts – National Geographic|url = http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/coelacanth/|website = National Geographic|access-date = 28. 10. 2015|date = 10. 5. 2011}}</ref> Procjenjuje se da žive do 100 godina, na osnovu analize godišnjih oznaka rasta na krljuštima, a zrelost dostižu oko 55.;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-06/cp-cml061021.php |title=Coelacanths may live nearly a century, five times longer than researchers expected |work=[[Eurekalert]] |date=17. 6. 2021 |access-date=17. 6. 2021 |archive-date=17. 6. 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617160717/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-06/cp-cml061021.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> najstariji poznati primjerak imao je 84 godine u vrijeme hvatanja 1960. godine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahé |first1=Kélig |last2=Ernande |first2=Bruno |last3=Herbin |first3=Marc |title=New scale analyses reveal centenarian African coelacanths |journal=[[Current Biology]] |publisher=Cell Press |date=17. 6. 2021 |volume=31 |issue=16 |pages=3621–3628.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.054 |pmid=34143958 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Iako je njihov procijenjeni životni vijek sličan čovjekovom, trudnoća može trajati i 5 godina, što je 1,5 godina više od jedne dubokomorske [[ajkula|ajkule]], prethodnog rekordera.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2021/06/19/coelacanths-live-for-as-long-as-people |title=Coelacanths live for as long as people |magazine=[[The Economist]] |date=19. 6. 2021 |access-date=19. 8. 2021}}</ref> Oni su noćni [[piscivori|piscivorni]] lovci na riblja jata.<ref name="ref7">{{cite journal |bibcode=1987Natur.329..331F |title=Locomotion of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae in its natural environment |last1=Fricke |first1=Hans |last2=Reinicke |first2=Olaf |last3=Hofer |first3=Heribert |last4=Nachtigall |first4=Werner |volume=329 |year=1987 |pages=331–3 |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/329331a0 |issue=6137|s2cid=4353395 }}</ref> Tijelo je prekriveno [[riblja krljušt|ktenoidnim elazmoidnim krljuštima]] koje djeluju kao oklop.<ref name="Sherman 2016">{{Cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Vincent R. |title=A comparative study of piscine defense: The scales of ''Arapaima gigas'', ''Latimeria chalumnae'' and ''Atractosteus spatula'' |journal=Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials |volume=73 |pages=1–16 |year=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.10.001 |pmid=27816416 }}</ref> Celakanti imaju osam peraja – po dva leđna i grudana peraja, dva karlična, po  jedno analno repno peraje. Rep je gotovo jednakih proporcija i podijeljen je završnim pramenom peraja koje čine njegov kaudalni režanj. Oči celakanta su veoma velike, dok su usta relativno mala. Oko je naviklo da vidi pri slabom svjetlu pomoću [[štapićasta ćelija|štapića]] koji apsorbiraju uglavnom kratke talasne dužine . Celakantovo viđene evoluiralo je u kapacitet boja sa pomjeranjem u plavo.<ref name="ref8">{{cite journal |bibcode=1999pnas...96.6279y |title=Adaptive Evolution of Color Vision of the Comoran Coelacanth (''Latimeria chalumnae'') |last1=Yokoyama |first1=Shozo |last2=Zhang |first2=Huan |last3=Radlwimmer |first3=F. Bernhard |last4=Blow |first4=Nathan S. |volume=96 |year=1999 |pages=6279–84 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.11.6279 |pmid=10339578 |issue=11 |pmc=26872 |jstor=47861|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[maksila|Pseudomaksilski]] nabori okružuju [[usta]] i zamjenjuju maksilu, strukturu koja odsutna u celakantima. Dvije nozdrve, zajedno s četiri druga vanjska otvora, pojavljuju se između premaksile i bočnih [[Anatomski termini lokacije|rostrumske]] kosti. [[Nos]]ne vrećice podsjećaju na one kod mnogih drugih riba i ne sadrže unutrašnju nozdrvu. Celakantov rostrumski organ, koji se nalazi unutar [[etmoidna kost|etmoidne]] regije moždanog omotača, ima tri nezaštićena otvora u okolinu i koristi se kao dio laterosenzornog sistema celakanta.<ref name="ref1" /> Slušna recepcija celakanta posredovana je njegovim [[unutrašnje uho|unutrašnjim uhom]], koje je veoma slično onom kod [[tetrapoda]] i klasifikovano je kao [[bazna papila]].<ref name="ref9">{{cite journal |bibcode=1987Natur.327..153F |title=Inner ear of the coelacanth fish ''Latimeria'' has tetrapod affinities |last1=Fritzsch |first1=B. |volume=327 |year=1987 |pages=153–4 |journal=[[Nature]] |doi=10.1038/327153a0 |pmid=22567677 |issue=6118|s2cid=4307982 }}</ref>
 
Celakanti su dio [[kladus]]a [[Sarcopterygii]], ili riba s režnjevitim perajima. Izvana, nekoliko karakteristika razlikuje celakante od ostalih riba s režnjevima. Posjeduju trokrako [[repno peraje]], koje se također naziva trokrilno peraje ili dificerkni rep. Sekundarni rep koji se proteže pored primarnog repa odvaja gornju i donju polovinu celakanta. Ktenoidne elazmoidne krljušti djeluju kao debeli oklop koji štiti vanjštinu celakanta. Nekoliko unutrašnjih osobina također pomaže u razlikovanju celakanta od ostalih riba s režnjevima. Na stražnjoj strani lobanje, celakant ima šarku, [[kranij|intrakranijski]] zglob, koji mu omogućava da izuzetno široko otvori usta. Celakanti također zadržavaju uljem ispunjeni [[notohord]], šuplju cijev pod pritiskom koja se zamijenjuje [[kičmeni stub|kičmenim stubom]] rano u [[embrion]]skm razvoju kod većine drugih [[kičmenjak]]a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/february/coela.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055458/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/february/coela.htm|url-status=dead|title=What do we know about the coelacanths – Science in Africa|archive-date=21. 9. 2013}}</ref> [[Srce]] celakanta je drugačije oblikovano od srca većine modernih riba, s komorama raspoređenim u ravnu cijev. [[moždani omotač]] je 98,5% ispunjen masnoćom; samo 1,5% moždanog omotača sadrži moždano tkivo. Obrazi celakanta su jedinstveni jer je [[Operkulum (riba)|operkulumska]] kost vrlo mala i ima veliki mehkotkivni operkulumski režanj. Prisutna je spiralna komora, ali [[spirakulum]] je zatvoren i nikada se ne otvara tokom razvoja.<ref name="ref1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j9AKGsQ1msC&q=%22spiracular+chamber+is+closed+in+coelacanths%22&pg=PA391|title=Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods|first=Jennifer A.|last=Clack|date=27. 6. 2012|publisher=Indiana University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-253-00537-3}}</ref><ref name="ref5">{{cite web |title=The Coelacanth – a Morphological Mixed Bag |publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research |url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/classification/coelacanth.htm}}</ref Također, jedinstveno za postojeće celakante je prisustvo "masnih pluća" ili masnoćom ispunjenih jednostrukih [[vestigijski organ|vestigijskih]] [[pluća]], homolognim [[plivaći mjehur|plivaćim mjehurima]] ostalih riba. Paralelni razvoj masnog organa za kontrolu plovnosti sugerira jedinstvenu specijalizaciju za dubokovodna staništa. Postoje male i tvrde — ali fleksibilne — pločice oko vestigijskog pluća kod odraslih primjeraka, ali ne i oko masnog organa. Ploče su najvjerovatnije imale funkciju regulacije volumena pluća.<ref name="Brito">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01015.x |title=The histological structure of the calcified lung of the fossil coelacanth ''Axelrodichthys araripensis'' (Actinistia: Mawsoniidae) |year=2010 |last1=Brito |first1=Paulo M. |last2=Meunier |first2=François J. |last3=Clément |first3=Gael |last4=Geffard-Kuriyama links|first4=Didier |journal=Palaeontology |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1281–90|doi-access=free }}</ref> Zbog veličine masnog organa, istraživači pretpostavljaju da je on odgovoran za neobično pomjeranje [[bubreg]]a. Dva bubrega, koji su spojeni u jedan,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPEJAwAAQBAJ&q=%22amounts.+The+paired+kidneys+are+fused%2C+%22&pg=PA92|title=From fish to philosopher|first=H. W.|last=Smith|date=24. 10. 2018|publisher=Рипол Классик|via=Google Books|isbn=9785873926930}}</ref> nalaze se ventralno unutar trbušne šupljine, iza [[kloaka|kloake]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHZ6WwqbrmkC&q=%22amongst+vertebrates+in+being+located+ventrally%22&pg=PA26|title=History of the Coelacanth Fishes|first=Peter|last=Forey|date=30. 11. 1997|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-412-78480-4}}</ref>
 
[[slika:Latimeria chalumnae.jpg|thumbnail| Celakant Zapadnog Indijskog okeana ulovljen 21. januara 1965. u blizini [[Mutsamudu]]a (Anjouan, Komorska ostrva)]]
[[slika:Pectoral fin Latimeria chalumnae.jpg|thumb|[[Pektoralna peraja]] celakanta Zapadnog Indijskog okeana]]
 
=== DNK ===
Godine 2013. istraživačka grupa je objavila [[sekvenciranje genoma]] celakanta u naučnom časopisu ''[[Nature]]''.<ref name="genome">{{cite journal | title = The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution | journal = [[Nature]] | date = 18. 4. 2013 | doi = 10.1038/nature12027 | last1 = Amemiya | first1 = Chris T. | last2 = Alföldi | first2 = Jessica | last3 = Lee | first3 = Alison P. | last4 = Fan | first4 = Shaohua | last5 = Philippe | first5 = Hervé | last6 = MacCallum | first6 = Iain | last7 = Braasch | first7 = Ingo | last8 = Manousaki | first8 = Tereza | last9 = Schneider | first9 = Igor | volume = 496 | issue = 7445 | pages = 311–6 | pmid = 23598338 | pmc = 3633110|bibcode = 2013Natur.496..311A | display-authors = 9 | last10 = Rohner | first10 = Nicolas | last11 = Organ | first11 = Chris | last12 = Chalopin | first12 = Domitille | last13 = Smith | first13 = Jeramiah J. | last14 = Robinson | first14 = Mark | last15 = Dorrington | first15 = Rosemary A. | last16 = Gerdol | first16 = Marco | last17 = Aken | first17 = Bronwen | last18 = Biscotti | first18 = Maria Assunta | last19 = Barucca | first19 = Marco | last20 = Baurain | first20 = Denis | last21 = Berlin | first21 = Aaron M. | last22 = Blatch | first22 = Gregory L. | last23 = Buonocore | first23 = Francesco | last24 = Burmester | first24 = Thorsten | last25 = Campbell | first25 = Michael S. | last26 = Canapa | first26 = Adriana | last27 = Cannon | first27 = John P. | last28 = Christoffels | first28 = Alan | last29 = De Moro | first29 = Gianluca | last30 = Edkins | first30 = Adrienne L. }}</ref>
 
Zbog njihovih režnjevitih peraja i drugih karakteristika, nekada se pretpostavljalo da bi celakant mogao biti najnoviji [[zajednički predak]] kopnenih i morskih kičmenjaka.<ref name=ref9 /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/jmor.1051900418|title=Lungfish neural characters and their bearing on sarcopterygian phylogeny|journal=Journal of Morphology|volume=190|pages=277–297|year=1986|last1=Northcutt|first1=R. Glenn|hdl=2027.42/50281|s2cid=35473487|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50281/1/1051900418_ftp.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ali nakon sekvencioniranja punog [[genom]]a celakanta, otkriveno je da je plućnjak najnoviji zajednički predak. Celakanti i plućašice su se već odvojile od zajedničkog pretka prije nego što je plućnjak prešao na kopno.<ref name="smithsonianmag.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/dna-sequencing-reveals-that-coelacanths-werent-the-missing-link-between-sea-and-land-25025860/?no-ist|title=DNA Sequencing Reveals that Coelacanths Weren't the Missing Link Between Sea and Land|first=Joseph|last=Stromberg}}</ref>
 
Još jedno važno otkriće napravljeno na osnovu sekvenciranja genoma je da celakanti i danas evoluiraju. Dok [[fenotip]]ska sličnost između postojećih i izumrlih celakanta sugerira da postoji ograničen [[evolucijski pritisak]] na ove organizme da se podvrgnu morfološkoj divergenciji, oni prolaze kroz mjerljivu genetičku divergenciju. Unatoč prethodnim studijama koje su pokazale da [[kodirajuća regija|kodirajuće regije]] proteina prolaze kroz evoluciju uz stopu supstitucije koja je mnogo niža od ostalih [[tetrapoda]] (u skladu s fenotipskom stazom uočenom između postojećih i fosilnih članova taksona), [[nekodirajuće regije]] podložne višoj aktivnosti [[transpozon|prenosivih elemenata]] pokazuju značajnu divergenciju čak i između dvije postojeće vrste celacanta.<ref name="genome"/> Ovo je djelimično omogućeno [[endogen]]im retrovirusom specifičnim za celakante iz porodice retrovirusa Epsilon.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0114382|doi-access=free|title=Interspecies Insertion Polymorphism Analysis Reveals Recent Activity of Transposable Elements in Extant Coelacanths|year=2014|last1=Naville|first1=Magali|last2=Chalopin|first2=Domitille|last3=Volff|first3=Jean-Nicolas|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=12|pages=e114382|pmid=25470617|pmc=4255032|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k4382N}}</ref>

== Taksonomija ==
[[slika:Fishapods.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|U [[Devon (period)|kasnom devonu]] [[specijacija|specijaciom]] [[kičmenjak]]a, potomci [[Pelagijal|pelagijskih]] [[Sarcopterygii|resperki]]—kao što je bio  ''[[Eusthenopteron]]''— pokazali su niz adaptacija: ''[[Panderichthys]]'', pogodan za muljevito plićake, ''[[Tiktaalik]]'' sa perajama nalik na udove koji bi ga mogli ponijeti na kopno i [[Tetrapoda|rani tetrapodi]] u močvarama punim [[korov]]ima, kao što je ''[[Acanthostega]]'' koji je imao stopala sa osam prstiju i ''[[Ichthyostega]]'' sa udovima. Potomci su također uključivali pelagijske ribe s perajima kao što je tip celakanta.]]
 
[[Kladogram]] koji prikazuje odnose rodova celacanta prema Torina, Sotoa i Perea <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Toriño|first1=Pablo|last2=Soto|first2=Matías|last3=Perea|first3=Daniel|date=25. 2. 2021|title=A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of coelacanth fishes (Sarcopterygii, Actinistia) with comments on the composition of the Mawsoniidae and Latimeriidae: evaluating old and new methodological challenges and constraints|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349631865|journal=Historical Biology|volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=3423–3443|doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1867982|s2cid=233942585|issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
 
{{clade |style=font-size:90%; line-height:90%;
|1=''[[Mimipiscis]]'' ([[Actinopterygii]])
|2=''[[Porolepis]]'' ([[Porolepiformes]])
|label3=[[Actinistia]]
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Miguashaia]]''
|2=''[[Styloichthys]]''
|3=''[[Gavinia]]''
|4={{clade
|1=''[[Diplocercides]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Serenichthys]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Holopterygius]]''
|2=''[[Allenypterus]]''}}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Lochmocercus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Polyosteorhynchus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rebellatrix]]''
|2=''[[Hadronector]]''}} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rhabdoderma]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caridosuctor]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Sassenia]]''
|2=''[[Spermatodus]]''}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Piveteauia]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Coccoderma]]''
|2=''[[Laugia]]''}} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Coelacanthus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Guizhoucoelacanthus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Wimania]]''
|2=''[[Axelia]]''}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Whiteia]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heptanema]]''
|2=''[[Dobrogeria]]''
|label3=[[Latimerioidei]]
|3={LATIMERIOIDEA}
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|targetA={LATIMERIOIDEA}
|subcladeA={{clade
  |label1=[[Mawsoniidae]]
   |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Atacamaia]]''
        |2=''[[Luopingcoelacanthus]]''
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Yunnancoelacanthus]]''
         |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Chinlea]]''
           |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Parnaibaia]]''
              |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Trachymetopon]]''
                 |2=''[[Lualabaea]]''
                 |3={{clade
                    |1=''[[Axelrodichthys]]''
                    |2=''[[Mawsonia]]''
                    }}
                 }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
  |label2=[[Latimeriidae]]
   |2={{clade
     |1=''[[Garnbergia]]''
      |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Diplurus]]''
         |2={{clade
           |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Megalocoelacanthus]]''
              |2=''[[Libys]]''
               }}
           |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Ticinepomis]]''
                 |2=''[[Foreyia]]''
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                 |1=''[[Holophagus]]''
                 |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Undina (riba)|Undina]]''
                    |2={{clade
                       |1=''[[Macropoma]]''
                       |2={{clade
                          |1=''[[Swenzia]]''
                          |2=''[[Latimeria]]''
                          }}
                        }}
                    }}
                 }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
 
== Fosilni zapisi==
[[slika:Undina penicillata Ob Jura Painten D Ch1855.jpg|thumb|†''[[Undina|Undina penicillata]]'' iz jurskog Paintena, Njemačka]]
[[slika:Mawsonia scaling.png|thumb|320x320px|Veličina slatkovodnog celakanta ''[[Mawsonia]]'' u poređenju sa čovjekom]]
Prema fosilnom zapisu, divergencija celacanta, [[Ribe dvodihalice|dvodihalica]] i [[tetrapoda]] smatra se da se dogodila tokom [[silur]]a.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Jing|last2=Giles|first2=Sam|last3=Friedman|first3=Matt|last4=Zhu|first4=Min|date=5. 12. 2017|title=A new stem sarcopterygian illuminates patterns of character evolution in early bony fishes|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1932|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-01801-z|pmid=29203766|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5715141|bibcode=2017NatCo...8.1932L}}</ref> Opisano je preko 100 fosilnih vrsta celakanta.<ref name=":0"/> Najstariji identifikovani fosili celakanta stari su oko 420-410 miliona godina, datiraju iz ranog [[devon (period)|devonskog perioda]].<ref name="ref4" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Friedman|first=Matt|date=10. 8. 2007|title=Styloichthys as the oldest coelacanth: implications for early osteichthyan interrelationships |url=http://home.uchicago.edu/~mattf/Friedman_2007a.pdf |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=5|issue=3|pages=289–343|doi=10.1017/S1477201907002052|s2cid=83712134|access-date=28. 12. 2007}} {{dead link|date=april 2009}}</ref> Celakanti nikada nisu bili raznolika grupa u poređenju sa drugim grupama riba, a dostigli su vrhunac raznolikosti tokom [[rani trijas|ranog trijasa]] (prije 252-247 miliona godina),<ref name="Cavin&al.2020"/> što se poklapa sa naletom diverzifikacije između kasnog perma i srednjeg trijasa.<ref name=":0"/> Većina [[mezozoik|mezozojskih]] celakanta pripada redu Latimerioidei, koji sadrži dvije glavne pododjela, morski ''[[Latimeriidae]]'', koji sadrži moderne celakante, kao i izumrle ''[[Mawsoniidae]]'', koji su bili izvorni u [[bočata voda|bočatnim]], slatkovodnim, kao i morskim okruženjima.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavin|first1=Lionel|last2=Cupello|first2=Camila|last3=Yabumoto|first3=Yoshitaka|last4=Léo|first4=Fragoso|last5=Deersi|first5=Uthumporn|last6=Brito|first6=Paul M.|date=2019|title=Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths|url=http://www.kmnh.jp/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/A17-3-Cavin.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A|volume=17|pages=3–13}}</ref>
 
Paleozojski celakanti su uglavnom mali (~30–40&nbsp;cm dužine), dok su mezozojski oblici bili veći.<ref name=":0"/> Nekoliko primjeraka kojim pripadaju jurski i kredni mawsonidni celkant rodovima ''[[Trachymetopon]]'' i ''[[Mawsonia (riba)|Mawsonia]]'' su vjerovatno dostigli ili premašili 5 m u dužinu, što ih čini među najvećim poznatim ribama [[mezozoik]]a, i među najvećim koštanim ribama svih vremena.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavin|first1=Lionel|last2=Piuz|first2=André|last3=Ferrante|first3=Christophe|last4=Guinot|first4=Guillaume|date=3. 6. 2021|title=Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=11812|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5|pmid=34083600|issn=2045-2322|pmc=8175595|bibcode=2021NatSR..1111812C}}</ref>
 
Najnoviji fosilni latimeriid je ''[[Megalocoelacanthus|Megalocoelacanthus dobiei]]'', čiji se disartikulirani ostaci nalaze u kasnom [[santon]]skom do srednje [[kampan]]skom, a možda i najranijem [[maastrikt]]skim morskim slojevima istočnih i centralnih [[SAD|Sjedinjenih Država]],<ref name="Schwimmer&al.1994">{{cite journal|last1=Schwimmer|first1=D.R.|author2=Stewart, J.D.|author3=Williams, G.D.|title=Giant fossil coelacanths of the Late Cretaceous in the eastern United States|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_1994-06_22_6/page/503|journal=Geology|date=1994|volume=2|issue=6|pages=503–506|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0503:GFCOTL>2.3.CO;2|bibcode=1994Geo....22..503S}}</ref><ref name="gottfried">{{cite journal|author1=Gottfried, Michael D. |author2=Rogers, Raymond R. |author3=Rogers, K. Curry   |title=First record of Late Cretaceous coelacanths from Madagascar|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265667981|journal= Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates |year=2004|pages= 687–691}}</ref><ref name="Dutel&al.2012">{{cite journal|last1=Dutel|first1=H.|author2=Maisey, J.P.|author3=Schwimmer, D.R.|author4=Janvier, P.|author5=Herbin, M.|author6=Clément, G.|title= The Giant Cretaceous Coelacanth (Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) Megalocoelacanthus dobiei Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams, 1994, and Its Bearing on Latimerioidei Interrelationships|journal=PLOS ONE|year=2012|volume= 7|issue= 11|pages= e49911|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0049911|pmid= 23209614|pmc= 3507921|bibcode=2012PLoSO...749911D|doi-access=free}}</ref> najnoviji mawsoniidi su ''[[Axelrodichthys|Axelrodichthys megadromos]]'' od ranih kampanskih do ranih mastriktskih slatkovodnih kontinentalnih naslaga Francuske,<ref name="Cavin&al.2020">{{cite journal|last1=Cavin|first1=L.|author2=Buffetaut, E.|author3=Dutour, Y.|author4=Garcia, G.|author5=Le Loeuff, J.|author6=Méchin, A.|author7=Méchin, P.|author8=Tong, H.|author9=Tortosa, T.|author10=Turini, E.|author11=Valentin, X.|title=The last known freshwater coelacanths: New Late Cretaceous mawsoniids remains (Osteichthyes: Actinistia) from Southern France|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2020|volume=15|issue=6|pages=e0234183|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234183|pmc=7274394|pmid=32502171|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1534183C|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Cavin&al.2005">{{cite journal|last1=Cavin|first1=L.|author2=Forey, P.L.|author3=Tong, H.|author4=Buffetaut, E.|title=Latest European coelacanth shows Gondwanan affinities|journal=Biology Letters|date=2005|volume=1|issue=2|pages=176–177|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2004.0287|pmid=17148159|pmc=1626220}}</ref><ref name="Cavin&al.2016">{{cite journal|last1=Cavin|first1=L.|author2=Valentin, X.|author3=Garcia, G.|title=A new mawsoniid coelacanth (Actinistia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France|journal=Cretaceous Research|date=2016|volume=62|pages=65–73|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.002}}</ref> kao i neodređeni morski mawsonid iz Maroka, koji datira iz kasnog mastrihta <ref name="Brito&al.2021">{{cite journal|last1=Brito|first1=P.M.|author2=Martill, D.M.|author3=Eaves, I.|author4=Smith, R.E.|author5=Cooper, S.L.A.|year=2021|title=A marine Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) coelacanth from North Africa|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=122|page=104768|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104768|s2cid=233551515|url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-marine-late-cretaceous-maastrichtian-coelacanth-from-north-africa(c8521ebb-5597-4a15-9320-961113ee06d9).html }}</ref> Mali fragment kosti iz [[Evropa|Evrope]] i [[paleocen]]a smatraju se jedinim vjerodostojnim zapisom iz perioda nakon krede, ali ova identifikacija je zasnovana na komparativnim metodima histologije kostiju sumnjive pouzdanosti.<ref name="Schwimmer&al.1994" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ørvig |first1=Tor |title=A vertebrate bone from the Swedish Paleocene |journal=Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar |date=1. 6. 1986 |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=139–141 |doi=10.1080/11035898609452636 |issn=0016-786X}}</ref>
 
Živući celakanti su smatrani "živim fosilima", na osnovu njihove navodno konzervativne [[morfologija|morfologije]] u odnosu na fosilne vrste;<ref name="ref10">{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Carolyn |title=Living Fossil Fish |journal=National Geographic |date=mart 2011 |pages=86–93}}</ref><ref name="ref1"/> međutim, nedavne studije su izrazile stav da je morfološki konzervativizam celakanta vjerovanje koje nije zasnovano na podacima.<ref name="Friedman2007" /><ref name="Friedman2006" /><ref name="Rebellatrix" /><ref name="Casane">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/bies.201200145 |title=Why coelacanths are not 'living fossils' |year=2013 |last1=Casane |first1=Didier |last2=Laurenti |first2=Patrick |journal=BioEssays |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=332–8 |pmid=23382020|s2cid=2751255 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Fosili sugeriraju da su celakanti bili morfološki najraznovrsniji tokom devona i karbona, dok su mezozojske vrste općenito morfološki slične jedna drugoj.<ref name=":0"/>
 
=== Vremenska linija rodova ===
<timeline>
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PlotArea   = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px
 
Period      = from:-550 till:25
TimeAxis    = orientation:horizontal
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 bar:periodtop
 from: -542    till: -488.3   color:cambrian  text:[[Cambrian]]
 from: -488.3    till: -443.7    color:ordovician    text:[[Ordovician]]
 from: -443.7    till: -416    color:silurian    text:[[Silurian]]
 from: -416    till: -359.2   color:devonian    text:[[Devonian]]
 from: -359.2    till: -299  color:carboniferous   text:[[Carboniferous]]
 from: -299    till: -251  color:permian    text:[[Permian]]
 from: -251    till: -199.6  color:triassic    text:[[Triassic]]
 from: -199.6    till: -145.5   color:jurassic    text:[[Jurassic]]
 from: -145.5   till: -66  color:cretaceous   text:[[Cretaceous]]
 from: -66    till: -23.03   color:paleogene    text:[[Paleogene]]
 from: -23.03    till: -2.588   color:neogene    text:[[Neogene|Neog.]]
 from: -2.588    till: 0  color:quaternary   text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
 
 bar:eratop
 from:  -542  till:  -251    color:paleozoic    text:[[Paleozoic Era]]
 from:  -251  till:  -66    color:mesozoic    text:[[Mesozoic Era]]
 from:  -66  till:  0   color:cenozoic    text:[[Cenozoic]]
 
PlotData=
 align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
 
 color:devonian bar:NAM3 from:-412.8    till:-411.2 text:[[Powichthys]]
 color:devonian bar:NAM4 from:-408.4    till:-407 text:[[Youngolepis]]
 color:devonian bar:NAM6 from:-407    till:-359.2 text:[[Onychodus]]
 color:devonian bar:NAM13 from:-397.5    till:-359.2 text:[[Strunius]]
 color:devonian bar:NAM15 from:-391.8    till:-374.5 text:[[Euporosteus]]
 color:devonian bar:NAM20 from:-385.3    till:-381.7 text:[[Miguashaia]]
 color:devonian bar:NAM21 from:-385.3    till:-374.5 text:[[Nesides]]
 color:devonian bar:NAM22 from:-381.7    till:-328.3 text:[[Diplocercides]]
 color:devonian bar:NAM26 from:-364.3    till:-359.2 text:[[Chagrinia]]
 color:carboniferous bar:NAM29 from:-345.3    till:-299 text:[[Rhabdoderma]]
 color:carboniferous bar:NAM30 from:-333.97    till:-328.3 text:[[Coelacanthopsis]]
 color:carboniferous bar:NAM31 from:-328.3    till:-324.9 text:[[Allenypterus]]
 color:carboniferous bar:NAM32 from:-328.3    till:-324.9 text:[[Caridosuctor]]
 color:carboniferous bar:NAM33 from:-328.3    till:-324.9 text:[[Hadronector]]
 color:carboniferous bar:NAM34 from:-328.3    till:-324.9 text:[[Lochmocereus]]
 color:carboniferous bar:NAM35 from:-328.3    till:-324.9 text:[[Polyosteorhynchus]]
 color:carboniferous bar:NAM36 from:-306.5    till:-301.37 text:[[Synaptotylus]]
 color:permian bar:NAM37 from: -299    till:-294.6 text:[[Ectosteorhachis]]
 color:permian bar:NAM38 from:-260    till:-251 text:[[Changxingia]]
 color:permian bar:NAM39 from:-258.0    till:-252 text:[[Coelacanthus]]
 color:permian bar:NAM40 from:-255    till:-251 text:[[Yonngichthys]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM41 from:-251    till:-250.57 text:[[Laugia]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM42 from:-251    till:-248.13 text:[[Sassenia]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM43 from:-251    till:-245 text:[[Sinocoelacanthus]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM44 from:-250.13    till:-249.7 text:[[Piveteauia]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM45 from:-250.13    till:-249.7 text:[[Whiteia]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM46 from:-249.7    till:-248.13 text:[[Axelia]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM47 from:-249.7    till:-248.13 text:[[Mylacanthus]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM48 from:-249.7    till:-248.13 text:[[Scleracanthus]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM49 from:-249.7    till:-248.13 text:[[Wimania]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM50 from:-245    till:-237 text:[[Garnbergia]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM51 from:-242    till:-237 text:[[Heptanema]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM52 from:-237    till:-234 text:[[Alcoveria]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM53 from:-237    till:-234 text:[[Ticinepomis]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM54 from:-237    till:-228 text:[[Hainbergia]]
 color:triassic bar:NAM55 from:-220.3    till:-216.5 text:[[Graphiuricthys]]
 color:jurassic bar:NAM56 from:-199.6    till:-191 text:[[Holophagus]]
 color:jurassic bar:NAM57 from:-199    till:-163.5 text:[[Trachymetopon]]
 color:jurassic bar:NAM57.1 from:-163.5  till:-157.3 text:[[Swenzia]]
 color:jurassic bar:NAM58 from:-161.2    till:-145.5 text:[[Lualabaea]]
 color:jurassic bar:NAM59 from:-152    till:-145 text:[[Undina]]
 color:jurassic bar:NAM60 from:-150.8    till:-149.03 text:[[Coccoderma]]
 color:jurassic bar:NAM60.1 from:-150.8    till:-149.03 text:[[Libys]]
 color:cretaceous bar:NAM60.2 from:-150   till:-95 text:[[Mawsonia]]
 color:cretaceous bar:NAM60.3 from:-112    till:-71.5 text:[[Axelrodichthys]]
 color:cretaceous bar:NAM60.6 from:-112    till:-79.2 text:[[Macropoma]]
 color:cretaceous bar:NAM61 from:-99.6    till:-93.5 text:[[Macropomoides]]
 color:cretaceous bar:NAM62 from:-86.3   till:-71.5 text:[[Megalocoelacanthus]]
 color:cretaceous bar:NAM62.1 from:-67   till:-65 text:[[Coelacanth|Mawsoniidae indeterminate]]
 color:cretaceous bar:NAM63 from:-65    till:-64 text: [[Post Cretaceous Coelacanth fossils|Coelacanthiformes indeterminate]]?
 color:quaternary bar:NAM64 from:-1    till:0 text:[[Latimeria]]
 
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 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
 
 bar:period
 from: -542    till: -488.3   color:cambrian  text:[[Cambrian]]
 from: -488.3    till: -443.7    color:ordovician    text:[[Ordovician]]
 from: -443.7    till: -416    color:silurian    text:[[Silurian]]
 from: -416    till: -359.2   color:devonian    text:[[Devonian]]
 from: -359.2    till: -299  color:carboniferous   text:[[Carboniferous]]
 from: -299    till: -251  color:permian    text:[[Permian]]
 from: -251    till: -199.6  color:triassic    text:[[Triassic]]
 from: -199.6    till: -145.5   color:jurassic    text:[[Jurassic]]
 from: -145.5   till: -66  color:cretaceous   text:[[Cretaceous]]
 from: -66    till: -23.03   color:paleogene    text:[[Paleogene]]
 from: -23.03    till: -2.588   color:neogene    text:[[Neogene|Neog.]]
 from: -2.588    till: 0  color:quaternary   text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
 
 bar:era
 from:  -542  till:  -251    color:paleozoic    text:[[Paleozoic Era]]
 from:  -251  till:  -66    color:mesozoic    text:[[Mesozoic Era]]
 from:  -66  till:  0   color:cenozoic    text:[[Cenozoic]]
</timeline>
 
 
<gallery widths="200" heights="145">
Datoteka:Coelacanth sea world.JPG|Celakant
Datoteka:Coelacanth in Kuwait by Prof Dr Norman Ali Khalaf July 2019.jpg|Celakant u Kulturnom centru Abdallah Al Salem, Kuwait
</gallery>
 
== Reference ==
{{Reflist|refs=
 
<ref name="Fraser et al 2020" >{{cite journal|url=https://www.sajs.co.za/article/view/7806/9870 |title=Live coelacanth discovered off the KwaZulu-Natal South Coast, South Africa  |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=116 |issue=3/4 March/April 2020 |first1=Michael D. |last1=Fraser |first2=Bruce A.S. |last2=Henderson |first3=Pieter B. |last3=Carstens |first4=Alan D. |last4=Fraser |first5=Benjamin S. |last5=Henderson |first6=Marc D. |last6=Dukes |first7=Michael N. |last7=Bruton |doi=10.17159/sajs.2020/7806 |date=26. 3. 2020 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
}}
 
== Dopunska literatura ==
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=J. L. B.|title=Old Fourlegs: the Story of the Coelacanth|publisher=Longmans Green |year=1956}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Coelacanths – The Fish That Time Forgot|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-geographic_1988-06_173_6/page/824|first=Hans|last=Fricke|magazine=National Geographic|pages=824–838|volume=173|issue=6|date=juni 1988|issn=0027-9358|oclc=643483454}}
* {{cite news|last=Wade|first=Nicholas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/science/coelacanth-dna-may-tell-how-fish-learned-to-walk.html|title=Fish's DNA May Explain How Fins Turned to Feet|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18. 4. 2013|pages=A3}}
* {{cite book|last=Thomson|first=Keith S.|title=Living Fossil: the Story of the Coelacanth|url=https://archive.org/details/livingfossilstor00keit|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=1991}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sepkoski |first=Jack |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |year=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |access-date=17. 5. 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220223520/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |archive-date=20. 2. 2009 }}
* {{cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Samantha|title=A Fish Caught in Time: The Search for the Coelacanth|url=https://archive.org/details/fishcaughtintime0000wein_a5x5|publisher=Fourth Estate|year=1999}}
* {{cite book|last=Bruton|first=Mike|title=When I Was a Fish: Tales of an Ichthyologist|publisher=Jacana Media(Pty)Ltd|year=2015}}

== Vanjski linkovi ==
{{Commons category|Coelacanthiformes}}
{{Wikivrste|Latimeria}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fish/anatomy.html Anatomy of the coelacanth] by PBS ([[Adobe Flash]] required)
* [http://www.dinofish.com/ Dinofish.com] (requires a [[Framing (World Wide Web)|frame-capable browser]])
* {{cite web |first=Carolyn |last=Butler |title=Der Quastenflosser: Ein Fossil taucht auf |trans-title=The Coelacanth: A fossil turns up |language=de |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.de/reportagen/der-quastenflosser-ein-fossil-taucht-auf |work=National Geographic Deutschland |date=august 2012 |access-date=20. 12. 2022 |archive-date=3. 2. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203124532/http://www.nationalgeographic.de/reportagen/der-quastenflosser-ein-fossil-taucht-auf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature12027 |title=The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution |year=2013 |last1=Amemiya |first1=Chris T. |last2=Alföldi |first2=Jessica |last3=Lee |first3=Alison P. |last4=Fan |first4=Shaohua |last5=Philippe |first5=Hervé |last6=MacCallum |first6=Iain |last7=Braasch |first7=Ingo |last8=Manousaki |first8=Tereza |last9=Schneider |first9=Igor |journal=Nature |volume=496 |issue=7445 |pages=311–6 |display-authors=9 |pmid=23598338 |pmc=3633110|bibcode = 2013Natur.496..311A |last10=Rohner |first10=Nicolas |last11=Organ |first11=Chris |last12=Chalopin |first12=Domitille |last13=Smith |first13=Jeramiah J. |last14=Robinson |first14=Mark |last15=Dorrington |first15=Rosemary A. |last16=Gerdol |first16=Marco |last17=Aken |first17=Bronwen |last18=Biscotti |first18=Maria Assunta |last19=Barucca |first19=Marco |last20=Baurain |first20=Denis |last21=Berlin |first21=Aaron M. |last22=Blatch |first22=Gregory L. |last23=Buonocore |first23=Francesco |last24=Burmester |first24=Thorsten |last25=Campbell |first25=Michael S. |last26=Canapa |first26=Adriana |last27=Cannon |first27=John P. |last28=Christoffels |first28=Alan |last29=De Moro |first29=Gianluca |last30=Edkins |first30=Adrienne L. }}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22184556 'Living fossil' coelacanth genome sequenced] BBC News Science & Environment; 17 April 2013
{{Sarcopterygii}}
{{Actinistia|state=collapsed}}
{{Diverzitet riba}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q59166}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategorija:Coelacanthiformes| ]]
[[Kategorija:Latimeriidae]]
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[[Kategorija:1938. u biologiji]]
[[Kategorija:Taksoni koje je imenovao Lev Berg]]