Janaki asal-mulanya gasan Linguistik

{{linguistik}}
{{Ilmu}}
'''Linguistik''' ([[IPA (linguistik)|IPA]]: /liŋuistik/) atawa '''ilmu basa''' adalah ilmu nang mampalajari manganai [[basa]]. Bagantung lawan sudut pandang wan pamarakan saikung panaliti, linguistik rancak dimasukakan ka dalam wadah nang sama kaya ilmu [[kognitif]], [[psikologi]], wan [[antropologi]].

Ada tiga buting aspek luas panalitian, nang maliputi bantuk, basa, makna basa, wan basa dalam konteks.<ref>{{cite book|title=Elements of General Linguistics|last=Martinet|first=André|authorlink=André Martinet|others=Tr. Elisabeth Palmer Rubbert (Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i.)|location=London|publisher=Faber|year=1960|page=15}}</ref> Pamulaan kagiatan nang dipinandui dalam gambaran basa hudah dikaitakan lawan [[Pāṇini]] sakitar 500 SM lawan analisisnya matan [[bahasa Sanskerta|basa Sanskerta]] di ''Ashtadhyayi''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.)|author=S.C. Vasu (Tr.)|publisher=Vedic Books|year=1996|isbn=9788120804098|url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html}}</ref>

Basa kawa dipahami sabagai suatu interaksi bunyi wan makna.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Six Lectures on Sound and Meaning|first=Roman|last=Jakobson|publisher=MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1937|isbn=0262600102|url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ru/jakobson.htm}}</ref> Disiplin nang mampalajari bunyi basa disambat lawan ngaran fonetik, nang bakaitan lawan sipat sabujurnya matan bunyi sambatan wan lain bunyi sambatan kayapa buhannya ngitu dihasilakan wan dirasaakan. Studi manganai makna basa, di wadah lain, bahubungan lawan kayapa basa mamakai logika wan referensi dunia bujur hagan manyampaiakan, mamprusis, wan manatapakan makna sarta hagan mambujuri wan manuntungakan ambiguitas. Hal ngini pada gilirannya mancakup studi semantik (makna disimpulakan matan kata-kata wan kunsip) wan pragmatik (makna disimpulakan matan konteks).<ref>{{cite book|title=Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics|url=https://archive.org/details/meaninggrammarin0000chie_z7i8|year=2000|author=Chierchia, Gennaro and Sally McConnell-Ginet|publisher=MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780262531641}}</ref>

Ada sistim aturan (dipinandui lawan tata basa) nang maatur pamandiran antara angguta suatu masyarakat tutur tartantu. Tata basa dipangaruhi ulih suara wan makna, tamasuk morfologi (paulahan wan komposisi kata-kata), wan fonologi (sistim bunyi).<ref>{{cite book|title=Linguistics|year=2010|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=0-262-51370-6|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/examrequest.asp?ttype=2&tid=12240|edition=6th|author=Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer, Robert M. Harnish|accessdate=25 July 2012|archive-date=14 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.ph/20121214215844/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/examrequest.asp?ttype=2&tid=12240|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Malalui [[linguistik korpus]], potongan ganal teks kawa dianalisi hagan kamungkinan kajadia bantuk linguistik tartantu wan pola gaya dalam wacana tartulis atawa lisan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uni-giessen.de/anglistik/ling/Staff/mukherjee/pdfs/Stylistics.pdf |title="Stylistics" by Joybrato Mukherjee. Chapter 49. ''Encyclopedia of Linguistics''. |access-date=2014-03-15 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220434/http://www.uni-giessen.de/anglistik/ling/Staff/mukherjee/pdfs/Stylistics.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

== Objek linguistik ==
Objek linguistik marupakan saban basa nang bantar di saban hagian di dunia matan wayah bahari, klasik, atawa wayah kadingsiran. Haratan wayah ngitu, basa nang dikaji lain basa nang bujur wan basa nang bungas wara, tagal jua bantuk ungkapan nang ada barikit lawan basa ngitu. Haratan basa, objek nang dikaji ngitu, kangalihan hagan [[linguis]] manyuuk, linguis imbahnya harus mamakai teks tulis, maraga teks tulis ngitu wara nang kawa mandangani [[linguis]] hagan maminandui basa wayah bahari nang inya kaji.<ref name=":0">de Saussure, Ferdinand (2021). ''Kuliah Umum Linguistik Cours de linguistique générale''. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD. hlm.&nbsp;30. ISBN&nbsp;978-623-6166-37-6.</ref>

== Gawian linguistik ==
Linguistik baisi gawian yaitu:
* Maulah gambaran wan manyusun sajarah sabarataan [[basa]] nang kawa linguistik jangkau. Nang baarti linguistik maulah sajarah [[kula basa]] wan maulah baasa sakawa palawa indung saban kaluarga.
* Mangikihi hinti nang salawasan wan mandunia dalam saban [[basa]], wan mancungulakan hukum-hukum umum nang kawa dipakai hagan mamadahi samuaan kajadian dalam [[sajarah]].
* Manatapakan pahalatan linguistik ngitu surang wan maartiakan surang.<ref name=":1">de Saussure, Ferdinand (2021). ''Kuliah Umum Linguistik Cours de linguistique générale''. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD. hlm.&nbsp;30. ISBN&nbsp;978-623-6166-37-6.</ref>

== Pambagian bidang linguistik ==
Linguistik bakambang salaras lawan kumpliksitas objek atawa materi nang dikaji. Salihan, ilmu pangatahuan nang mangkaji basa ngini juga basipat tabuka tarhadap pangaruh wan kaparakan lawan ilmu lain. Hal ngini lah nang maulah linguistik sugih lawan cabang ilmu nang masing-masing bafokus lawan macam pamarakan kajian lawan objek nang dikaji. Cabang-cabang linguistik naya antara lain nang baandak di bawah ngini:

=== Mikrolinguistik ===
==== Bidang Teoretis ====
* Umum:
** [[Teori Linguistik]]
** [[Linguistik Deskriptif]]
** [[Linguistik Historis Komparatif]]
* Hagan basa tartantu:
** Linguistik Deskriptif
** Linguistik Historis

=== Makrolinguistik ===
==== Bidang Interdisipliner ====
* [[Fonetik]]
* [[Stilistika]]
* [[Filsafat Bahasa]]
* [[Psikolinguistik]]
* [[Sosiolinguistik]]
* [[Etnolinguistik]]
* [[Filologi]]
* [[Semiotika]]
* [[Epigrafi]]
* [[Revitalisasi Bahasa]] (Revivalistics)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/vert-fut-47764415|title=Laki-laki yang berjasa menghidupkan kembali bahasa suku Aborigin yang mati; BBC Future, Alex Rawlings, 2 April 2019|work=[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann]] mendirikan bidang penyelidikan lintas-disiplin yang disebut "Revivalistics", yang berfokus pada kelangsungan hidup dan kebangkitan kembali bahasa yang hampir punah dan sudah punah di seluruh dunia, seperti bahasa [[Ibrani]], Welsh, Cornish, [[Irlandia]], [[Hawaii]], Wampanoag, Myaamia, dan lainnya|accessdate=5 April 2019}}</ref>

==== Bidang Terapan ====
* [[Pengajaran Bahasa]]
* [[Penerjemahan]]
* [[Leksikografi]]
* [[Fonetik Terapan]]
* [[Sosiolinguistik Terapan]]
* [[Pembinaan Bahasa Internasional|Pembinaan Bahasa]]
* [[Linguistik forensik|Linguistik Forensik]]
* [[Linguistik Medis]]
* [[Grafologi]]
* [[Mekanolinguistik]]

=== Aspek Linguistik ===
Linguistik baisi aspek antara lain aspek fonologi, aspek morfologi, aspek sintaksis, aspek semantik, wan aspek pragmatik.

==Pamarakan tiuritis==
[[File:Ferdinand de Saussure.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ferdinand de Saussure]] mausulkan linguistik umum sebagai studi tentang bahasa sebagai sistem makna dan bentuk yang seimbang.]]
===Pamarakan humanistik===
Linguistik humanistik baisi parinsip dasar bahwa basa adalah tatamuan nang diulah ulih manusia. Sabuting tradisi semiotika panalitian linguistik manyambat basa marupakan sistim tanda nang cungul matan interaksi makna wan bantuk.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nöth |first=Winfried |title=Handbook of Semiotics |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1990 |url=https://salahlibrary.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/handbook-of-semiotics.pdf |isbn=978-0-253-20959-7 |access-date=2022-02-28 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308052018/https://salahlibrary.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/handbook-of-semiotics.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Urganisasi struktur basa disambat komputasional.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hjelmslev|first=Louis |title=Prolegomena to a Theory of Language |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1969 |orig-year=First published 1943|isbn= 0-299-02470-9| author-link=Louis_Hjelmslev}}</ref> Pada dasarnya, linguistik bahubungan lawan ilmu-ilmu sosial wan budaya maraga basa nang balain taulah matan pamandiran sosial ulih masyarakat tutur.<ref>{{cite book |last=de Saussure |first=Ferdinand |title=Course in general linguistics |place=New York |publisher=Philosophy Library |year=1959 |orig-year=First published 1916 |url=https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Saussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf |isbn=978-0-231-15727-8 |author-link=Ferdinand_de_Saussure |access-date=2021-08-05 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414113626/https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Saussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Karungkung nang mawakili panjanakan humanisitik basa tarmasuk [[linguistik struktural]], antara lain.<ref name="humanistic">{{cite journal | last=Austin | first=Patrik | year=2021 | title=Theory of language: a taxonomy | journal=SN Social Sciences | volume=1 | issue=3 | doi=10.1007/s43545-021-00085-x | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43545-021-00085-x | access-date=2021-08-02 }}</ref>

Analisis struktural baarti mambedah saban lapisan: fonetik, morfologis, sintaksis, wan wacana, ka unit-unit pahalusnya. Hal ngitu tadi digarumbungakan ka dalam inventaris (nang kaya fonem, morfem, kalas leksikal, janis frase) hagan mampalajari hubungan bubuhannya dalam tantang struktur wan lapisan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schäfer|first=Roland |title=Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen (2nd ed.) |place=Berlin|publisher=Language Science Press |year=2016 | url= https://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=620310 |isbn= 978-1-537504-95-7 }}</ref> Analisis fungsional manambah analisis struktural panugasan peran semantik wan peran fungsional lainnya nang mungkin diampunnya saban unit. Cuntuh, frasa kata banda kawa bapungsi jadi subjek tata basa atawa objek kalimat, atawa jadi agen semantik atawa pasien.<ref>{{cite book |last=Halliday & Matthiessen |title=An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.) |place=London |publisher=Hodder |year=2004 | url= http://www.uel.br/projetos/ppcat/pages/arquivos/RESOURCES/2004_HALLIDAY_MATTHIESSEN_An_Introduction_to_Functional_Grammar.pdf|isbn= 0-340-76167-9| author-link=M. A. K. Halliday}}</ref>

[[Linguistik fungsional]], atawa tata basa fungsional, adalah cabang struktural. Dalam konteks humanistik, istilah strukturalisme wan fungsionalisme tahubung lawan maknanya dalam ilmu-ilmu kamanusiaan nang lain. Parbidaan antara strukturalisme formal wan fungsional baandak di jawaban buhannya atas partakunan napa basa baisi sipat-sipat nang inya baisi surang. Panjalasan fungsional mamarluakan gagasan bahwa basa adalah alat hagan bapandiran, atawa bahwa bapandiran adalah fungsi utama basa. Bantuk-bantuk linguistik sacara konsekuen dijalasakan sahubungan lawan nilai fungsionalnya, atawa pamakaiannya. Pamarakan strukturalis lain maambil panjanakan bahwa bantuk maumpati mekanisme batin sistim basa bilateral wan balapis-lapis.<ref>{{cite book |last=Daneš |first=František |editor= Dirven & Fried | title=Functionalism in Linguistics |publisher=John Benjamins |year=1987 |pages=3–38 |chapter=On Prague school functionalism in linguistics |isbn= 978-90-272-1524-6}}</ref>

=== Pamarakan biologis ===
Pamarakan kaya linguistik kognitif wan tata basa generatif mampalajari kognisi linguistik lawan panjanakan hagan mamadahakan dasar-dasar biologis basa. Dalam Tata Basa Generatif, dasar-dasar ngini disambat cungul matan pangatahuan  tata basa bawaan. Jadi, salah sabuting parhatian tambaian matan pamarakan ngini adalah hagan mangikihi aspek-aspek apa matan pangatahuan linguistik nang basipat [[Genetika|genetik]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Everaert, Huybregts, Chomsky, Berwick & Bolhuis |year= 2015|title= Structures, not strings: linguistics as part of the cognitive sciences|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283666865|journal= Trends in Cognitive Sciences|volume= 19|issue= 12|pages= 729–743|doi= 10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.008|pmid= 26564247|access-date=2021-08-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chomsky|first=Noam| title=The Minimalist Program (2nd ed.) |publisher=MIT Press |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-262-52734-7 | author-link=Noam_Chomsky}}</ref>

[[Linguistik kognitif|Linguistik Kognitif]], sabaliknya, manolak gagasan tata basa bawaan, wan mampalajari kayapa pikiran manusia maulah konstruksi linguistik matan skema paristiwa.<ref name="Arbib_2015">{{cite book |last=Arbib |first=Michael A.|editor= MacWhinney & O'Grady |title=Handbook of Language Emergence |publisher=Wiley |year=2015 |pages=81–109 |chapter= Language evolution – an emergentist perspective |isbn= 978-1-118-34613-6 }}</ref>Ngini jua mampalajari pangaruh masalah kognitif wan bias di basa manusia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tobin |first=Vera |editor=Borkent |title=Language and the Creative Mind |publisher=Chicago University Press |year=2014 |pages=347–363 |chapter=Where do cognitive biases fit into cognitive linguistics? |chapter-url=http://www.academia.edu/download/37200544/WhereDoCognitiveBiases.pdf |isbn=978-90-272-8643-7 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Sama jua halnya lawan [[pemrograman neurolinguistik]], basa diparaki mamakai indera.<ref name="delCarmenGuarddonAnelo_2010">{{cite journal|last=del Carmen Guarddon Anelo|first=María|year=2010|title=Metaphors and neuro-linguistic programming|journal=The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences|volume=5|issue=7|pages=151–162|doi=10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v05i07/51812}}</ref><ref name="Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002">{{cite journal|last=Ibarretxe-Antuñano|first=Iraide|year=2002|title=MIND-AS-BODY as a Cross-linguistic Conceptual Metaphor|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272507067| journal= Miscelánea |volume=25 |issue=1 | pages=93–119 | access-date=2020-07-15}}</ref><ref name="Gibbs&Colston_1995">{{cite journal | last=Gibbs & Colston | year=1995|title=The cognitive psychological reality of image schemas and their transformations|journal=Cognitive Linguistics|volume=6|issue=4|pages=347–378|doi=10.1515/cogl.1995.6.4.347 }}</ref> Ahli basa kognitif mampalajari parwujudan pangatahuan lawan mancari ekspresi nang bahubungan lawan skema sensorimotor.<ref name="Luodonpää-Manni&Viimaranta_2017">{{cite book| last=Luodonpää-Manni, Penttilä & Viimaranta | url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-4438-7325-3 |title=Empirical Approaches to Cognitive Linguistics: Analyzing Real-Life Data| year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-4438-7325-3|editor=Luodonpää-Manni & Viimaranta | chapter=Introduction | access-date=2020-06-30 }}</ref>

Linguistik evolusioner nang mancakup studi unit lingusitik sabagai replikator budaya marupakan pamarakan nang kancang tahubung.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pleyer & Winters |year= 2014|title=Integrating cognitive linguistics and language evolution research|url=https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/THS/article/viewFile/ths-2014-002/4967|journal=Theoria et Historia Scientiarum |volume=11 |pages=19–44|doi=10.12775/ths-2014-002 |access-date=2021-08-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Evans & Green | title=Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction |publisher=Routledge |date=2006 |isbn= 0-7486-1831-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Croft |first=William |year=2008 |title=Evolutionary linguistics |url=http://www.afhalifax.ca/magazine/wp-content/sciences/LaLoiDeGrimm/annurev.anthro.37.081407.pdf |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=37 |pages=219–234 |access-date=2021-08-03 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225122332/http://www.afhalifax.ca/magazine/wp-content/sciences/LaLoiDeGrimm/annurev.anthro.37.081407.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Bahwa, kawa hagan mampalajari kayapa basa mareplikasi wan mampasakan lawan pikiran saikung urang atawa paju tutur tartantu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cornish, Tamariz & Kirby |year= 2009 |title=Complex adaptive systems and the origins of adaptive structure: what experiments can tell us|url= https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/8777212/complex_adaptive_systems.pdf|journal=Language Learning |volume=59 |pages=187–205|access-date=2021-08-03 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00540.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sinnemäki & Di Garbo | year= 2018|title=Language Structures May Adapt to the Sociolinguistic Environment, but It Matters What and How You Count: A Typological Study of Verbal and Nominal Complexity|journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |pages=187–205|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01141 |pmid=30154738|pmc=6102949 }}</ref> Tata basa konstruksi marupakan karungkung gawian nang manarapakan kunsip meme hagan mampalajari sintaksis.<ref name="Dahl_2001">{{cite journal|last=Dahl|first=Östen|date=2001|title=Grammaticalization and the life cycles of constructions|journal=RASK – Internationalt Tidsskrift for Sprog og Kommunikation|volume=14|pages=91–134}}</ref><ref name="Kirby_2013">{{cite book|last=Kirby|first=Simon|url=http://www.labex-whoami.fr/images/documents/kirby_Labex_JC_paper.pdf|title=The Language Phenomenon|publisher=Springer|year=2013|editor=Binder|pages=121–138|chapter=Transitions: the evolution of linguistic replicators|series=The Frontiers Collection|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-36086-2_6|isbn=978-3-642-36085-5|access-date=2020-03-04|editor=Smith}}</ref><ref name="Zehentner_2019">{{cite book|last=Zehentner|first=Eva|title=Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2019|isbn=978-3-11-063385-6}}</ref><ref name="MacWhinney_2015">{{cite book|last=MacWhinney|first=Brian|title=Handbook of Language Emergence|year=2015|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-34613-6|editor=MacWhinney & O'Grady |pages=1–31|chapter=Introduction – language emergence }}</ref>

Pamarakan generatif wan pamarakan evolusioner takananya disambat formalisme wan fungsionalisme.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nettle |first=Daniel |editor=Darnell | title=Functionalism and Formalism in linguistics, 1 |volume=41 |publisher=John Benjamins |year=1999 |pages=445–468 |chapter= Functionalism and its difficulties in biology and linguistics |isbn= 978-1-55619-927-1 | doi= 10.1075/slcs.41.21net |series=Studies in Language Companion Series }}</ref>Tagal kunsip-kunsip ngini balaian matan pamakaian istilah dalam [[humaniora]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Croft |first=William |chapter=Functional Approaches to Grammar | title=International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences | editor=Wright | |edition=2nd |year=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |volume=9 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53009-8 |pages=6323–6330}}</ref>

== Raraitan linguistik wan ilmu lain ==
Linguistik baisi raraitan taparak lawan babarapa ilmu lain. Ilmu-ilmu lain takananya mainjam data matan linguistik, wan takananya jua ilmu lain nang mamacangakan data nang didapat hagan linguistik. Gigis tikas antara ilmu-ilmu ngitu lawan linguistik jua kada titir jelas gigisnya. Nang kaya, linguistik harus bujur-bujur dipilah matan [[etnografi]] wan matan [[pra-sejarah]]. Dalam [[etnografi]] wan [[pra-sejarah]] ngitu, basa disambat dukumin wara. Linguistik jua dilainakan lawan [[antropologi]], maraga [[antropologi]] manaliti manusia sabagai [[spesies]] wara sapahadangan, basa adalah sabuting kabujuran [[susial]].<ref name=":0" />

Linguistik jua baisi raraitan lawan [[fisiologi]]. Raraitan badua ngitu basipat [[unilateral]], baarti panalitian [[basa]] mamarluakan fisiologi hagan manjalasakan [[bunyi basa|fonologi]], tagal [[fisiologi]] kada mamarluakan linguistik hagan mahatiakan bunyi ngitu. Raraitan lawan filologi, linguistik tapilah matan linguistik, tagal ada sapalih piduhal dua ilmu ngini bajapaian wan badanganan.<ref name=":1" />

== Lihati jua ==
* [[Daptar istilah linguistik]]

== Jujuhutan ==
<references />

== Bacaan tasambung ==
* {{cite book
|last = Chaer
|first = Abdul
|title = Linguistik Umum
|publisher = [[Rineka Cipta]]
|date = 1994
|month = Agustus
|id = 979-518-587-X }}

* {{Citation
  | last1 = Kridalaksana | first1 = Harimurti
  | last2 =  | first2 =
  | last3 =  | first3 =
  | title = [[Kamus Linguistik]]
  | publisher = [[Gramedia Pustaka Utama]]
  | date =
  | year = 2001
  | isbn = 979-515-292-9}}

* {{cite book|title=Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication|publisher=The MIT Press|author=Akmajian, Adrian; Demers, Richard; Farmer, Ann; Harnish, Robert|year=2010|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0-262-51370-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Daniela|last=Isac|coauthors=Charles Reiss|title=I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science, 2nd edition|url=http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199660179|access-date=2014-03-15|archive-date=2011-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173454/http://linguistics.concordia.ca/i-language/|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|first=Steven|last=Pinker|title= The Language Instinct|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinstinct0000pink_w8b7|year=1994|publisher=William Morrow and Company|isbn=9780140175295}}
* {{cite book|first=Noam|last=Chomsky|title=On Language|url=https://archive.org/details/onlanguagechomsk00chom|year=1998|publisher=The New Press, New York|isbn=978-1565844759}}
* {{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Derrida|title=Of Grammatology|year=1967|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0801858305}}
* {{cite book|first=David|last=Crystal|title=Linguistics|year=1990|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780140135312}}

[[Kategori:Linguistik| ]]