Janaki asal-mulanya gasan Banyu

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
! {{Chembox header}} | <big>[[Banyu (molekul)|banyu]]</big>
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  [[Barakas:Water molecule dimensions.svg|135px|Dimensi wan struktur geometri sabuting molekul banyu.]][[Barakas:Water molecule (1).svg|110px|Model ruang-ta’isi manggambarakan struktur molekul banyu.]]
|-
! {{Chembox header}} | Informasi wan sifat-sifat
|-
| [[Tata ngaran IUPAC|Ngaran sistematis]]
| banyu
|-
| Ngaran alternatif
| aqua, dihidrogen monoksida, {{Br}}hidrogen hidroksida
|-
| [[Rumus molekul]]
| H<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| [[Massa molar]]
| 18.0153 g/mol
|-
| [[Densitas]] wan [[Fase (materi)|fase]]
| 0.998 g/cm³ <small>(cariran pada 20&nbsp;°C)</small>{{Br}} 0.92 g/cm³ <small>(padatan)</small>
|-
| [[Titik lanah]]
| 0 [[Celsius|°C]] (273.15 [[kelvin|K]]) (32 [[Fahrenheit|ºF]])
|-
| [[Titik gurak]]
| 100&nbsp;°C (373.15 K) (212&nbsp;°F)
|-
| [[Kalor janis]]
| 4184 J/(kg•K) <small>(cairan di 20&nbsp;°C)</small>
|-
! {{Chembox header}} | [[Air (tungkaran data)|Tungkaran data tambahan]]
|-
| align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 1px solid #C0C090; background-color: #F8EABA; margin-bottom: 3px;" colspan="2" |<small>''[[Wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Disclaimer and references]]''</small>
|-
|}
'''Banyu'''<ref name="Laboratorium Kebinekaan Bahasa dan Sastra">{{cite web
  | publisher= Laboratorium Kebinekaan Bahasa dan Sastra, Pusat Pengembangan Strategi dan Diplomasi Kebahasaan, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
  | title= Laboratorium Kebinekaan Bahasa dan Sastra
  | location= Jalan Anyar Km. 4, Kompleks IPSC, Citeureup, Bogor, Indonesia
  | language= id
  | access-date= 13 Mei 2019
  | year= 2019
  | url= http://labbineka.kemdikbud.go.id/binekabahasa/bahasa/kerabatbahasa/06409663226af2f3114485aa4e0a23b4
  | archive-date= 2019-05-12
  | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190512095032/http://labbineka.kemdikbud.go.id/binekabahasa/bahasa/kerabatbahasa/06409663226af2f3114485aa4e0a23b4
  | dead-url= yes
  }}</ref><ref name="BasicVocabularyDatabase">{{cite web
  | publisher= The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
  | title= Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
  | contribution= Simon J. Greenhill , Robert Blust, Russell Gray
  | acces-date= 25 Mei 2019
  | language= en
  | url= https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/word.php?v=122
  | access-date= 2019-05-25
  | archive-date= 2019-03-06
  | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190306175751/https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/word.php?v=122
  | dead-url= yes
  }}</ref><ref name="BasicVocabularyDatabaseBanjareseMalay">{{cite web
  | publisher= The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
  | title= Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database - Language: Banjarese Malay
  | acces-date= 25 Mei 2019
  | language= en
  | url= https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=150&sort=loan&history=all
  | access-date= 2019-05-25
  | archive-date= 2020-08-11
  | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200811224842/https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=150&history=all&sort=loan
  | dead-url= yes
  }}</ref><ref name="BasicVocabularyDatabasePalembangMalay">{{cite web
  | publisher= 
  | title= Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database - Language: Palembang Malay
  | acces-date= 25 Mei 2019
  | language= en
  | url= https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=655
  | access-date= 2019-05-25
  | archive-date= 2020-10-27
  | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201027011616/https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=655
  | dead-url= yes
  }}</ref><ref name="BasicVocabularyDatabaseJavanese">{{cite web
  | publisher= 
  | title= Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database - Language: Jawa
  | acces-date= 25 Mei 2019
  | language= en
  | url= https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=20
  | access-date= 2019-05-25
  | archive-date= 2020-09-22
  | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200922231941/https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=20
  | dead-url= yes
  }}</ref> atawa '''ayying'''<ref name="bukit">{{cite book
 | authorlink= Abdurachman Ismail
 | first= Abdurachman
 | last= Ismail
 | url= http://books.google.co.id/books?id=chi5AAAAIAAJ&dq=bahasa+bukit&q=ayying 
 | title= Bahasa Bukit 
 | contribution= Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa
 | publisher= Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
 | year= 1979
 | volume= 28
 | language= id
 | location= Indonesia
 | pages= 78
}}</ref><ref name="BasicVocabularyDatabaseMelayuBrunei">{{cite web
  | publisher= 
  | title= Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database - Language: Language: Melayu Brunei (Dialect)
  | acces-date= 25 Mei 2019
  | language= en
  | url= https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=263
  | access-date= 2019-05-25
  | archive-date= 2018-09-24
  | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180924145230/https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=263
  | dead-url= yes
  }}</ref> atawa '''akar''' (Banjar Hulu)<ref name="Laboratorium Kebinekaan Bahasa dan Sastra"/> adalah jat atawa materi atawa unsur nang panting gasan samunyaan bantuk kahidupan nang dikatahuani sampai wayah ini di atas bumi.<ref>{{En}} Philip Ball, ''Water and life:  Seeking the solution'', [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v436/n7054/full/4361084a.html Nature '''436''', 1084-1085 (25 August 2005) | doi:10.1038/4361084a]</ref><ref>{{En}} [https://web.archive.org/web/19970617152802/http://www.umanitoba.ca/institutes/fisheries/waternot.html Water - The Essential Substance], Experimental Lakes Area, University of Manitoba</ref><ref>[http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/xtremelife/ingredients.php What are the Essential Ingredients of Life?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606233725/http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/xtremelife/ingredients.php |date=2014-06-06 }}, Natural History Museum, California Academy of Sciences</ref> tapi pang kahada panting lamun di planet nang lain.<ref>{{En}} Steven A Benner, ''Water is not an essential ingredient for Life, scientists now claim'', [http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=15568 SpaceRef.com]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [http://uplink.space.com/showflat.php?Cat=&Board=seti&Number=99260&page=21&view=collapsed&sb=5&o=0&fpart= uplink.space.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109185307/http://uplink.space.com/showflat.php?Cat=&Board=seti&Number=99260&page=21&view=collapsed&sb=5&o=0&fpart= |date=2007-11-09 }}</ref> Banyu manukupi parak 71% pamukaan bumi. Ada 1,4 triliun [[kilometer]] kubik (330 juta mil³) tasadia di bumi.<ref>{{En}} http://www.unep.org/vitalwater/01.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606230804/http://www.unep.org/vitalwater/01.htm |date=2007-06-06 }}</ref> Banyu palih taganalnya ta'ulihi di [[laut]] ([[banyu masin]]) wan di lapisan-lapisan es (di kutub wan puncak-puncak gunung), tapi kawa jua batampai sabagai [[awan]], [[hujan]], [[sungai]], [[mumuka'an banyu hambar]], [[danaw]], [[uap banyu]], wan [[lautan es]]. Banyu dalam obyek-obyek tutih bagarak ma’umpati suatu [[siklus banyu]], yaitu: liwat [[panguapan]], [[hujan]], wan aliran banyu di atas mumuka'an tanah (''runoff'', tamasuk sumbar, guntung, saka, awang, tatah, baruh, [[sungai]], [[muhara]]) manuju ka [[laut]]. Banyu barasih panting gasan kahidupan [[manusia]]. Banyak jua banua di dunia manamuni kakurangan pasadiaan banyu. Kada tikas di bumi haja, saduyau ganal banyu ada jua sangkan urang kawa ta'ulihi di [[kutup]] utara lawan salatan planet [[Mars]], lawan di bulan-bulan [[Irupa]] wan [[Enceladus]]. Banyu kawa ai jua dalam ujut [[padat]]an (es), [[cair]]an (banyu) wan [[gas]] (uap banyu). Banyu sabujurannya sabubutingannya jat nang sacara alami ta'ulih di mumuka'an bumi dalam katiga buting ujutnya naitu.<ref>{{En}} Peter Tyson, ''Life's Little Essential'', [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/essential.html NOVA, Origins, July 2004]</ref> Pangalolaan sumbar daya banyu nang kada pati baik kawa manyabab'akan kakurangan banyu, kuluh (monopolisasi) lawan jua privatisasi dan bahkan banyu kawa jua manyabab'akan tapahual. <ref>{{En}} H.E. Msgr. Renato R. Martino, ''Water, an Essential Element of Life'', [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/justpeace/documents/rc_pc_justpeace_doc_20030322_kyoto-water_en.html A Contribution of the Delegation of the Holy See on the Occasion of the third World Water Forum, Kyoto, Japan, 16th-23rd March 2003]</ref>
[[Indunisia]] sudah ba’isi undang-undang nang ma'atur sumbar daya banyu tumatan tahun 2004, yakni Undang Undang nomor 7 tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air

== Sipat-sipat kimia wan pisika ==

:''Artikal utama: [[Banyu (molekul)]]''

Banyu adalah substansi kimia  ba[[rumus kimia]] [[hidrogen|H]]<sub>2</sub>[[oksigen|O]]: sabuting [[molekul]] banyu tasusun tumatan dua [[atom]] [[hidrogen]] nang [[ikatan kovalen|ta’ikat sacara kovalen]] ka sabuting atom [[oksigen]]. Banyu basifat kada bawarna, kada barasa dan kada babau sawayah kondisi standar, yaitu di [[takanan]] 100 kPa (1 bar) wan [[suhu]] 273,15 K (0&nbsp;°C). Jat kimia naini sabujurannya suatu [[palarut]] nang panting, nang ba’isi kamampuan gasan malarutakan banyak zat kimia nang lainnya, pariannya uyah, [[gula]], [[asam]], babarapa macam [[gas]] wan banyak macam [[kimia organik|molekul organik]].

Kaadaan banyu nang babantuk cair sabujurannyan suatu kaadaan nang kada umum dalam kondisi normal, apalagi pabila ma’itihi hubungan antara hidrida-hidrida lain nang mahirip dalam kolom oksigen nang ada di [[tabel periodik]], nang ma’isyaratakan bahua banyu mustinya babantuk gas, nangkaya jua [[hidrogen sulfida]]. Sawayah ma’itihi [[tabel periodik]], talihat bahua [[unsur kimia|unsur-unsur]] nang mangulilingi oksigen adalah [[nitrogen]], [[fluorin|flor]], wan [[fosfor]], [[sulfur]] awan jua [[klor]]. Samunyaan elemen-elemen naini pabila ba’ikatan lawan hidrogen kaina mahasilakan gas sawayah tamparatur wan takanan normal. Alasan kanapang hidrogen ba’ikatan lawan oksigen mambantuk fasa baka'adaan cair, adalah lantaran oksigen labih basifat elektronegatif lamun ditanding lawan elemen-elemen lainnya naitu (kacawali flor). Tarikan atom oksigen lawan elektron-elektron ikatan jauh tanahap daripada nang diulah ulih atom hidrogen, maninggali jumbelah muatan positif di kadudua atom hidrogen, wan jumbelah muatan negatif dalam atom oksigen. Adanya muatan di saban atom nang itu ma’ulah molekul banyu ba’isi sajumbelah [[momen dipol]]. Gaya batatarikan listrik antar molekul-molekul banyu marga adanya dipol naini ma’ulah masing-masing molekul baparakan, ma’ulah ngalih dipisahakan wan jua ahirnya manaikakan titik gurak banyu. Gaya batatarikan naini disambat sabagai [[ikatan hidrogen]].

Banyu rancak disambat sabagai ''[[palarut]] universal'' lantaran banyu malarutakan banyak jat kimia. Banyu ba'andak dalam kasatimbangan dinamis antara fase [[cair]] wan [[padat]] di bawah takanan wan tamparatur standar. Dalam bantuk ion, banyu kawa dideskripsikan sabagai sabuting ion hidrogen ([[Hidron (kimia)|H]]<sup>+</sup>) nang ba'asosiasi (ba’ikatan) lawan sabuting ion hidroksida ([[hidroksida|OH]]<sup>-</sup>).

[[Barakas:Havasu_Falls_2_md.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Tingginya konsentrasi [[kapur]] nang balarut ma’ulah warna banyu nang mancaruruk tumatan di [[Banyu Tajun Havasu]] pinda talihat bakalir ''turquoise''.]]

=== Elektrolisis banyu ===
:''Artikal utama: [[Elektrolisis banyu]]''

Molekul banyu kawa dirahai jadi unsur-unsur asalnya lawan cara ma'alirinya arus [[listrik]]. Paroses naini disambat elektrolisis banyu. Di katoda, dua molekul banyu bareaksi manangkap dua buting [[elektron]], ta’eduksi jadi gas H<sub>2</sub> wan ion hidrokida (OH<sup>-</sup>). Pahadangan naitu di anoda, dua molekul banyu nang lain tarahai jadi gas [[oksigen]] (O<sub>2</sub>), mamacul 4 ion H<sup>+</sup> wan jua ma'alirakan elektron ka katoda. Ion H<sup>+</sup> wan OH<sup>-</sup> manamuni netralisasi sampai tabantuk pulang babarapa molekul banyu. Reaksi kasamunyaannya nang sapantar tumatan elektrolisis banyu naitu kawa ditulisakan nangkaya ini.

:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<math>\mbox{ }2H_{2}O(l) \rightarrow 2H_{2}(g) + O_{2}(g)\,</math>

Gas hidrogen wan oksigen nang dihasilakan tumatan reaksi naini mambantuk burinik di [[elektroda]] wan kawa dikumpulakan. Parinsip naini limbah itu dimanapa'atakan gasan mahasilakan hidrogen wan hidrogen peroksida (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) nang kawa diguna'akan sabagai bahan sirau (bahan bakar) kandaraan hidrogen.<ref>{{En}} Michael Kwan, ''Prototype car runs 100 miles on four ounces of water as fuel'', [http://www.mobilemag.com/content/100/354/C8115/ Mobile Magazine Thursday June 1, 2006 6:41 AM PDT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306122721/http://www.mobilemag.com/content/100/354/C8115/ |date=March 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{En}} ''Fuel from "Burning Water"'', [http://www.keelynet.com/energy/waterfuel.htm KeelyNet 01/09/02] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323100317/http://www.keelynet.com/energy/waterfuel.htm |date=2007-03-23 }}</ref><ref>{{En}} [http://www.freeenergynews.com/Directory/Hydrogen/index.html Hydrogen Technologies]</ref>

=== Kalarutan (solvasi) ===
Banyu adalah [[palarut]] nang nahap, malarutakan banyak janis [[jat kimia]].  Jat-jat nang bakambuh wan balarut sacara baik dalam banyu (pariannya [[uyah (kimia)|uyah]]) disambat sabagai jat-jat "[[hidrofilik]]" (pancinta banyu), wan jat-jat nang kada gampang takambuh lawan banyu (pariannya [[lamak]] wan [[minyak]]), disambat sabagai jat-jat "[[hidrofobik]]" (gair-banyu). Kalarutan suatu jat dalam banyu ditantu’akan ulih kawa kadanya jat naitu manandingi kanahapan gaya batatarikan listrik (gaya intermolekul dipol-dipol) antara molekul-molekul banyu. Lamun suatu zat kada kawawa manandingi gaya batatarikan antar molekul banyu, molekul-molekul jat naitu kada balarut wan cagar tatandak di dalam banyu.

[[Barakas:Water drops on spider web.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Butir-butir [[ambun]] barikit di gandang lawa [[kabibitak]].]]

=== Kohesi wan adesi ===
Banyu barikit lawan papada'annya ([[kohesi]]) lantaran banyu basipat polar. Banyu ba’isi sajumbelah [[muatan parsial]] negatif (σ-) parak [[atom]] [[oksigen]] marga pasangan elektron nang (babaya) kada diguna'akan basasama'an, wan sajumbelah muatan parsial positif (σ+) parak atom oksigen. Dalam banyu hal naini tajadi lantaran atom oksigen basipat talabih [[elektronegatif]] ditanding atom hidrogen—nang ba'arti, inya (atom oksigen) ba’isi talabih "[[gaya listrik|kanahapan tarik]]" di [[elektron|elektron-elektron]] nang bahaupan sasama'an dalam molekul, manarik elektron-elektron taparak ka ampahnya (nang ba'arti jua manarik muatan negatif elektron-elektron naitu) wan ma’ulah da'irah di pintangan atom oksigen bamuatan talabih negatif ditanding da'irah-da'irah di pintangan kadudua atom hidrogen.

Banyu gin ba’isi sipat [[adesi]] nang tinggi disababakan ulih sipat alami ka-polar-annya.

==== Tagangan mumuka'an ====
[[Barakas:Dscn3156-daisy-water 1200x900.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Kambang]] ''daisy'' naini ada di bawah mumukaan banyu, tagal kawa ai malarak sacara kada taganggu. Tagangan pamukaan mahalangi banyu handak maninggalamakan kambang naitu.]]

Banyu ba’isi [[tagangan mumukaan]] nang ganal nang disababakan ulih nahapnya sifat kohesi antar molekul-molekul banyu. Hal naini kawa diitihi wayah sajumbelah kacil banyu diandak dalam sabuah mumukaan nang kada kawa tabasahi atawa talarutakan (''non-soluble''); banyu naitu kaina bagalumuk sabagai sabuah titikan banyu. Di atas sabuah mumukaan galas nang barasih bangat atawa bamumukaan bujur-bujur halus banyu kawa mambantuk suatu [[lapisan nipis]] (''thin film'') lantaran gaya tarik molekular antara galas wan molekul banyu (gaya adhesi) tanahap ditanting gaya kohesi antar molekul banyu.

Di dalam sel-sel biologi wan organel-organel, banyu bagatukkan lawan membran wan mukaan protein nang basipat hidrofilik; yaitu, mukaan-mukaan nang katuju banaran lawan banyu. [[Irvin Langmuir]] ma’itihi suatu gaya tampik nang nahap antar mukaan-mukaan hidrofilik. Gasan manggawi dehidrasi suatu mukaan hidrofilik — dalam arti mamacul lapisan nang ta’ikat sacara nahap tumatan hidrasi banyu — parlu digawi bujur-bujur malawan gaya-gaya naini, nang disambat gaya-gaya hidrasi. Gaya-gaya nang ganal banaran nilainya tagal ha maluruh sacara hancap dalam rentang nanometer atawa labih halus. Pantingnya gaya-gaya naini dalam biologi sudah dipalajari sacara ekstensif ulih [[V. Adrian Parsegian]] sidin tumatan di [[National Institute of Health]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biophysics.org/education/parsegian.pdf |title=Physical Forces Organizing Biomolecules (PDF) |access-date=2009-05-25 |archive-date=2004-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011015753/http://www.biophysics.org/education/parsegian.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Gaya-gaya nangini panting utamanya wayah sel-sel tadehidrasi wayah bagantukkan langsung lawan ruang luar nang karing atawa pandinginan di luar sel (''extracellular freezing'').

== Banyu dalam kahidupan ==
[[Barakas:Blue Linckia Starfish.JPG|thumb|Kehidupan di dalam laut.]]
Mun di'itihi tumatan pandangan [[biologi]], banyu ba’isi sipat-sipat nang panting gasan adanya kahidupan. Banyu kawa manimbulakan reaksi nang kawa manyababakan [[senyawa organic]] ma’ulah [[replikasi]]. Samuanyaan makhluk hidup nang dikatahui ba’isi katargantungan lawan banyu. Banyu sabujurnya jat [[palarut]] nang panting gasan mahluk hidup wan jua adalah palih panting dalam paroses [[metabolisme]]. Banyu jua diparlu’akan dalam [[fotosintesis]] wan [[respirasi]]. Fotosintesis mamakai cahaya [[matahari]] gasan mamisahakan atom hidroden lawan oksigen. Hidrogen kaina dipakai gasan mambantuk [[glukosa]] wan oksigen kaina dilapas ka [[udara]].

=== Makhluk banyu ===
:''Artikel utama: [[Hidrobiologi]]''
Banyuan (perairan) bumi manyabak lawan kahidupan. Mahluk-mahluk panambaian cungul asalnya tumatan banyuan. Parak sabarataan [[iwak]] hidup di dalam banyu, suwalih naitu, [[mamalia]] pariannya [[lumba-lumba]] wan [[iwak paus]] gin hidup jua di dalam banyu. Satua-satua pariannya [[amfibi]] gin manjalani sapalih hidupnya di dalam banyu. Tumbuhan pariannya [[alga]] wan [[rumput laut]] jadi sumbar pamakanan ekosistem banyuan. Di lautan, [[plankton]] jadi sumbar pamakanan utama.

== Banyu wan manusia ==
Paradaban manusia ma’umpati sumbar banyu. [[Mesopotamia]] nang disambat sabagai awal paradaban ba'andak di antara sungai [[Tigris]] wan [[Euphrates]]. Paradaban [[Mesir]] Kuna bagantung lawan [[sungai Nil]]. Pusat-pusat manusia nang ganal pariannya [[Rotterdam]], [[London]], [[Montreal]], [[Paris]], [[New York City]], [[Shanghai]], [[Tokyo]], [[Chicago]], dan [[Hong Kong]] ba’ulihi kajayaannya sapalih marga adanya akses nang gampang maliwati banyuan.

=== Banyu nginum ===
[[Barakas:Humanitarian aid OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg|right|thumb|Banyu nang dituntum tumatan botol.]]
Awak [[manusia]] tasusun tumatan 55% sampay 78% banyu, tagantung tumatan ukuran awak.<ref>[http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-05/958588306.An.r.html Re: What percentage of the human body is composed of water?] Jeffrey Utz, M.D., The MadSci Network </ref> Sakira kawa bapungsi sacara baik, awak manusia mamarluakan antara asa sampai tujuh [[litar]] banyu saban hari biar kada [[dehidrasi]]; jumbelah nang pasti bagantung kapada tingkat aktivitas, [[suhu]], [[kaba'alan]] (kelembaban), wan babarapa faktor nang lain. Suwalih tumatan banyu nginum, manusia mandapatakan cairan tumatan makanan dan nginuman lain nang kada banyu. Kabanyakan urang parcaya bahua manusia mamarluakan 8–10 galas (bangsa dua litar) saban hari,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/healthy_living/nutrition/drinks_water.shtml|title=Healthy Water Living|producer=BBC|accessdate=1 Februari|accessyear=2007|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120524191657/http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/treatments/healthy_living/nutrition/index.shtml|archivedate=2012-05-24|dead-url=no}}</ref> tagal hasil panalitian nang ditarbitkan [[Universitas Pennsylvania]] di wayah tahun [[2008]] mamadahakan bahua konsumsi sajumbelah 8 galas naitu kada tabukti kawa banyak manulungi dalam menyihatakan awak. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7326437.stm|title=Lots of water 'is little benefit'|producer=BBC|accessdate=6 April|accessyear=2008}}</ref> Literatur medis lainnya manyaranakan konsumsi salitar banyu saban hari, tagal ditambahi kabila ba’ulahraga atawa wayah [[cuaca]] nang humap.<ref name=Rhoades_2003>{{Cite book | author = Rhoades RA, Tanner GA | title = Medical Physiology | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | edition = 2nd ed. | location = Baltimore | year = 2003 | isbn = 0781719364 }}</ref>

=== Palarut ===
Palarut diguna'akan sahari-hari gasan mambasuh, cuntuhnya mambasuh awak manusia, [[pakayan]], lantay, [[mobil]], makanan, wan satua. Suwalih naitu, [[limbah rumah tangga]] gin dibawa ulih banyu liwat saluran pambuangan. Di nagara-nagara industri, kabanyakannya banyu dipakai sabagai palarut.

Banyu gin kawa mamfasilitasi proses biologi nang malarutakan [[limbah]]. [[Mikroorganisme]] nang ada di dalam banyu kawa manulungi gasan mamacah limbah jadi zat-zat batingkat [[polusi]] nang tarandah.

== Banyu dalam kasanian ==

[[Barakas:The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa.jpg|thumb|300px|right|"Umbak Basar Lapas Pantai Kanagawa." ulih [[Katsushika Hokusai]], lukisan nang rancak diguna'akan sabagai palukisan sabuah [[tsunami]].]]

:''Artikel utama: [[Banyu dalam kasanian]]''

Dalam [[seni]] banyu dipalajari awan cara nang babida, inya disurung sabagai suatu elemen langsung, kada langsung atawa jua wastu sabagai simbol. Lawan didukung kamajuan teknologi pungsi wan pamanapa'atakan banyu dalam sani mulai ba’ubah, tumatan nang hintadinya palangkap haja inya mulai malalar jadi obyek utama. Cuntuh seni nang pandudian cungul naini, pariannya sani aliran atawa titikan banyu (''sculpture liquid'' atawa ''droplet art'').<ref>{{It}} Lucio V. Mandarini, "Liquide sculture", [http://www.liquidsculpture.com/images/fotocult_article.pdf FotoCult, Novembre 2006, pagina 60-65]</ref>

=== Sani lukis ===
Di wayah jaman [[Renaisans]] wan imbahnya banyu ditampaiakan labih realistis. Banyak artis manggambarakan banyu dalam bantuk pagarakan - sabuah aliran banyu atawa [[sungai]], sabuah [[laut]]an nang [[turbulensi]], atawa bahkan [[banyu tajun]] – tagal ha banyak jua bubuhannya nang katuju lawan obyek-obyek banyu nang tanang, diam - danaw, sungai nang pina kada maalir, wan muka'an laut nang kada ba’umbak. Saban kasus naini, banyu manantu’akan suasana (''mood'') sabarataan karya sani naitu,<ref>{{En}} Chris Witcombe, ''Water in Art'', H2O - The Mystery, Art, and Science of Water, [http://witcombe.sbc.edu/water/art.html art.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208130454/http://witcombe.sbc.edu/water/art.html |date=2021-12-08 }}, 21.03.2007 13:32:20</ref> nangkaya pariannya dalam ''Birth of Venus'' ([[1486]]) karya [[Botticelli]]<ref>{{En}} ''[http://www.water-institute.com/uk/f-2-b_water_in_art.htm Birth of Venus (1486)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109234940/http://www.water-institute.com/uk/f-2-b_water_in_art.htm |date=2006-11-09 }}'', Water in art, Water Institute - Nestlé Waters M.T. 2005</ref> dan ''The Water Lilies'' ([[1897]]) karya [[Monet]].<ref>{{En}} ''[http://www.water-institute.com/uk/f-2-b_water_in_art_archive_01.htm The Water Lilies cycle by Monet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109234944/http://www.water-institute.com/uk/f-2-b_water_in_art_archive_01.htm |date=2006-11-09 }}'', Water in art, Water Institute - Nestlé Waters M.T. 2005</ref>

=== Fotografi ===

Ba'imbaian majunya [[teknologi]] dalam [[sani]], banyu mulai jua ma'ambil wadah dalam bidang sani lain, pariannya dalam [[fotografi]]. walau ada, banyu kada ba’isi arti husus di sini wan tikas baperan sabagai elemen palangkap haja, tapi inya tutih kawa ai diguna'akan parak sabarataan cabang fotografi: mulai tumatan [[fasion]] sampai [[landsekap]]. Mangudak banyu sabagai elemen dalam obyek mamarluakan pananganan husus, mulai tumatan filter ''circular polarizer'' nang baguna mahilangakan [[refleksi]], sampai pamanapa'atan teknik ''long exposure'', sabuting teknik fotografi nang ma'andalkan buka'an rana lambat gasan mancipta'akan efek lambut (''soft'') di mukaan banyu.<ref>{{Id}} Email Arief Setiawan lawan Nein Arimasen, Wed, 21 Mar 2007 09:04:07 +0700 (WIT). Arief Setiawan adalah sa’urang fotografer.</ref>

=== Sani titikan banyu ===

Kabugasan titik-titik banyu nang mamacah mukaan banyu nang ada di bawahnya diabadiakan lawan bamacam japaian teknik dan rasa manjadiakannya sabuting karya sani nang langkar, nangkaya disaji’akan ulih Martin Waugh dalam karya sidin ''Liquid Sculpture'', sabuting antologi nang sudah mandunia.<ref>Martin Waugh, ''[http://www.liquidsculpture.com/news.htm Liquid Sculpture]'', 2007; [http://stage6.divx.com/members/222398/videos/1045710 video DivX]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Sani titikan banyu kada ampih tikas sampai di sini haja, lawan cara pamanapa'atan teknik pangaturan cara gugurnya titikan banyu nang malar, banyu kawa di'ubah sadamia rupa sampai titikan-titikan banyu tutih sabagai satu kasatuan bapungsi sabagai sabuting tatampaian (''viewer'') nangkaya [[tatampaian komputer]]. Lawan cara ma’atur-atur ukuran wan jumbelah titikan nang handak diliwatakan, kawa ai sabuting gambar ditampaiakan ulih titik-titik banyu nang gugur. Sayangnya gambar naini basipat pahadangan haja, sampai titik nang dimaksud gugur ka pahujungan bawah tatampaian.<ref>{{En}} '''Water Droplet Art''', [http://www.tyborg.com/2005/08/23/water-droplet-art/ Twiddly Bits, August 23rd, 2005 at 9:07 pm], {{De}} [http://www.hgb-leipzig.de/~julius/sphericalrobots/bitfall.php Bitfall Simulation] kriegte 50% Realität, Auszeichnung für Innovation und Technik - Kunstförderpreis der Stadtwerke Halle und Leipzig, Halle, 2004</ref> Komersialisasi karya janis naini jua dalam bantuk resolusi nang takasar sudah banyak pang digawi urang.<ref>{{En}} [http://www.makezine.com/blog/archive/2007/01/jeep_waterfall.html Jeep waterfall - DIY version?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403060318/http://www.makezine.com/blog/archive/2007/01/jeep_waterfall.html |date=2007-04-03 }}</ref><ref>{{En}} [http://www.pevnickdesign.com/index1.html Pictures and Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228084939/http://www.pevnickdesign.com/index1.html |date=2007-02-28 }}, Pevnick Design Inc.</ref>

==Law, politics, and crisis==
[[File:Access to drinking water in third world.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Parkiraan jumlah manusia di nagara bakambang nang baisi aksés [[banyu minum]] 1970–2000]]

[[Politik banyu]] marupakan politih nang tapangaruh lawan banyu wan [[asal banyu|sumber banyu]]. Maraga alasan ngini, banyu marupakan sumbér daya strategis wan penting dalam kunflik politik. Banyu badampak gasan kasihatan wan kabamacaman makhluk hidup.  

Aksés gasan mandapatakan banyu nang aman gasan dikinum sudah bakambang salawas dékadé nang hanyar nih hampir disamunyaan dairah-dairah di dunia, tapi kira-kira 1 juta urang masih kangalihan mancari aksés gasan banyu nang kawa dikinum wan labih pada 2,5 juta urang masih kakurangan aksés [[sanitasi|banyu barasih]] gasan babarasih.<ref name=UN /> <!--However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the [[world population]] will be facing water-based vulnerability.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kulshreshtha, S.N |year=1998 |title=A Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2025 |journal=Water Resources Management |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=167–184 |doi=10.1023/A:1007957229865|s2cid=152322295 }}</ref> A report, issued in November 2009, suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf |title=Charting Our Water Future: Economic frameworks to inform decision-making |access-date=25 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705072816/http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

1.6 billion people have gained access to a safe water source since 1990.<ref>[http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=44 The Millennium Development Goals Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827045721/http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=44 |date=27 August 2010 }}, United Nations, 2008</ref> The proportion of people in developing countries with access to safe water is calculated to have improved from 30% in 1970<ref name=lomborg>{{cite book |author=Lomborg, Björn |year=2001 |title=The Skeptical Environmentalist |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-01068-9 |url=http://www.lomborg.com/dyn/files/basic_items/69-file/skeptenvironChap1.pdf |page=22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725173040/http://www.lomborg.com/dyn/files/basic_items/69-file/skeptenvironChap1.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> to 71% in 1990, 79% in 2000 and 84% in 2004.<ref name=UN>{{cite web |url=http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=44 |title=MDG Report 2008 |access-date=25 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827045721/http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=44 |archive-date=27 August 2010 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

A 2006 United Nations report stated that "there is enough water for everyone", but that access to it is hampered by mismanagement and corruption.<ref>[[UNESCO]], (2006), [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001444/144409E.pdf Water, a shared responsibility. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106144926/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001444/144409E.pdf |date=6 January 2009 }}</ref> In addition, global initiatives to improve the efficiency of aid delivery, such as the [[Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness]], have not been taken up by water sector donors as effectively as they have in education and health, potentially leaving multiple donors working on overlapping projects and recipient governments without empowerment to act.<ref>Welle, Katharina; Evans, Barbara; Tucker, Josephine, and Nicol, Alan (2008) [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1894.pdf ''Is water lagging behind on Aid Effectiveness?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727024835/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1894.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref>

The authors of the 2007 [[Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture]] cited poor governance as one reason for some forms of water scarcity. Water governance is the set of formal and informal processes through which decisions related to water management are made. Good water governance is primarily about knowing what processes work best in a particular physical and socioeconomic context. Mistakes have sometimes been made by trying to apply 'blueprints' that work in the developed world to developing world locations and contexts. The Mekong river is one example; a review by the [[International Water Management Institute]] of policies in six countries that rely on the Mekong river for water found that thorough and transparent cost-benefit analyses and environmental impact assessments were rarely undertaken. They also discovered that Cambodia's draft water law was much more complex than it needed to be.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Water_Issue_Briefs/index.aspx |title=Search Results |website=International Water Management Institute (IWMI) |access-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605124732/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Water_Issue_Briefs/index.aspx |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

The [[UN World Water Development Report]] (WWDR, 2003) from the [[World Water Assessment Program]] indicates that, in the next 20 years, the quantity of water available to everyone is predicted to decrease by 30%. 40% of the world's inhabitants currently have insufficient fresh water for minimal [[hygiene]]. More than 2.2 million people died in 2000 from [[waterborne diseases]] (related to the consumption of contaminated water) or drought. In 2004, the UK charity [[WaterAid]] reported that a child dies every 15 seconds from easily preventable water-related diseases; often this means lack of [[sewage]] disposal.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Organizations concerned with water protection include the [[International Water Association]] (IWA), [[WaterAid]], [[Water 1st]], and the American Water Resources Association. The [[International Water Management Institute]] undertakes projects with the aim of using effective water management to reduce poverty. Water related conventions are [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification]] (UNCCD), [[International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships]], [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] and [[Ramsar Convention]]. [[World Day for Water]] takes place on 22 March<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=World Water Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day|access-date=2020-09-10|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> and [[World Oceans Day]] on 8 June.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About {{!}} World Oceans Day Online Portal|url=https://www.unworldoceansday.org/about|access-date=2020-09-10|website=www.unworldoceansday.org}}</ref>-->

== Liat jua ==
[[Barakas:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|250px| '''71 % - Н<sub>2</sub>O''' ]]
* [[Awan]]
* [[Baah]]
* [[Es]]
* [[Ambun]]
* [[Danau]]
* [[Hidrologi]]
* [[Hujan]]
* [[Laut]]
* [[Salju]]
* [[Sungai]]
* [[Desalinasi]]
* [[Osmosis]]

== Rujukan ==
=== Artikal rujukan ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Rujukan umum ===
<div class="references-small">
* {{En}} OA Jones, JN Lester and N Voulvoulis, Pharmaceuticals: a threat to drinking water? ''TRENDS in Biotechnology'' 23(4): 163, 2005
* {{En}} Franks, F (Ed), Water, A comprehensive treatise, Plenum Press, New York, 1972-1982
* {{En}} [http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/VTP_wsp.mcd Property of Water and Water Steam w Thermodynamic Surface]
* {{En}} PH Gleick and associates, The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. Island Press, Washington, D.C. (published every two years, beginning in 1998.)
* {{En}} Marks, William E., The Holy Order of Water: Healing Earth's Waters and Ourselves. Bell Pond Books ( a div. of Steiner Books), Great Barrington, MA, November 2001 [ISBN 0-88010-483-X]
</div>
=== Banyu sabagai sumber daya alam alami ===
<div class="references-small">
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources | first=Peter H. | last=Gleick | location=Washington | publisher=Island Press}} (November 10, 2006)| ISBN-13: 9781597261050]
*{{Cite book | title=Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity | year=1997, second edition| first=Sandra | last=Postel | location=New York | publisher=Norton Press}}
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=Water Rights: Scarce Resource Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment | year=1991| author=Anderson}}
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=Water: The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource | year=2003, revised edition| author=Marq de Villiers}}
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=Water Wars: Drought, Flood, Folly and the Politics of Thirst | year=2002 | author=Diane Raines Ward}}
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=Water and Power: The Politics of a Scarce Resource in the Jordan River Basin | year=1995| author=Miriam R. Lowi}} (Cambridge Middle East Library)
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West | year=1992 | first=Donald | last=Worster}}
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water | year=1993 | first=Marc | last=Reisner}}
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate Theft of the World's Water | author=Maude Barlow, Tony Clarke | year=2003}}
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=Water Wars: Privatization, Pollution, and Profit | author=Vandana Shiva | year=2002 | id=ISBN 0-7453-1837-1}}
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=Troubled Water: Saints, Sinners, Truth And Lies About The Global Water Crisis | author=[[Anita Roddick]], et al | year=2004}}
*{{En}} {{Cite book | title=The Holy Order of Water: Healing Earths Waters and Ourselves | author=William E. Marks | year=2001}}
</div>

=== Babacaan nang lain ===
<div class="references-small">
* {{En}} J. Lobaugh and Gregory A. Voth, ''A quantum model for water: Equilibrium and dynamical properties'', [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JCPSA6000106000006002400000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes The Journal of Chemical Physics -- February 8, 1997 -- Volume 106, Issue 6, pp. 2400-2410] doi:10.1063/1.473151
* {{En}} Kyoko Watanabe and Michael L. Klein, ''Effective pair potentials and the properties of water'', [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TFM-44GG2WT-32&_user=28781&_coverDate=03%2F15%2F1989&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000002738&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=28781&md5=41af5c29ad52694f44c498b5e601caf1 Chemical Physics Volume 131, Issues 2-3 , 15 March 1989, Pages 157-167] doi:10.1016/0301-0104(89)80166-1
* {{En}} Frank H. Stillinger and Aneesur Rahman, ''Improved simulation of liquid water by molecular dynamics'', [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JCPSA6000060000004001545000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes The Journal of Chemical Physics -- February 15, 1974 -- Volume 60, Issue 4, pp. 1545-1557] doi:10.1063/1.1681229
* {{En}} R. J. Speedy and C. A. Angell, ''Isothermal compressibility of supercooled water and evidence for a thermodynamic singularity at –45&nbsp;°C'', [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JCPSA6000065000003000851000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes The Journal of Chemical Physics -- August 1, 1976 -- Volume 65, Issue 3, pp. 851-858] doi:10.1063/1.433153
</div>

{{AP}}

[[Tumbung:Minuman]]
[[Tumbung:Hidrida]]