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İstinadda yeni məlumatlar (DOI:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2005.00123.x).
 
(6 istifadəçi tərəfindən edilmiş 15 dəyişiklik göstərilmir)
Sətir 23:
[[Yaponiya]]da ''"manqa"'' termini ([[kanci]]: {{dil-ja|漫画}}; [[hiraqana əlifbası|hiraqana]]: {{dil-ja|まんが}}; [[katakana]]: {{dil-ja|マンガ}}; {{audio|Ja-Manga.oga|qulaq as}}) həm [[komiks]]ləri, həm də [[karikatura]]ları bildirmək üçün işlədilir. [[Yaponiya]]dan xaricdə isə bu termindən [[Yaponiya]]da istehsal olunan komikslər üçün istifadə olunur.<ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{Harvnb|Merriam-Webster|2009}}</ref>
 
[[Yaponiya]]da hər yaşdan insan manqa oxuyur. Buna görə manqalar müxtəlif janrlarda və mövzularda ola bilər: döyüş-macəra, [[biznes]] və maliyyə, [[komediya]], [[detektiv]], tarixi, qorxu, romantika, [[elmi fantastika]] və [[fentezi]], cinsəllik, [[idman]] və s. Manqaların çoxu digər dillərə tərcümə olunur. [[1950]]-ci illərdən başlayaraq manqalar Yaponiya nəşriyyat sənayesinin başlıca sahəsinə çevrilmişdir.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kinsella|2000}}, {{Harvnb|Schodt|1996}}</ref> [[2007]]-ci ilin məlumatına görə [[Yaponiya]]da manqa bazarının həcmi 406 milyard [[Yapon yeni|¥]], 2009-cu ildə isə 420 milyard [[Yapon yeni|¥]] təşkil etmişdir.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14526451 |title=Comic giants battle for readers |author=Saira Syed |date=18 August 2011 |accessdate= 11 sentyabr 2016 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |archive-date=22 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922101518/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14526451 |url-status=live }}</ref> Manqaların ancaq [[Yaponiya]]da deyil, digər ölkələrdə də böyük oxuyucu kütləsi var.<ref name="Wong 2006">{{Harvnb|Wong|2006}}, {{Harvnb|Patten|2004}}</ref> [[2012]]-ci ildə [[Avropa]]da və [[Orta Şərq]]də manqa bazarının həcmi 250 milyon [[ABŞ dolları|$]] ilə ölçülmüşdür.<ref name="Danica Davidson">{{cite web |url=http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/26/manga-in-the-heart-of-europe/ |title=Manga grows in the heart of Europe |author=Danica Davidson |date=26 January 2012 |accessdate= 11 sentyabr 2016 |work=Geek Out! CNN |publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.]] |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024122838/https://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/26/manga-in-the-heart-of-europe/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2008]]-ci ildə [[ABŞ]] və [[Kanada]]da manqa bazarının həcmi 175 milyon $ təşkil etmişdir. Manqalar əsasən ağ-qara nəşr olunur.<ref>{{Harvnb|Katzenstein|Shiraishi|1997}}</ref> Lakin rəngli manqalar da mövcuddur (məsələn, ''"[[Colorful (manqa)|Colorful]]"''). Manqalar adətən böyük manqa jurnallarında serializasiya olunur. Əgər manqa uğur qazanarsa, fəsilləri toplanaraq [[tankobon]] cildlər şəklində buraxılır.<ref name="GravettSchodt">{{Harvnb|Gravett|2004|p=8}}, {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986}}</ref> Manqa üzərində işləyən sənətçiyə [[manqaka]] deyilir. Manqaka əsasən bir neçə köməkçi ilə birlikdə işləyir və bir nəşriyyata bağlı olur.<ref name="Kinsella">{{Harvnb|Kinsella|2000}}</ref> Əgər manqa kifayət qədər populyarlıq əldə edərsə, əsasında [[anime]] serialı çəkilə bilər. Bu hətta manqanın serializasiyası zamanı da baş verə bilər.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kittelson|1998}}</ref> Manqalar əsasında bəzən bədii filmlər və anime filmləri də çəkilə bilər.<ref>{{Harvnb|Johnston-O'Neill|2007}}</ref>
 
Manqalar [[Yaponiya]]ya yaxın ölkələrin komiks mədəniyyətlərinə də təsir etmişdir. Bu ölkələrə [[Çin]], [[Honkonq]], [[Tayvan]] ("[[manhua]]") və [[Cənubi Koreya]] ("[[manhva]]") aiddir.<ref>{{Harvnb|Webb|2006}}</ref><ref name="Wong 2002">{{Harvnb|Wong|2002}}</ref>
Sətir 30:
"Manqa" sözünün yapon dilindəki qarşılığı 漫画 kanciləri ilə ifadə edilir.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rousmaniere|2001|p=54}}, {{Harvnb|Thompson|2007|p=xvi}}, {{Harvnb|Prohl|Nelson|2012|p=596}},{{Harvnb|Fukushima|2013|p=19}}</ref> Bu sözün birinci [[kanci]]si 漫 (man) "şıltaq və ya hazırlıqsız" mənasını, ikinci kancisi 画 (ga) isə "şəkillər" mənasını verir.<ref>{{Harvnb|Webb|2006}},{{Harvnb|Thompson|2007|p=xvi}},{{Harvnb|Onoda|2009|p=10}},{{Harvnb|Petersen|2011|p=120}}</ref>
 
"Manqa" sözü [[Santo Kyoden]]nin ''"Shiji no yukikai"'' şəkilli kitabının (1798) çap olunmasında sonra<ref>{{Cite web |title = Santō Kyōden's picturebooks |url = http://heartland.geocities.jp/hamasakaba/44kyoden/ |access-date = 2016-09-10 |archive-date = 2016-01-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160106014407/http://heartland.geocities.jp/hamasakaba/44kyoden/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = Shiji no yukikai(Japanese National Diet Library) | url = http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2534277/5?contentNo=5&itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F2534277&__lang=en |access-date = 2016-09-10 |archive-date = 2022-04-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220411045911/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2534277/5?contentNo=5&itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F2534277&__lang=en |url-status = live }}</ref> XVIII əsrdə<ref>{{Harvnb|Prohl|Nelson|2012|p=596}},{{Harvnb|McCarthy|2014|p=6}}</ref> və Aykava Minvanın ''"Manga hyakujo"'' (1814) əsərinin və məşhur [[ukiyo-e]] rəssamı [[Katsuşika Hokusay]]ın eskizlərindən ibarət məşhur ''"[[Hokusai Manga]]"'' kitablarının (1814–1834) nəşr olunmasından sonra XIX əsrin əvvəllərində geniş şəkildə istifadə olunmağa başlamışdır.<ref name="Hokusai">{{Harvnb|Bouquillard|Marquet|2007}}</ref> Sözdən müasir mənası ilə ilk dəfə [[Rakuten Kitazava]] (1876–1955) istifadə etmişdir.<ref name="Manga no Jiten">{{Harvnb|Shimizu|1985|pp=53–54, 102–103}}</ref>
 
İlk dəfə, bu sözü "karikatura" mənasında gec [[Meyci dövrü]]ndə (1868-1912) iştətməyə başladılar.<ref>Rei Okamoto Inouye ''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/41510927?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Theorizing Manga: Nationalism and Discourse on the Role of Wartime Manga] {{Vebarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727151601/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41510927?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |date=2023-07-27 }}'', Mechademia, Vol. 4, War/Time (2009), pp. 20-37 (p. 21)</ref> Müasir yapon dilində "manqa" sözü bütün komiks, karikatura və animasiya növləri üçün istifadə olunur. Xarici ölkələrdə "manqa" sözü əsasən "Yaponiya komiksləri" mənasında işlədilir. Animasiya rəsmlərindən istifadə edilərək istehsal olunmuş komiksləri təsvir etmək üçün "[[ani-manqa]]" terminindən istifadə olunur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animecornerstore.com/inuyaanno.html |title=Inu Yasha Ani-MangaGraphic Novels |publisher=Animecornerstore.com |date=1999-11-01 |accessdate=2010-11-01 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101204093242/http://www.animecornerstore.com/inuyaanno.html| |archivedate= 4 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| |deadurl= no }}</ref>
 
== Tarix ==
{{əsas|Manqanın tarixi}}
 
Müasir manqaların tarixi Yaponiyanın [[Yaponiyanın kapitulyasiyası|işğal dövründə]] (1945-1952) və işğaldan sonrakı illərdə (1952-1960-cı illərin əvvəlləri) formalaşmışdır.
 
Manqa tarixçiləri müasir manqaların yaranması prosesində iki amili qeyd edirlər. Birinci amil ABŞ-ınnin Yaponiya işğalı illərində (1946-1952) ABŞ-ınnin mədəni təsirləridir. Bu dövrdə hərbçilər tərəfindən Yaponiyaya gətirilmiş ABŞ televiziya, film və karikatura şəkilləri və mövzuları (xüsusilə Disney) manqaların formalaşması prosesinə təsir etmişdir. Frederik Şodt, Kinko İto və Adam Kern kimi yazıçılar tərəfindən dəstəklənən baxış isə Yaponiyanın mədəni və estetik ənənələrinin (müharibədən öncə, Meyci dövrü və Meyci dövründən əvvəl mədəniyyət və incəsənət) təsirlərini vurğulayır.
 
Manqa sənətinin inkişafının ən sürətli inkişafı müharibədən sonrakı dövrə təsadüf edir. Xüsusilə, [[Osamu Tezuka]] ("Astro Boy") və Maçiko Haseqava ("Sazae-san") kimi manqakalar bu dövrün ən parlaq simalarıdır. "Astro Boy" Yaponiyada böyük populyarlıq əldə etmişdir. "Sazae-san" yonkomasının anime adaptasiyası isə 1969-cu ildən fasiləsiz yayımlanmaqdadır. Tezuka və Haseqava manqa stilində yeniliklər gətirmişdilər.
 
== Xüsusiyyətlər ==
Sətir 52:
== Yerliləşdirmə ==
{{əsas|Manfra|Orijinal ingilisdilli manqa}}
[[ABŞ]]-dadə bir çox rəssamlar manqa stilində [[komiks]] və [[karikatura]] çəkmişdirlər. İlk belə komiks nümunələrini ABŞ komiksçisi [[Vernon Qrant]] [[Yaponiya]]da yaşayarkən [[1960]]-cı illərin sonlarında və [[1970]]-ci illərin əvvəllərində yaratmışdır.<ref name="Stewart">{{Harvnb|Stewart|1984}}</ref> Manqa stilində çəkilmiş ən tanınmış ABŞ komiksləri Frank Millerin ''"Ronin"'' komiksi ([[1980]]-ci illərin ortaları), Adam Uorren və Toren Smitin ''"The Dirty Pair"'' komiksi ([[1988]]),<ref name="DirtyPair">{{Harvnb|Crandol|2002}}</ref> Ben Dunnun ''"Ninja High School"'' komiksi ([[1987]]) və Uilyam Tukkinin ''"Manga Shi 2000"'' ([[1997]]) komiksidir.
 
[[XXI əsr]]də [[ABŞ]]-dadə manqa istehsalı sürətlənmişdir.<ref name="Tai">{{Harvnb|Tai|2007}}</ref> [[2002]]-ci ildə ''I.C. Entertainment'' ABŞ rəssamları tərəfindən istehsal olunan amerimanqaları nəşr etməyə başlamışdır.<ref name="Amerimanga">
{{Harvnb|ANN|2002}}</ref> [[2004]]-cü ildə ''eigoMANGA'' ''"Rumble Pak"'' və ''"Sakura Pakk"'' antologiya seriyalarını nəşr etmişdir. Manqa stilində çəkilmiş bu cür ABŞ komiksləri əsasən [[orijinal ingilisdilli manqa]] (OİD manqa) adı ilə tanınır.<ref name=SSE1>{{Harvnb|ANN|10 May 2006}}
</ref><ref name ="TPopOEL">{{Harvnb|ANN|5 May 2006}}</ref>
Sətir 78:
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* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.0022-3840.2005.00123.x | ref = harv | last = Ito | first = Kinko | year = 2005 | title = A history of manga in the context of Japanese culture and society | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/jpcu/2005/00000038/00000003/art00002 | journal = [[The Journal of Popular Culture]] | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 456–475 | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 2013-05-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130531040721/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/jpcu/2005/00000038/00000003/art00002 | url-status = live |issn=0022-3840 }}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Johnston-O'Neill | first = Tom | date = 3 August 2007 | title = Finding the International in Comic Con International | url = http://parobs.org/index.php?module=article&view=279&lay_quiet=1&8dced886a4bd24eb30fc46843fb4287a=23679635f7832235dae9949749a76f35 | publisher = The San Diego Participant Observer | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 22 August 2011 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/617dUlIDW?url=http://parobs.org/index.php?module=article | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Katzenstein| first = Peter J. | last2 = Shiraishi | first2 = Takashi | year = 1997 | title = Network Power: Japan in Asia | location = Ithaca, New York | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0-8014-8373-8}}
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* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Kittelson | first = Mary Lynn | year = 1998 | title = The Soul of Popular Culture: Looking at Contemporary Heroes, Myths, and Monsters | url = https://archive.org/details/soulofpopularcul0000unse | location = Chicago | publisher = Open Court | isbn = 978-0-8126-9363-8 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Lee | first = William | year = 2000 | contribution = From Sazae-san to Crayon Shin-Chan | editor-last = Craig | editor-first = Timothy J. | title = Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture | url = https://archive.org/details/japanpopinsidew00crai | location = Armonk, New York | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | isbn = 978-0-7656-0561-0 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Lent | first = John A. | year = 2001 | title = Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books | url = https://archive.org/details/illustratingasia0000unse | location = Honolulu, Hawaii | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | isbn = 0-8248-2471-7 }}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Leonard | first = Sean | date = 12 September 2004 | title = Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation | url = http://web.mit.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress-columns.pdf | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 29 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029225300/http://web.mit.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress-columns.pdf | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Lone | first = Stewart | year = 2007 | title = Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War | url = https://books.google.com/?id=qmSnTIAPnoUC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=shonen+sekai | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 0-313-33684-9 }}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | author = Mahousu | date = January 2005 | title = Les editeurs des mangas | url = http://home.comcast.net/~mahousu/editeurs.html | publisher = self-published | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 2013-06-21 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HXJINPfd?url=http://home.comcast.net/~mahousu/editeurs.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv| last =Masters| first = Coco | date = 10 August 2006 | title = America is Drawn to Manga | journal = Time Magazine}}
* {{cite press release | ref = harv | publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan | date = 29 June 2007 | title = First International MANGA Award | url = http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174276_828.html | access-date = 12 September 2016 | archive-date = 6 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130406213353/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174276_828.html | url-status = live }}
*{{cite book | ref = harv | last = McCarthy | first = Helen | year = 2014 | title = A Brief History of Manga: The Essential Pocket Guide to the Japanese Pop Culture Phenomenon | url = https://books.google.de/books?id=Qg4FCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 | pages = 6 | publisher = Hachette UK | isbn = 9781781571309 | access-date = 2015-12-06 | archive-date = 2022-06-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220603075240/https://books.google.de/books?id=Qg4FCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Napier| first = Susan J. |authorlink=Susan J. Napier | year = 2000 | title = [[Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation|Anime: From ''Akira'' to ''Princess Mononoke'']] | location = New York | publisher =Palgrave| isbn = 0-312-23863-0}}
* {{cite news | ref = harv | last = Nunez | first = Irma | date = 24 September 2006 | title = Alternative Comics Heroes: Tracing the Genealogy of Gekiga | newspaper = The Japan Times | url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fb20060924a1.html | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 5 December 2012 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121205044658/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fb20060924a1.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1540-5931.00045 |ref=harv| last =Ōgi| first = Fusami | year = 2004 | title = Female subjectivity and ''shōjo'' (girls) manga (Japanese comics): ''shōjo'' in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics | journal = The Journal of Popular Culture | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 780–803}}
*{{cite book | ref = harv | last = Onoda | first = Natsu | year = 2009 | title = God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC&pg=PA10 | pages = 10 | publisher = University Press of Mississippi | isbn = 9781604734782 | access-date = 2015-12-06 | archive-date = 2022-06-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220603020156/https://books.google.com/books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC&pg=PA10 | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Patten| first = Fred |authorlink=Fred Patten | year = 2004 | title = Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews |url=https://archive.org/details/watchinganimerea0000patt| location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | isbn = 978-1-880656-92-1}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12119-002-1000-4 |ref=harv| last =Perper| first = Timothy | last2 = Cornog | first2 = Martha | year = 2002 | title = Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S. | journal = Sexuality & Culture | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–126}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Perper| first = Timothy | last2 = Cornog | first2 = Martha | year = 2003 | contribution = Sex, love, and women in Japanese comics | editor-last =Francoeur| editor-first = Robert T. | editor2-last =Noonan| editor2-first = Raymond J. |editor2-link=| title = The Comprehensive International Encyclopedia of Sexuality | location = New York | publisher = Continuum | isbn = 978-0-8264-1488-5}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Petersen |first=Robert S. |title=Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7aZh6oonoC&pg=PA120 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313363306 |access-date=2016-09-12 |archive-date=2019-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215093905/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7aZh6oonoC&pg=PA120 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |ref = harv |last1 = Prohl |first1 = Inken |last2 = Nelson |first2 = John K |year = 2012 |title = Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uiZi2mgC5a4C&pg=PA596 |pages = 596 |publisher = BRILL |isbn = 9789004234352 |access-date = 2015-12-06 |archive-date = 2022-06-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220603182758/https://books.google.com/books?id=uiZi2mgC5a4C&pg=PA596 |url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Pink | first = Daniel H. | date = 22 October 2007 | title = Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex | url = http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga | journal = Wired | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 28 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130628210453/http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Poitras | first = Gilles | authorlink = Gilles Poitras | year = 2001 | title = Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know | url = https://archive.org/details/animeessentialse0000poit | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge | isbn = 978-1-880656-53-2 }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Reid | first = Calvin | date = 28 March 2006 | title = HarperCollins, Tokyopop Ink Manga Deal | url = http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/comics/article/17182-harpercollins-tokyopop-ink-manga-deal.html | journal = Publishers Weekly | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 17 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120117161152/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/book-news/comics/article/17182-harpercollins-tokyopop-ink-manga-deal.html | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Reid | first = Calvin | date = 6 February 2009 | title = 2008 Graphic Novel Sales Up 5%; Manga Off 17% | url = http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/1-legacy/24-comic-book-reviews/article/9362-2008-graphic-novel-sales-up-5--manga-off-17-.html | journal = Publishers Weekly | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 31 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101231060916/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/1-legacy/24-comic-book-reviews/article/9362-2008-graphic-novel-sales-up-5--manga-off-17-.html | url-status = live }}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Riciputi | first = Marco | date = 25 October 2007 | title = Komikazen: European comics go independent | url = http://www.cafebabel.com/eng/article/22681/komikazen-european-comics-go-independent.html | publisher = Cafebabel.com | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 11 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081011141705/http://www.cafebabel.com/eng/article/22681/komikazen-european-comics-go-independent.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv| last =Rifas| first = Leonard | year = 2004 | title = Globalizing Comic Books from Below: How Manga Came to America | journal = International Journal of Comic Art | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 138–171}}
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* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Sanchez | first = Frank | year = 1997–2003 | title = Hist 102: History of Manga | url = http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html | publisher = AnimeInfo | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080205123443/http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html | archivedate = 5 February 2008 }}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Schodt| first = Frederik L. | year = 1986 | title = [[Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics]] | location = Tokyo | publisher = Kodansha | isbn = 978-0-87011-752-7}}
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* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Shimizu| first = Isao |date=June 1985 | title = 日本漫画の事典 : 全国のマンガファンに贈る (Nihon Manga no Jiten – Dictionary of Japanese Manga) | publisher = Sun lexica | language = Japanese | isbn = 4-385-15586-0}}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv| last =Stewart| first = Bhob |date=October 1984 | title = Screaming Metal | journal = The Comics Journal | issue = 94}}
* {{cite news | ref = harv | last = Tai | first = Elizabeth | date = 23 September 2007 | title = Manga outside Japan | url = http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2007/9/23/lifebookshelf/18898783&sec=lifebookshelf | newspaper = Star Online | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 12 October 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012143933/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F9%2F23%2Flifebookshelf%2F18898783&sec=lifebookshelf | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Tchiei | first = Go | year = 1998 | title = Characteristics of Japanese Manga | url = http://www.dnp.co.jp/museum/nmp/nmp_i/articles/manga/manga2.html | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 2011-08-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110810150158/http://www.dnp.co.jp/museum/nmp/nmp_i/articles/manga/manga2.html | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Thompson | first = Jason | year = 2007 | title = Manga: The Complete Guide | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GvEFDD4rdWMC&pg | location = New York | publisher = Ballantine Books | isbn = 978-0-345-48590-8 | access-date = 2015-12-06 | archive-date = 2022-02-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220216155459/https://books.google.com/books?id=GvEFDD4rdWMC&pg | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Thorn | first = Matt | authorlink = Matt Thorn | date = July–September 2001 | title = Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls | url = http://matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/japan_quarterly/ | journal = The Japan Quarterly | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 2011-06-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606180532/http://www.matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/japan_quarterly/ | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Toku | first = Masami | date = Spring 2006 | title = Shojo Manga: Girl Power! | url = http://www.csuchico.edu/pub/cs/spring_06/feature_03.html | publisher = California State University, Chico | journal = Chico Statements | isbn = 1-886226-10-5 | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 2008-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080411053104/http://www.csuchico.edu/pub/cs/spring_06/feature_03.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Vollmar | first = Rob | date = 1 March 2007 | title = Frederic Boilet and the Nouvelle Manga revolution | url = http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6318937/Frederic-Boilet-and-the-Nouvelle.html | journal = World Literature Today | accessdate = 14 September 2007 | archive-date = 15 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110615141406/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6318937/Frederic-Boilet-and-the-Nouvelle.html | url-status = live }}
* {{cite news | ref = harv | last = Webb | first = Martin | date = 28 May 2006 | title = Manga by any other name is... | url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20060528x1.html | newspaper = [[The Japan Times]] | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 19 July 2012 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120719202730/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20060528x1.html%23.UAhtoago9Rw | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Wong| first = Wendy Siuyi | year = 2002 | title = Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua |url=https://archive.org/details/hongkongcomicshi0000wong| location = New York | publisher = Princeton Architectural Press | isbn = 978-1-56898-269-4}}
* {{cite news |ref=harv| last =Wong| first = Wendy Siuyi | year = 2006 | title = Globalizing manga: From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond | work = [[Mechademia|Mechademia: an Annual Forum for Anime, Manga, and the Fan Arts]] | pages = 23–45}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Wong | first = Wendy | date = September 2007 | title = The Presence of Manga in Europe and North America | url = http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20070913_76_121564.html | journal = Media Digest | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | archive-date = 2013-06-21 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HXJ51BC8?url=http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20070913_76_121564.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | title = About Manga Museum: Current situation of manga culture | url = http://www.kyotomm.com/HP/international/english/about_genjo.html | publisher = Kyoto Manga Museum | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = CITEREFManga Museum2009 | archive-date = 2009-05-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090528115502/http://www.kyotomm.com/HP/international/english/about_genjo.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | title = Correction: World Manga | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-10/correction-world-manga | work = Anime News Network | date = 10 May 2006 | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = CITEREFANNMay 10, 2006 | archive-date = 2010-09-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100912141138/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-10/correction-world-manga | url-status = live }}
* {{cite web | title = I.C. promotes AmeriManga | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-27/i.c-promotes-amerimanga | work = Anime News Network | date = 11 November 2002 | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = CITEREFANN2002 | archive-date = 2010-09-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100912195913/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-27/i.c-promotes-amerimanga | url-status = live }}
* {{cite web | title = Interview with Tokyopop's Mike Kiley | url = http://www.icv2.com/articles/home/11249.html | work = ICv2 | date = 7 September 2007 | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = CITEREFICv22007 | archive-date = 20 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120220163117/http://www.icv2.com/articles/home/11249.html | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | ref = CITEREFKodansha1999 | title = Japan: Profile of a Nation, Revised Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/giantsofjapanliv00west | location = Tokyo | publisher = Kodansha International | year = 1999 | isbn = 4-7700-2384-7 }}
* {{cite web | title = Japan's Foreign Minister Creates Foreign Manga Award | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-05-22/international-manga-award | date = 22 May 2007 | work = Anime News Network | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = CITEREFANN2007 | archive-date = 2008-06-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080601045952/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-05-22/international-manga-award | url-status = live }}
* {{cite web | title = manga | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manga | publisher = Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = CITEREFMerriam-Webster2009 | archive-date = 2010-02-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100219194151/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manga | url-status = live }}
* {{cite web | title = Manga-mania in France | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2004-02-04/manga-mania-in-france | work = Anime News Network | date = 4 February 2004 | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = CITEREFANN2004 | archive-date = 2010-09-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100923011226/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2004-02-04/manga-mania-in-france | url-status = live }}
* {{cite web | title = 'Manga no Kuni': A manga magazine from the Second Sino-Japanese War period | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=4&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = Manga no Kuni | archive-date = 2009-04-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090409073253/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=4&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | title = 'Poten': a manga magazine from Kyoto | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=3&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = Poten | archive-date = 2009-04-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410081554/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=3&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | title = 'Shonen Pakku'; Japan's first children's manga magazine | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=2&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = Shonen Pakku | archive-date = 2009-04-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410081500/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=2&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | title = The first Japanese manga magazine: Eshinbun Nipponchi | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=1&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = Eshinbun Nipponchi | archive-date = 2011-08-22 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/617dlBFZi?url=http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | title = Tokyopop To Move Away from OEL and World Manga Labels | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-05/tokyopop-to-move-away-from-oel-and-world-manga-labels | work = Anime News Network | date = 5 May 2006 | accessdate = 12 sentyabr 2016 | ref = CITEREFANNMay 5, 2006 | archive-date = 2010-08-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100821085106/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-05/tokyopop-to-move-away-from-oel-and-world-manga-labels | url-status = live }}
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Mənbə — "https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manqa"