Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volume 26; 2014

Case Report

A case of chronic myeloid leukemia in a diagnostic radiographer: Chulyong Park, Sungyeul Choi, Dohyung Kim, Jaechan Park, Saerom Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:54. Published online November 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0054-8

<bold>Background</bold>

Occupational radiation exposure causes certain types of cancer, specifically hematopoietic diseases like leukemia. In Korea, radiation exposure is monitored and recorded by law, and guidelines for compensation of radiation-related diseases were implemented in 2001. However, thus far, no occupation-related disease was approved for compensation under these guidelines. Here, we report the first case of radiation-related disease approved by the compensation committee of the Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service, based on the probability of causation.

<bold>Case presentation</bold>

A 45-year-old man complained of chronic fatigue and myalgia for several days. He was diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia. The patient was a diagnostic radiographer at a diagnostic radiation department and was exposed to ionizing radiation for 21 years before chronic myeloid leukemia was diagnosed. His job involved taking simple radiographs, computed tomography scans, and measuring bone marrow density.

<bold>Conclusion</bold>

To our knowledge, this is the first approved case report using quantitative assessment of radiation. More approved cases are expected based on objective radiation exposure data and the probability of causation. We need to find a resolution to the ongoing demands for appropriate compensation and improvements to the environment at radiation workplaces.

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Does occupational ionizing radiation exposure in healthcare workers affect their hematological parameters?
Nejdiye Güngördü, Seher Kurtul, Ayşenur Özdil, Mehmet Sarper Erdoğan
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Effects of exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation on changing platelets: a prospective cohort study
Ning Liu, Yang Peng, Xinguang Zhong, Zheng Ma, Suiping He, Ying Li, Wencui Zhang, Zijun Gong, Zhenjiang Yao
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Research Article

The association between long working hours and the metabolic syndrome: evidences from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2010 and 2012: Jae Uk Jeong, Man Joong Jeon, Joon Sakong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:53. Published online December 21, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0053-9

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Objectives

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the association between the working hours of Korean employees and the metabolic syndrome and the effects of long working hours on metabolic syndrome based on the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012).

Methods

Based on the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012), 4,456 Korean employees without shift work, aged over 15, who work 30 hours or more per week were targeted in this study. The association between the general characteristics, including age, smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, and the metabolic syndrome criteria defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and weekly working hours were analyzed. In addition, the association between weekly working hours and the metabolic syndrome of the subjects stratified by gender was analyzed through multiple logistic regression analyses and generalized linear mixed model after adjusting the general characteristics.

Results

In the results of stratified analysis by gender, in male subjects, in comparison with the 30-39 weekly working hours group, there were no significant adjusted odds ratios to the other working hours groups. In female subjects, in comparison with the 30-39 weekly working hours group, there were no significant adjusted odds ratios to the other working hours groups. In addition, no trend associations were observed among weekly working hour groups in both stratified genders.

Conclusion

No significant differences in prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the subjects stratified by gender were found according to weekly increasing working hours. However, due to some limitations of this study, further prospective studies may be necessary for verification.

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Yihui Wang, Li Yu, Yinyan Gao, Lili Jiang, Lin Yuan, Pengju Wang, Yanwen Cao, Xuping Song, Long Ge, Guowu Ding
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Mediation analysis of dietary habits, nutrient intakes, daily life in the relationship between working hours of Korean shift workers and metabolic syndrome : the sixth (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Research Article

Fatigue and related factors among hotel workers: the effects of emotional labor and non-standard working hours: Ju Jong Lee, Hyun Jey Moon, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:51. Published online December 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0051-y

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Objectives

This study assessed fatigue and its association with emotional labor and non-standard working hours among hotel workers.

Methods

A structured self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 1,320 employees of five hotels located in Seoul. The questionnaire survey included questions concerning the participants’ sociodemographics, health-related behaviors, job-related factors, emotional labor, and fatigue. Fatigue was assessed using the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS). Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to determine the associations between fatigue and emotional labor.

Results

Among male workers, there was a significant association between fatigue and both emotional disharmony (OR=5.52, 95% CI=2.35-12.97) and emotional effort (OR=3.48, 95% CI=1.54-7.86). These same associations were seen among the female workers (emotional disharmony: OR=6.91, 95% CI=2.93-16.33; emotional effort: OR=2.28, 95% CI=1.00-5.16).

Conclusion

These results indicate that fatigue is associated with emotional labor and, especially, emotional disharmony among hotel workers. Therefore, emotional disharmony management would prove helpful for the prevention of fatigue.

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Kyungyong JUNG, Dae Hwan KIM, Ji Young RYU
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Research Article

Serum prostate-specific antigen levels and type of work in tire manufacturing workers: Soo-Hyeon Kim, Keun-Ho Jang, Won-Ju Park, Do-Hyeong Kwon, Won-Yang Kang, Hyeong-Min Lim, Jai-Dong Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:50. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0050-z

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Objectives

This study measures serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in tire-manufacturing workers, and attempts to find occupational or non-occupational factors that related to their PSA levels.

Methods

A total of 1,958 healthy male workers (1,699 were production workers and 259 were office workers) took PSA measurement for analysis.

Results

After adjusting for age, body mass index, hypertension, regular exercise, alcohol drinking and smoking, which were significantly related to serum PSA levels or known related factors of serum PSA levels, the geometric mean PSA levels were significantly high in the office workers (p = 0.017), the older age group (p < 0.001), the group with hypertension (p = 0.046) and the group of individuals that do not exercise regularly (p = 0.015) and the office workers were more likely to have a serum PSA level of ≥4.0 (OR 7.73, 95% CI: 2.78-21.46) or 2.5 ng/mL (OR 2.74, 95% CI: 1.49-5.08). After stratifying by age and adjusting aforementioned covariates, office workers 50 years of age and older had the significantly higher geometric mean PSA levels (p = 0.017) and were more likely to have a serum PSA level of ≥4.0 ng/mL (OR 12.90, 95% CI: 3.65-45.64) or 2.5 ng/mL (OR 3.90, 95% CI: 1.64-9.25) than production workers 50 years of age and older.

Conclusions

This study showed that serum PSA levels were significantly higher among the group with hypertension or the group of individuals that did not exercise regularly or group of office workers who were considered to have lesser physical activities.

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Case Report

Acute liver injury in two workers exposed to chloroform in cleanrooms: a case report: Young Joong Kang, Jungho Ahn, Yang-In Hwang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:49. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0049-5

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We report 2 cases of hepatotoxicity in cleanroom workers due to high retained chloroform air concentrations. The women, aged 34 and 41 years, who had been working in a medical endoscopic device manufacturer as cleanroom workers for approximately 40–45 days suffered severe liver damage. Two measured time-weighted averages of the chloroform concentration in the air in the cleanroom were 82.74 and 64.24 ppm, which are more than 6 times the legal occupational exposure limit in Korea. Only 7% of the cleanroom air was newly introduced from outside. The clinical courses of these cases and workplace inspection, led us to conclude that both cases of hepatotoxicity were caused by chloroform exposure.

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Clinical Toxicology.2017; 55(2): 147. CrossRef

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Research Article

Risk factors of musculoskeletal symptoms in university hospital nurses: Eunkwang Ryu, Byeongjin Ye, Youngil Yi, Jungwon Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:47. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0047-7

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Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate musculoskeletal symptom prevalence in university hospital nurses and explore the relation between musculoskeletal symptom prevalence and work related factors.

Methods

A structured questionnaire was conducted with 620 nurses in a university hospital to look into the characters of responsibility and musculoskeletal symptom prevalence. The questionnaire respondents numbered 534, so the response rate was 86.1%. Among the respondents, three who gave insincere answers were excluded. The final study population was 531 respondents. ANSI Z-365 checklist was applied to look into ergonomic characteristics, and Korean Occupational Stress Scale Short Form was employed to measure job stress.

Results

In the case of the whole body, symptom prevalence amounted to 70.8%. Regarding each body region, shoulder symptom prevalence accounted for the highest, or 44.8%, waist 40.7%, and neck 33.3% in order. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, in the case of the whole body, the group with a high ANSI checklist grade had odds ratio of 3.59 (95% CI 1.48 ~ 8.76), and the group with high job stress had 3.19 (95% CI 2.01 ~ 5.07).

Conclusion

Regarding the occupational factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms of university hospital nurses, it was found that ANSI Z-365 checklist high risk group, total job tenure, department, shiftworks, and job stress had high relation with musculoskeletal symptoms. It is necessary to find an ergonomic solution and a stress reduction plan to prevent musculoskeletal disease.

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Research Article

Emotional labor and dysmenorrhea in women working in sales and call centers: In-Jung Cho, Hyunjoo Kim, Sinye Lim, Sung-Soo Oh, Sungjin Park, Hee-Tae Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:45. Published online November 7, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0045-9

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Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the association between emotional labor and dysmenorrhea among women working in sales and call centers in Seoul, South Korea.

Methods

Working women in sales jobs and call centers in Seoul were interviewed face-to-face by well-trained interviewers. In total, 975 participants were analyzed in the final model. Emotional labor was measured using a constructed questionnaire with two components: an emotive effort component with three questions and an emotive dissonance component with five questions. To examine the association between emotional labor and dysmenorrhea, chi-squared tests and logistic regression were applied.

Results

The prevalence of dysmenorrhea among sales workers and call center workers were 43.0% and 61.1%, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) of emotive effort and emotive dissonance for dysmenorrhea in call center workers were 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–3.28) and 1.72 (95% CI, 1.13–2.63), respectively. The adjusted OR of emotive effort and emotive dissonance for dysmenorrhea in sales workers were 1.71 (95% CI, 0.92–3.16) and 1.15 (95% CI, 0.67–1.98), respectively.

Conclusions

Emotional labor was found to be associated with dysmenorrhea in call center workers. Further studies to investigate other factors, such as management strategies and the relationship between emotional labor and dysmenorrhea, are needed to support interventions to prevent dysmenorrhea that will further promote the quality of health and life of working women.

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Research Article

Work-relatedness of lung cancer by smoking and histologic type in Korea: Young-Il Lee, Sang-Gil Lee, Dong-Mug Kang, Jong-Eun Kim, Young-Ki Kim, Jong-Han Leem, Hwan-Cheol Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:43. Published online December 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0043-y

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Objectives

This study investigated the distribution of causative agents related to occupational lung cancer, their relationships with work, and associations between work-relatedness and the histologic type of lung cancer.

Methods

We used data from the occupational surveillance system in Korea in 2013. In addition, data from 1,404 participants diagnosed with lung cancer were collected through interviews. We included the patients’ longest-held job in the analysis. Work-relatedness was categorized as “definite,” “probable,” “possible,” “suspicious,” “none,” or “undetermined.”

Results

Among the subjects, 69.3% were men and 30.7% were women. Regarding smoking status, current smokers were the most prevalent (35.5%), followed by non-smokers (32.3%), ex-smokers (32.2%). Regarding the causative agents of lung cancer, asbestos (1.0%) and crystalline silica (0.9%) were the most common in definite work-related cases, while non-arsenical insecticide (2.8%) was the most common in probable cases followed by diesel engine exhaust (1.9%) and asbestos (1.0%). Regarding histologic type, adenocarcinoma was the most common (41.7%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (21.2%). Among current smokers, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common among definite and probable cases (13.4%), while non-small cell lung cancer was the least common (7.1%). Among non-smokers, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common (21.4%), while the least common was adenocarcinoma (1.6%).

Conclusions

Approximately, 9.5% of all lung cancer cases in Korea are occupational-related lung cancer. Well-known substances associated with lung cancer, such as crystalline silica, asbestos, and diesel engine exhaust, are of particular concern. However, the histologic types of lung cancer related to smoking were inconsistent with previous studies when work-relatedness was taken into account. Future studies are required to clarify the incidence of occupational lung cancer in agricultural workers exposed to non-arsenical insecticides and the associations between work-relatedness and the histologic type of lung cancer.

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Young Ju Jung, Evaldas Katilius, Rachel M. Ostroff, Youndong Kim, Minkyoung Seok, Sujin Lee, Seongsoo Jang, Woo Sung Kim, Chang-Min Choi
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Research Article

The association between shift work and hyperuricemia in steelmaking male workers: Jae-Seok Oh, Won-Jun Choi, Min-Kee Lee, Sung-Woo Han, Seung-Ho Song, Jong-Wan Yun, Sang-Hwan Han; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:42. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0042-z

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Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine the association between shift work and hyperuricemia among steel company workers.

Methods

We examined 1,029 male workers at a Korean steel company between June 6 and June 28, 2013. We conducted anthropometric measurements, questionnaire surveys, and blood tests. Hyperuricemia was defined as a serum uric acid concentration of ≥7.0 mg/dL. Logistic regression analyses were performed. In the full model, analysis was adjusted for covariates including age, body mass index, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for all models.

Results

The participants included 276 daytime workers and 753 shift workers. Among daytime workers, 72 (26.1%) individuals had hyperuricemia, as did 282 (37.5%) individuals among shift workers (p <0.001). There was a statistically significant association between shift work and hyperuricemia. In the unadjusted model, the OR of shift work was 1.70 (95% CI 1.25-2.31) for hyperuricemia. In the full model, the OR of shift work was also statistically significant after adjustment for covariates (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02-1.96).

Conclusions

Among male steel workers, a significant association between shift work and hyperuricemia was observed.

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Niamh Fanning, Tony R. Merriman, Nicola Dalbeth, Lisa K. Stamp
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism.2018; 47(6): 825. CrossRef

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Research Article

Association between long working hours and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels in female workers: data from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2011): Seung-Gwon Park, Yong-Jin Lee, Jung-Oh Ham, Eun-Chul Jang, Seong-Woo Kim, Hyun Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:40. Published online December 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0040-1

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Objectives

The present study investigated the association between long working hours and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels, a factor influencing the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Methods

Data from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2011) were used to analyze 1,809 women. Subjects were divided into three groups based on the number of weekly working hours: ≤29, 30–51, and ≥52 hours per week. Complex samples logistic regression was performed after adjusting for general and occupational factors to determine the association between long working hours and high serum GGT levels.

Results

The prevalence of high serum GGT levels in groups with ≤29, 30–51, and ≥52 working hours per week was 22.0%, 16.9%, and 26.6%, respectively. Even after adjusting for general and occupational factors, those working 30–51 hours per week had the lowest prevalence of high serum GGT levels. Compared to those working 30–51 hours per week, the odds ratios (OR) of having high serum GGT levels in the groups with ≥52 and ≤29 working hours per week were 1.56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–2.23) and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.05–2.24), respectively.

Conclusions

Long working hours were significantly associated with high serum GGT levels in Korean women.

Citations

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Multi-ancestry sleep-by-SNP interaction analysis in 126,926 individuals reveals lipid loci stratified by sleep duration
Raymond Noordam, Maxime M. Bos, Heming Wang, Thomas W. Winkler, Amy R. Bentley, Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen, Paul S. de Vries, Yun Ju Sung, Karen Schwander, Brian E. Cade, Alisa Manning, Hugues Aschard, Michael R. Brown, Han Chen, Nora Franceschini, Solomon K.
Nature Communications.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The association between long working hours and marital status change: middle-aged and educated Korean in 2014–2015
Hyunil Kim, Byung-Seong Suh, Won-Cheol Lee, Han-Seur Jeong, Kyung-Hun Son, Min-Woo Nam, Hyeong-Cheol Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

The association between psychiatric disorders and work-related problems among subway drivers in Korea: Se-eun Kim, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jong-Ik Park, Hae Woo Lee, Jongin Lee, Junsu Byun, Hyeon Woo Yim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:39. Published online November 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0039-7

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Objectives

This study aimed to find the prevalence and occupational risk factors for major psychiatric disorders among subway drivers in South Korea.

Methods

Of all 998 current subway drivers, 995 participated in this study. The Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI 2.1) was administered by trained interviewers to diagnose psychiatric disorders in all participants. The questions on socio-demographic characteristics and working conditions included some questions related to a person under train (PUT) experience and work-related problems. One-year prevalence and lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and panic disorder were diagnosed through the interview. The standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) of these three disorders were calculated in the sample of subway drivers using the 2011 Korean National Epidemiologic Survey data as a basis. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to determine the association between work-related factors and the prevalence of the psychiatric disorders.

Results

The standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) for a 1-year prevalence of MDD and PTSD among subway drivers were 1.1 (95% CI 0.7-1.7) and 5.6 (95% CI 3.1-8.8), respectively. Conflict with passengers was significantly associated with an increased risk for both MDD and PTSD in 1-year and in lifetime prevalence. Experiencing a sudden stop due to an emergency bell increased the risk of the lifetime prevalence of MDD (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.14-6.97) and PTSD (OR 7.53, 95% CI 1.77-32.02). The risk of PTSD significantly increased among drivers who once experienced a near accident in terms of both the 1-year prevalence (OR 8.81, 95% CI 1.96-39.3) and the lifetime prevalence (OR 6.36, 95% CI 2.40-16.90).

Conclusions

PTSD and panic disorder were more prevalent among subway drivers than in the general population. We found that having a conflict with passengers, a near accident, and a breakdown while driving can be risk factors for psychiatric disorders among subway drivers. Therefore, a prompt and sensitive approach should be introduced for these high risk groups within the subway company.

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Impact of Railway Critical Incidents on Train Drivers and Effectiveness of Critical Incident Management and Support Protocols
Cécile Bardon, Luc Dargis, Brian L. Mishara
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2022; 64(2): e70. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of a Cohort of Road Accident Victims in Benin: Results of a 12-Month Cross-Sectional Study
Donatien Daddah, Yolaine Glèlè Ahanhanzo, Alphonse Kpozehouen, Bella Hounkpe Dos Santos, Edgard-Marius Ouendo, Alain Levêque
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2022; Volume 15: 719. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Implementation of a Railway Critical Incident Management and Support Protocol to Help Train Drivers Cope With Accidents and Suicides
Cécile Bardon, Luc Dargis, Brian Mishara
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2021; 63(8): e495. CrossRef
What work-related exposures are associated with post-traumatic stress disorder? A systematic review with meta-analysis
Pieter Coenen, Henk F van der Molen
BMJ Open.2021; 11(8): e049651. CrossRef
Post-traumatic stress disorder and its associated factors among people who experienced traumatic events in east African countries, 2020: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis
Mengesha Srahbzu Biresaw, Enguday Tirfeneh Gebeyehu
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Underground Metro Drivers: Occupational Problems and Job Satisfaction
Seyed Alireza Samerei, Kayvan Aghabayk, Mohamad Hosein Akbarzade
Urban Rail Transit.2020; 6(3): 171. CrossRef
Occupational Risk for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma-Related Depression: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Gabriela Petereit-Haack, Ulrich Bolm-Audorff, Karla Romero Starke, Andreas Seidler
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(24): 9369. CrossRef
Prevalence of psychological distress and its association with perceived indoor environmental quality and workplace factors in under and aboveground workplaces
Gerard Dunleavy, Ram Bajpai, André Comiran Tonon, Kei Long Cheung, Thuan-Quoc Thach, Yuri Rykov, Chee-Kiong Soh, Hein de Vries, Josip Car, Georgios Christopoulos
Building and Environment.2020; 175: 106799. CrossRef
Posttraumatic stress reactions of underground drivers after suicides by jumping to arriving trains; feasibility of an early stepped care outpatient intervention
Giancarlo Giupponi, Heike Thoma, Dorian Lamis, Alberto Forte, Maurizio Pompili, Hans-Peter Kapfhammer
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.2019; 20(5): 495. CrossRef
Serum Concentrations of Angiotensin, C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-8, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Train Driver Population
Ziwei Zhu, Linxiong Wu, Aihua Liu, Mei Zhou, Fukai Bao, Cuiping Xu, Jiaru Yang, Hua Zhao
Open Journal of Immunology.2016; 06(01): 7. CrossRef
Factors associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers in Korea
Junsu Byun, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Hye-Eun Lee, Se-Eun Kim, Jongin Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

High lead exposure in two leaded bronze ingot foundry workers: Yoojun Song, Chunhui Suh, Shin-Ae Kim, Nami Kim, Sung-Min Kim, Seong-Wook Jeong, Se-Yeong Kim, Kun-Hyung Kim, Jeong-Ho Kim, Byung-Chul Son, Chae-Kwan Lee, Jong-Tae Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:38. Published online December 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0038-8

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Background

Awareness about lead poisoning in South Korea has increased; however, occupational exposures occurring in small-scale businesses have not been thoroughly investigated. We report two cases of high lead exposure in a leaded bronze ingot foundry.

Case presentation

Two employees, a 54-year-old primary operator and a 46-year-old assistant, at a small-scale metalworking company who had been employed for 18 years and 1 month, respectively, showed elevated blood lead levels (61.1 μg/dL and 51.7 μg/dL, respectively) at an occupational health checkup. Neither worker complained of abnormal symptoms nor signs related to lead poisoning. Health assessment follow-ups were conducted and biological exposure indices of lead were calculated every four weeks. After the initial follow-up assessment, both workers were relocated from the foundry process to the metalworking process. In addition, a localized exhaust system was installed after the second follow-up.

Conclusions

Foundry workers in a small-scale businesses might be at high risk of lead exposure because these businesses might be vulnerable to poor industrial hygiene. Therefore, regular occupational health checkups are required.

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Comparison of Blood Lead Levels in Children and Adolescents with and Without Functional Abdominal Pain
Fatemeh Famouri, Maryam Yazdi, Awat Feizii, Hossein Saneian, Peiman Nasri, Roya Kelishadi
Advanced Biomedical Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association Between Blood Lead Level With High Blood Pressure in US (NHANES 1999–2018)
Ziyao Huang
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A systematic review of clinical and laboratory findings of lead poisoning: lessons from case reports
Saeed Samarghandian, Farshad M. Shirazi, Farhad Saeedi, Babak Roshanravan, Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Emad Yeganeh Khorasani, Tahereh Farkhondeh, Jan Olav Aaseth, Mohammad Abdollahi, Omid Mehrpour
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.2021; 429: 115681. CrossRef
Exposure to lead and other toxic metals from informal foundries producing cookware from scrap metal
Renee Anne Street, Walter Goessler, Saloshni Naidoo, Busisiwe Shezi, Nokulunga Cele, Jaqueline Rieger, Karl Ettinger, Tarylee Reddy, Angela Mathee
Environmental Research.2020; 191: 109860. CrossRef
Bayesian network model to diagnose WMSDs with working characteristics
Gilseung Ahn, Sun Hur, Myung-Chul Jung
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2020; 26(2): 336. CrossRef
Challenges in diagnosing lead poisoning: A review of occupationally and nonoccupationally exposed cases reported in India
Monica Shirley Mani, Divyani Gurudas Nayak, Herman Sunil Dsouza
Toxicology and Industrial Health.2020; 36(5): 346. CrossRef
Lead Poisoning at an Indoor Firing Range
Kyung Wook Kang, Won-Ju Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2017; 32(10): 1713. CrossRef
Occupational Lead Exposure from Indoor Firing Ranges in Korea
Won-Ju Park, Suk-Ho Lee, Se-Ho Lee, Hye-Sik Yoon, Jai-Dong Moon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2016; 31(4): 497. CrossRef

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Case Report

A case of multiple myeloma in a poultry worker: Pil Kyun Jung, Inah Kim, Inhyo Park, Chinyon Kim, Eun-A Kim, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:35. Published online November 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0035-y

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Background

Livestock breeders including poultry workers are exposed to various agricultural chemicals including pesticides and/or organic solvents. Multiple myeloma is a rare disease in Korea, and few reports have investigated the influence of occupational exposures on multiple myeloma occurrence.

Case presentation

A 61-year-old male poultry farm worker presented with bone pain and generalized weakness. A bone marrow biopsy was performed, and he was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. The patient had worked in a poultry farm for 16 years and was exposed to various pesticides and organic solvents such as formaldehyde without any proper personal protective equipment. Results of the work reenactment revealed that the concentration of formaldehyde (17.53 ppm) greatly exceeded the time-weighted average (0.5 ppm) and short-term exposure limit (1.0 ppm) suggested in the Korean Industrial Safety and Health Act.

Conclusions

This case report suggests that poultry workers may be exposed to high levels of various hazardous chemicals including pesticides and/or organic solvents. Numerous previous studies have suggested an association between multiple myeloma and exposure to agricultural chemicals; thus, multiple myeloma in this patient might have resulted from the prolonged, high exposure to these chemicals.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-014-0035-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Occupational risk factors in health of broiler-farm workers: A systematic review
Claudia dos Anjos Magri, Rodrigo Garófallo Garcia, Erlaine Binotto, Nilsa Duarte da Silva Lima, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Sarah Sgavioli, Maria Fernanda de Castro Burbarelli
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.2021; 76(8): 482. CrossRef
Does formaldehyde have a causal association with nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia?
Soon-Chan Kwon, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Jungsun Park
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

The relationship between working condition factors and well-being: Bum-Joon Lee, Shin-Goo Park, Kyoung-Bok Min, Jin-Young Min, Sang-Hee Hwang, Jong-Han Leem, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Sung-Hwan Jeon, Yong-Seok Heo, So-Hyun Moon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:34. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0034-z

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Objectives

Working conditions can exert influence on the physical, mental, and even social health of workers. Well-being is an appropriate index for the evaluation of a person’s overall health. This paper investigated the association between various working conditions and worker’s well-being.

Methods

Data from 10,019 interviews were collected from the second wave of the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2010) conducted by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency between June and October 2010. The data from 5,995 employed workers were examined in this study. Well-being was measured through the WHO Five Well-Being Index (1998 version). Sociodemographic and working conditions were analyzed. Adjusted odds ratios for well-being were calculated with adjusted sociodemographic factors, working condition factors, or both.

Results

Workers’ well-being was significantly higher when they were satisfied with their working conditions (OR = 1.656, 95% CI = 1.454–1.885), when their actual working hours were the same as their anticipated working hours (OR = 1.366, 95% CI: 1.120–1.666) or exceeding less than 10 hours (OR = 1.245, 95% CI: 1.004-1.543), and when their employment was stable (OR = 1.269, 95% CI: 1.098–1.467).

Conclusions

This study supports the association between working condition factors and well-being in workers.

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Zeynep Görgülü, Hasan Bozgeyikli
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HAZIR GİYİM SEKTÖRÜNDE ÇALIŞMA KOŞULLARI, YORGUNLUK VE ÇALIŞMA YAŞAMI KALİTESİ İLİŞKİSİ
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Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine.2022; 39(4): 398. CrossRef
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Hironori Yagi, Tsuneo Hayashi
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Michal Itzick, Maya Kagan
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Lesiba George Mollo, Fidelis Emuze, Nicholus Sishuba, L. Nazarko, J.-P. Pantouvakis, B.T. Kalsaas, C.-H. Ko
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Abdulrahman M. Jabour
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Sabrina Zeike, Katherine Bradbury, Lara Lindert, Holger Pfaff
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Sabrina Zeike, Kyung-Eun Choi, Lara Lindert, Holger Pfaff
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Exploring the Association Between Health Literacy and Psychological Well-Being Among Industry Managers in Germany
Silja Fiedler, Holger Pfaff, Renate Soellner, Timo-Kolja Pförtner
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Psychosocial factors and psychological well-being: a study from a nationally representative sample of Korean workers
Bum-Joon LEE, Dirga Kumar LAMICHHANE, Dal-Young JUNG, So-Hyun MOON, Seong-Jin KIM, Hwan-Cheol KIM
INDUSTRIAL HEALTH.2016; 54(3): 237. CrossRef
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Ji Park, Mi Han, Jong Park, So Ryu
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Seong-Jin Kim, Dirga Kumar Lamichhane, Shin-Goo Park, Bum-Joon Lee, So-Hyun Moon, Sung-Min Park, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim
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Jianwei Ding, Yingbo Liu, Li Zhang, Jianmin Wang
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Research Article

Workers’ experiences with compensated sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorder: a qualitative study: Min Choi, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jinwoo Lee, Hye-Eun Lee, Junsu Byun, Jong Uk Won; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:33. Published online November 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0033-0

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Objectives

The most common occupational disease that is compensated by Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) in Korea is musculoskeletal disease (MSD). Although complaints about the workers’ compensation system have been raised by injured workers with MSD, studies that examine workers’ experiences with the Korean system are rare. This paper is a qualitative study designed to examine injured workers’ experiences with the workers’ compensation system in Korea. The aim of this study is to explore the drawbacks of the workers’ compensation system and to suggest ways to improve this system.

Methods

All workers from an automobile parts factory in Anseong, GyeongGi province who were compensated for MSD by IACI from January 2003 to August 2013 were invited to participate. Among these 153 workers, 142 workers completed the study. Semi-structured open-ended interviews and questionnaires were administered by occupational physicians. The responses of 131 workers were analyzed after excluding 11 workers, 7 of whom provided incomplete answers and 4 of whom were compensated by accidental injury. Based on their age, disease, department of employment, and compensation time, 16 of these 131 workers were invited to participate in an individual in-depth interview. In-depth interviews were conducted by one of 3 occupational physicians until the interview contents were saturated.

Results

Injured workers with MSD reported that the workers’ compensation system was intimidating. These workers suffered more emotional distress than physical illness due to the workers’ compensation system. Injured workers reported that they were treated inadequately and remained isolated for most of the recuperation period. The compensation period was terminated without ample guidance or a plan for an appropriate rehabilitation process.

Conclusions

Interventions to alleviate the negative experiences of injured workers, including quality control of the medical care institutions and provisions for mental and psychological care for injured workers, are needed to help injured workers return to work earlier and more healthy.

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Chairless Chairs for Orthopedic Surgery Purpose – A Literature Review
Gatot Santoso, S. Sugiharto, Abdul Mughni, Muhammad Imam Ammarullah, Athanasius P. Bayuseno, J. Jamari
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Factors related to the physician and the employer influencing successful return to work in Korea: results from the first panel study of workers’ compensation insurance (PSWCI)
Wanhyung Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jaehoon Roh, Yeong-Kwang Kim, Hongdeok Seok, June-Hee Lee, Jong-Uk Won
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
The effects of individual, occupational, and supportive factors on successful return to work using a structural equation model
Jongin Lee, Min Choi, Sung Hye Park, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Hye-Eun Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Presenteeism among self-employed workers: Korean working conditions survey: Min-Su Kim, Jae Bum Park, Kyoung-Bok Min, Kyung-Jong Lee, Kimin Kwon; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:32. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0032-1

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Objective

Presenteeism has become a public concern recently. Thus, we aimed to understand the relationship between self-employed workers and presenteeism using a nationally representative sample of Korean workers.

Methods

Using data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2011, a total of 43,392 workers including paid employees and self-employed workers were analyzed. The effect of employment status on presenteeism was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The independent variables were socioeconomic characteristics, working conditions, and working environments.

Results

Among the 43,392 workers, 34,783 were paid and 8,609 were self-employed. Self-employed workers were more likely to exhibit presenteeism than were paid workers. An elevated odds ratio of 1.27 (95% CI 1.19-1.36) was found for presenteeism among self-employed workers.

Conclusion

Being self-employed was significantly related with exhibiting presenteeism. Additional research should investigate whether other factors mediate the relationship between employment status and presenteeism as well as ways to reduce presenteeism among self-employed workers.

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Minkoo Kang, Won-Tae Lee, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Sungjin Park, June-Hee Lee, Jongin Lee
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Impacts of presenteeism on work-related injury absence and disease absence
Youna Won, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jiho Kim, Minsun Kim, Seong-Cheol Yang, Shin-Goo Park, Jong-Han Leem
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Sickness presenteeism: Are we sure about what we are studying? A research based on a literature review and an empirical illustration
Albert Navarro, Sergio Salas‐Nicás, Clara Llorens, Salvador Moncada, Emilia Molinero‐Ruíz, David Moriña
American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2019; 62(7): 580. CrossRef
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N. C. Hageman, E. C. Wijnvoord
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The Journal of Rheumatology.2017; 44(10): 1429. CrossRef

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Research Article

The association between concealing emotions at work and medical utilization in Korea: Hongdeok Seok, Jin-Ha Yoon, Wanhyung Lee, June-Hee Lee, Pil Kyun Jung, Inah Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:31. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0031-2

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Objectives

We aimed to investigate the association between concealing emotions at work and medical utilization.

Methods

Data from the 2007–2009 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV) was used, 7,094 participants (3,837 males, 3,257 females) aged between 20 and 54 who were economically active and completed all necessary questionnaire items were included. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for differences in hospitalization, outpatient visits, and pharmaceutical drug use between those who concealed their emotions and those who did not were investigated using logistic regression models with and without gender stratification.

Results

Among those who concealed their emotions (n = 2,763), 47.4% were females, and 50.1% had chronic disease. In addition, 9.7% of the concealing emotions group had been hospitalized within the last year, 24.8% had been outpatients in the last two weeks, and 28.3% had used pharmaceutical drugs in the last two weeks.

All ORs represent the odds of belonging to the concealing emotions group over the non-concealing emotions group. After adjustment for individual, occupational, socioeconomic and disease factors, the adjusted ORs (95% CI) in hospitalization are 1.29 (1.08 ~ 1.53) in the total population, 1.25 (0.98 ~ 1.60) in males and 1.30 (1.02 ~ 1.66) in females, in outpatient visits are 1.15 (1.02 ~ 1.29) in the total population, 1.05 (0.88 ~ 1.24) in males and 1.25 (1.06 ~ 1.47) in females and in pharmaceutical drug use are 1.12 (1.01 ~ 1.25) in the total population, 1.08 (0.92 ~ 1.27) in males and 1.14 (0.98 ~ 1.33) in females.

Conclusions

Those who concealed their emotions at work were more likely to use medical services. Moreover, the health effects of concealing emotions at work might be more detrimental in women than in men.

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Dukyun Kang, Jae Won Yang, Won-Jun Choi, Seunghon Ham, Seong-Kyu Kang, Wanhyung Lee
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Sungjin Park, Pil Kyun Jung, Myungsup Choi, Hongdeok Seok, Hansol Kim, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh
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Research Article

Blood lead levels of Korean lead workers in 2003–2011: Ji-Hye Kim, Eun-A Kim, Dong-Hee Koh, Kiwhan Byun, Hyang-Woo Ryu, Sang-Gil Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:30. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0030-3

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study aimed to document the trend in blood lead levels in Korean lead workers from 2003 until 2011 and blood lead levels within each of the main industries.

Methods

Nine years (2003–2011) of blood lead level data measured during a special health examination of Korean lead workers and collected by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency were analyzed. Blood lead levels were determined by year, and a geometric mean (GM) was calculated for each industry division.

Results

The overall GM blood lead level for all years combined (n = 365,331) was 4.35 μg/dL. The GM blood lead level decreased from 5.89 μg/dL in 2003 to 3.53 μg/dL in 2011. The proportion of the results ≥30 μg/dL decreased from 4.3% in 2003 to 0.8% in 2011. In the “Manufacture of Electrical Equipment” division, the GM blood lead level was 7.80 μg/dL, which was the highest among the industry divisions. The GM blood lead levels were 7.35 μg/dL and 6.77 μg/dL in the “Manufacturers of Rubber and Plastic Products” and the “Manufacture of Basic Metal Products” division, respectively.

Conclusions

The blood lead levels in Korean lead workers decreased from 2003 to 2011 and were similar to those in the US and UK. Moreover, workers in industries conventionally considered to have a high risk of lead exposure also tended to have relatively high blood lead levels compared to those in other industries.

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Case Report

Acute health effects of accidental chlorine gas exposure: Joo-An Kim, Seong-Yong Yoon, Seong-Yong Cho, Jin-Hyun Yu, Hwa-Sung Kim, Gune-Il Lim, Jin-Seok Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:29. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0029-9

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

This study was conducted to report the course of an accidental release of chlorine gas that occurred in a factory in Gumi-si, South Korea, on March 5, 2013. We describe the analysis results of 2 patients hospitalized because of chlorine-induced acute health problems, as well as the clinical features of 209 non-hospitalized patients.

Methods

We analyzed the medical records of the 2 hospitalized patients admitted to the hospital, as well as the medical records and self-report questionnaires of 209 non-hospitalized patients completed during outpatient treatment.

Results

Immediately after the exposure, the 2 hospitalized patients developed acute asthma-like symptoms such as cough and dyspnea, and showed restrictive and combined pattern ventilatory defects on the pulmonary function test. The case 1 showed asthma-like symptoms over six months and diurnal variability in peak expiratory flow rate was 56.7%. In case 2, his FEV1 after treatment (93%) increased by 25% compared to initial FEV1 (68%). Both cases were diagnosed as chlorine-induced reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) on the basis of these clinical features. The most frequent chief complaints of the 209 non-hospitalized patients were headache (22.7%), followed by eye irritation (18.2%), nausea (11.2%), and sore throat (10.8%), with asymptomatic patients accounting for 36.5%. The multiple-response analysis of individual symptom revealed headache (42.4%) to be the most frequent symptom, followed by eye irritation (30.5%), sore throat (30.0%), cough (29.6%), nausea (27.6%), and dizziness (27.3%).

Conclusions

The 2 patients hospitalized after exposure to chlorine gas at the leakage site showed a clinical course corresponding to RADS. All of the 209 non-hospitalized patients only complained of symptoms of the upper airways and mucous membrane irritation.

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Research Article

Vitamin D status and associated occupational factors in Korean wage workers: data from the 5th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES 2010–2012): Harin Jeong, Sujin Hong, Yunjeong Heo, Hosun Chun, Daeseong Kim, Jongtae Park, Mo-yeol Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:28. Published online September 16, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0028-x

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

Vitamin D deficiency is increasing worldwide. However, few studies have attempted to examine the vitamin D status of wage workers and the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and working conditions. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and the association between occupational conditions and vitamin D deficiency among Korean wage workers.

Methods

Wage workers aged 20–65 years from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2010–2012; n = 5409) were included in our analysis. We measured the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and identified the correlations with the working conditions of these subjects.

Results

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in male and female subjects was 69.5% and 83.1%, respectively. Among the male subjects, a significant correlation between vitamin D deficiency and working conditions was observed among shift workers, office workers, and permanent workers. No significant correlation with any type of working conditions was observed among female subjects.

Conclusion

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Korean wage workers was very high and was found to correlate significantly with working conditions, likely because of insufficient exposure to sunlight associated with certain types of work. Wage workers require more frequent outdoor activity and nutrition management to maintain sufficient vitamin D level.

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Original Article

Nailfold capillary microscopy for evaluating hand-arm vibration syndrome: Lee, Chan Boo , Sung, Joo Hyun , Park, Jung Hun , Yoo, Cheol In , Sim, Chang Sun , Oh, Ji Seon , Lee, Hun; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:27. Published online October 10, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0027-y

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
We evaluated nailfold capillary abnormalities in patients with hand-arm vibration syndrome using nailfold capillary microscopy.
METHODS
Fifty workers who underwent a special health examination because of exposure to hand-arm vibration at Ulsan University Hospital in 2012 (exposed group) and a control group of 50 white-collar employees were evaluated through a questionnaire survey regarding their present tasks, types of tools used, vibration exposure duration, use of protective wear, and medical history. Then, an occupational physician performed a physical examination for any hand deformities, skin problems, or motor and sensory dysfunctions of the upper extremities. The nailfold capillary morphologies (tortuous, crossing, bushy, meandering, branching, hemorrhage, avascular area, enlarged, and giant), capillary dimensions (afferent, top, venous, total width, and length), and specific counts (crossing and branching) on both fourth fingers were determined by a rheumatologist. Thereafter, the exposed subjects were assessed according to the Stockholm workshop classification scale. In total, 8 and 6 subjects in the exposed and control groups, respectively, were excluded from the study because of poor capillary microscopic image quality. In addition, 24 subjects in the exposed group with Stockholm vascular stage 0 were excluded. Finally, capillary morphology, dimensions, and specific counting were compared between the exposed (n = 18) and control groups (n = 44).
RESULTS
The exposed group had significantly greater crossing capillaries and abnormal capillary numbers that included crossing capillaries (crossing, branching, bushy, and meandering) but smaller branching and abnormal capillary numbers that excluded crossing capillaries (branching, bushy, and meandering) than the control group did. No significant difference in capillary dimensions was observed between the two groups. Despite the adjustment for age, smoking status, and underlying diseases, the statistical significance was unchanged. In the specific counting of the type of capillaries, the exposed group had a significantly higher total crossing count but fewer total branching count than the control group did. However, no statistical significance resulted after adjustment for age, smoking status, and underlying diseases.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the exposed group had significantly more crossing capillaries and a higher crossing count than the control group did.

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Research Article

Prevalence of Dry Eye Syndrome after a Three-Year Exposure to a Clean Room: Hyun A Cho, Jae Jung Cheon, Jong Seok Lee, Soo Young Kim, Seong Sil Chang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:26. Published online September 3, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0026-z

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objective

To measure the prevalence of dry eye syndrome (DES) among clean room (relative humidity ≤1%) workers from 2011 to 2013.

Methods

Three annual DES examinations were performed completely in 352 clean room workers aged 20–40 years who were working at a secondary battery factory. Each examination comprised the tear-film break-up test (TFBUT), Schirmer’s test I, slit-lamp microscopic examination, and McMonnies questionnaire. DES grades were measured using the Delphi approach. The annual examination results were analyzed using a general linear model and post-hoc analysis with repeated-ANOVA (Tukey). Multiple logistic regression was performed using the examination results from 2013 (dependent variable) to analyze the effect of years spent working in the clean room (independent variable).

Results

The prevalence of DES among these workers was 14.8% in 2011, 27.1% in 2012, and 32.8% in 2013. The TFBUT and McMonnies questionnaire showed that DES grades worsened over time. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds ratio for having dry eyes was 1.130 (95% CI 1.012–1.262) according to the findings of the McMonnies questionnaire.

Conclusions

This 3-year trend suggests that the increased prevalence of DES was associated with longer working hours. To decrease the prevalence of DES, employees should be assigned reasonable working hours with shift assignments that include appropriate break times. Workers should also wear protective eyewear, subdivide their working process to minimize exposure, and utilize preservative-free eye drops.

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Research Article

Effect of Long Working Hours on Self-reported Hypertension among Middle-aged and Older Wage Workers: Dong Hyun Yoo, Mo-yeol Kang, Domyung Paek, Bokki Min, Sung-il Cho; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:25. Published online September 3, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0025-0

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

Many studies have reported an association between overwork and hypertension. However, research on the health effects of long working hours has yielded inconclusive results. The objective of this study was to identify an association between overtime work and hypertension in wage workers 45 years and over of age using prospective data.

Methods

Wage workers in Korea aged 45 years and over were selected for inclusion in this study from among 10,254 subjects from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Workers with baseline hypertension and those with other major diseases were excluded. In the end, a total of 1,079 subjects were included. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios and adjust for baseline characteristics such as sex, age, education, income, occupation, form of employment, body mass index, alcohol habit, smoking habit, regular exercise, and number of working days per week. Additional models were used to calculate hazard ratios after gender stratification.

Results

Among the 1,079 subjects, 85 workers were diagnosed with hypertension during 3974.2 person-months. The average number of working hours per week for all subjects was 47.68. The proportion of overtime workers was 61.0% (cutoff, 40 h per week). Compared with those working 40 h and less per week, the hazard ratio of subjects in the final model, which adjusted for all selected variables, working 41-50 h per week was 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–4.06), that of subjects working 51-60 h per week was 2.40 (95% CI, 1.07–5.39), and that of subjects working 61 h and over per week was 2.87 (95% CI, 1.33–6.20). In gender stratification models, the hazard ratio of the females tended to be higher than that of the males.

Conclusion

As the number of working hours per week increased, the hazard ratio for diagnosis of hypertension significantly increased. This result suggests a positive association between overtime work and the risk of hypertension.

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Original Article

Relationship between an amount of Key Tasks and Job Satisfaction among Caregivers and Nurses in Elderly Care Facilities: Hiruta, Shuichi , Shimaoka, Midori , Tatsumi, Asami , Ono, Yuichiro , Iida, Tadayuki , Hori, Fumiko; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:24. Published online August 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0024-1

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study is to examine relationship between an amount of key tasks and job satisfaction among caregivers and nurses in elderly care facilities.
METHODS
Questionnaires were mailed to the caring staff of elderly care facilities. After data collection (return rate 70%), information about work situations and health conditions were analyzed among 325 female workers, who were classified to 4 groups as follows; (1) caregivers under 40 years of age (2) caregivers of 40 years or over (3) nurses under 40 years of age (4) nurses of 40 years or over.
RESULTS
Mean ages and length of career in caring sector were 37.2 +/- 12.2 yr and 4.5 +/- 3.0 yr for caregivers and 41.6 +/- 9.2 yr and 16.8 +/- 8.9 yr for nurses, respectively. A larger amount of care services were done on average by workers being dissatisfied with their job than by the satisfied workers in each of the 4 groups. The dissatisfied caregivers under 40 years showed significantly higher frequencies (as ratios of 1.4 - 2 to 1) in several care services such as "helping with showers or baths", "helping with eating", "changing diapers", "moving caretakers from bed or chair to wheelchair or vice versa", as compared with the satisfied caregivers under 40 years. Similarly, the 40 plus dissatisfied caregivers helped caretakers sit up in bed significantly more frequently. For nurses, on the other hand, "changing diapers" was found as the only service with a significant difference in frequency between the dissatisfied and the satisfied, but that was limited in the 40 plus age group. A frequency of "changing diapers" was associated with an increase in the risk of job dissatisfaction.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggested that an appropriate amount of each key task in elderly care facilities should be set to prevent staff's dissatisfaction with their job from growing excessively.

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Research Article

Relationship between Psychosocial Risk Factors and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Public Hospital Nurses in Malaysia: Nur Azma Amin, Rusli Nordin, Quek Kia Fatt, Rahim M Noah, Jennifer Oxley; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:23. Published online August 9, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0023-2

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objective

This study examined the relationships between psychosocial work factors and risk of WRMSDs among public hospital nurses in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 660 public hospital nurses. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on the occurrence of WRMSDs according to body regions, socio-demographic profiles, occupational information and psychosocial risk factors. 468 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 71%), and 376 questionnaires qualified for subsequent analysis. Univariate analyses were applied to test for mean and categorical differences across the WRMSDs; multiple logistic regression was applied to predict WRMSDs based on the Job Strain Model’s psychosocial risk factors.

Results

Over two thirds of the sample of nurses experienced discomfort or pain in at least one site of the musculoskeletal system within the last year. The neck was the most prevalent site (48.94%), followed by the feet (47.20%), the upper back (40.69%) and the lower back (35.28%). More than 50% of the nurses complained of having discomfort in region one (neck, shoulders and upperback) and region four (hips, knees, ankles, and feet). The results also revealed that psychological job demands, job strain and iso-strain ratio demonstrated statistically significant mean differences (p < 0.05) between nurses with and without WRMSDs. According to univariate logistic regression, all psychosocial risk factors illustrated significant association with the occurrence of WRMSDs in various regions of the body (OR: 1.52–2.14). Multiple logistic regression showed all psychosocial risk factors were significantly associated with WRMSDs across body regions (OR: 1.03–1.19) except for region 1 (neck, shoulders and upper back) and region 4 (hips, knees, ankles, and feet). All demographic variables except for years of employment were statistically and significantly associated with WRMSDs (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The findings indicated the high prevalence of WRMSDs in many body regions, and the risks of developing WRMSDs according to the various body regions were associated with important psychosocial risk factors based on the job strain model. These findings have implications for the management of WRMSDs among public hospital nurses in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.

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Research Article

Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Extremities Due to Extensive Usage of Hand Held Devices: Deepak Sharan, Mathankumar Mohandoss, Rameshkumar Ranganathan, Jeena Jose; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:22. Published online August 6, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0022-3

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objective

The use of hand held devices (HHD) such as mobile phones, game controls, tablets, portable media players and personal digital assistants have increased dramatically in past decade. While sending a text message or using the controls of the HHD the users need to use their thumb and other palm muscles extensively. The objective of this study was to describe the risk factors and clinical features of the musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) arising due to usage of hand held devices and to evaluate the effectiveness of a sequenced rehabilitation protocol.

Methods

A retrospective report analysis of 70 subjects, who were diagnosed to have a MSD affecting the upper extremities, was conducted. Medical charts from a tertiary level rehabilitation centre from 2005–2013 were analysed. All the subjects reported pain in their upper extremities following extensive usage of HHD and were examined and diagnosed to have a MSD by an orthopaedic and rehabilitation physician. After the assessment and diagnosis, all the patients underwent rehabilitation using a sequenced protocol.

Results

All the subjects reported pain in the thumb and forearm with associated burning, numbness and tingling around the thenar aspect of the hand, and stiffness of wrist and hand. 43 subjects had symptoms on the right side; 9 on left and 18 had bilateral symptoms. Correlation was found between hand dominance and MSD. 33 subjects complained of onset of symptoms following extensive text messaging. All the subjects were diagnosed to have tendinosis of Extensor Pollicis Longus and Myofascial Pain Syndrome affecting the 1st interossei, thenar group of muscles and Extensor Digitorum Communis. 23 of the subjects were senior executives, among these 7 were CEO’s of major multinational companies in India. All the subjects recovered completely following the rehabilitation.

Conclusions

The study concluded that mobile phones and gadgets that promoted the predominant usage of thumb or only one finger while texting or using the controls were associated with a higher prevalence of MSDs. Treatment using a sequenced rehabilitation protocol was found to be effective.

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Research Article

Co morbidities of Myofascial Neck Pain among Information Technology Professionals: Mathankumar Mohandoss, Deepak Sharan, Rameshkumar Ranganathan, Jeena Jose; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:21. Published online September 3, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0021-4

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Objectives

The objective of this study was to identify the musculoskeletal co-morbidities of neck pain of myofascial origin among IT professionals.

Methods

A retrospective report analysis of 5357 IT professionals from various IT companies in India was conducted. Demographic details, type and intensity of the musculoskeletal problems, employee feedbacks on status of musculoskeletal health and physician’s diagnosis were analysed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the age, gender, body area affected and nature of work. Chi square test was used to find the association between musculoskeletal co-morbidities and myofascial neck pain (MNP).

Results

The study participants were predominantly males (71%). 41% of the population used laptops, 35% desktops and 24% both. Neck pain was the commonest reported symptom, followed by low back, shoulder and arm pain respectively. Statistical analysis also revealed that low back pain and shoulder pain, had a significant association with neck pain. Further analysis revealed that there was a significant association between the presence of MNP and thoracic outlet syndrome (p < 0.001) and fibromyalgia syndrome (p < 0.001). Other than the listed co-morbidities, eye strain was also found to be associated with MNP.

Conclusions

Low back pain and shoulder pain was found to be co morbid symptoms noted among IT professionals with MNP. Thoracic outlet syndrome and fibromyalgia were found to be the most commonly associated disorders with MNP among IT professionals.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Mapping Research on Ageism, Personal and Social Well-Being in IT Professionals: A Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis
Rinku Mahindru, Hersheen Kaur, Renu Gupta
Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis.2023; 26(2): 18. CrossRef

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Research Article

Psychosocial Risk Factors and Musculoskeletal Symptoms among White and Blue-collar Workers at Private and Public Sectors: Leticia B Januario, Mariana V Batistao, Helenice JCG Coury, Ana Beatriz Oliveira, Tatiana O Sato; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:20. Published online July 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0020-5

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Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate musculoskeletal and psychosocial perception and compare these conditions regarding the type of job (white or blue-collar) and the type of management model (private or public).

Methods

Forty-seven public white-collar (PuWC), 84 private white-collar (PrWC) and 83 blue-collar workers (PrBC) were evaluated. Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) were applied to evaluate psychosocial factors. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to assess musculoskeletal symptoms. Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) was measured to evaluate sensory responses.

Results

According to JCQ, all groups were classified as active profile. There was a significant association between work engagement and workers’ categories (p < 0.05). PrWC workers had the highest scores for all the UWES domains, while PrBC had the lowest ones. PPT showed that PrBC workers had an increased sensitivity for left deltoid (p < 0.01), and for both epicondyles (p < 0.01), when compared to the other groups. PrWC workers had an increased sensitivity for both epicondyles than PuWC (right p < 0.01; left, p = 0.05). There was no significant association in the report of symptoms across the groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

This study showed differences in psychosocial risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms in workers engaged in different types of jobs and work organization. Personal and work-related characteristics, psychosocial factors and PPT responses were different across workers’ group. Despite all, there was no significant difference in reported symptoms across the groups, possibly indicating that the physical load is similar among the sectors.

Citations

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Review

Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korea Provoked by Workers’ Collective Compensation Claims against Work Intensification: Dongmug Kang, Youngki Kim, Young-Il Lee, Sangbaek Koh, Inah Kim, Hoonkoo Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:19. Published online July 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-19

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This article presents the process of workers’ problems with work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), the introduction of risk assessments (RA) for their prevention, and the consequences of this process in Korea. In 1997, economic crisis caused a rapid increase of massive layoffs, worker dispatch system introduction, job insecurity, and use of irregular workers resulting in work intensification. Work intensification increased WMSDs, which created massive workers’ compensation collective claims. Workers argued for the reduction of work intensity. The RAs introduced as a consequence of the workers’ struggle is unique in the world. Whereas these RAs were expected to play a pivotal role in WMSDs prevention, they dis not due to workers’ lack of engagement after the compensation struggle. In fact, changes in the compensation judgment system and criteria have resulted in lower compensation approval rates leading to lower workers’ compensation claims. The Korean experience provides insight into WMSDs causes in a globalized world. In such a the globalized world, work intensification as the result of work flexibility could be an international trend.

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Hye-Eun Lee, Min Choi, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Ichiro Kawachi
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Case Report

Design and Evaluation of Ergonomic Interventions for the Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders in India: Somnath Gangopadhyay, Samrat Dev; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:18. Published online July 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-18

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Background

Improper workstation, work procedures and tools are found to be the risk factors for the development of musculoskeletal disorders among the informal sector workers of the developing countries. Low cost ergonomic interventions can effectively improve such adverse conditions.

Case presentation

In the present article some studies related to design interventions in different informal and agricultural sectors were discussed and their efficacies were analyzed. It was observed that with the help of appropriate interventions musculoskeletal disorders were reduced, adverse physiological conditions were improved when awkward postures were corrected and ultimately the organisational productivity was increased.

Conclusion

Proper implementation of ergonomic interventions can ultimately improve the economy of the nation.

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