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(38 wysigings tussenin deur 20 gebruikers nie gewys nie)
Lyn 1: Lyn 1:
: ''Hierdie artikel handel oor die taal. Vir die etniese groep, sien [[Grieke]].''
{{Inligtingskas Taal
{{Inligtingskas Taal
|naam=Grieks
|naam=Grieks
|inheemsenaam=Ελληνικά
|inheemsenaam=ελληνικά<br />''elliniká''
|uitspraak=[eliniˈka]
|familiekleur=Indo-Europees
|familiekleur=Indo-Europees
|state={{Vlagland|Griekeland}}<br />{{Vlagland|Siprus}}<br />{{Vlagland|Turkye}}<br />{{Vlagland|Italië}}<br />{{Vlagland|Albanië}}<br />{{Vlagland|Republiek van Masedonië}}<br />{{Vlagland|Roemenië}}<br />{{Vlagland|Egipte}}<br />{{Vlagland|Frankryk}}<br />{{Vlagland|Oekraïne}}
|state={{vlagland|Griekeland}}<br />{{vlagland|Siprus}}<br />{{vlagland|Turkye}}<br />{{vlagland|Italië}}<br />{{vlagland|Albanië}}<br />{{vlagland|Noord-Masedonië}}<br />{{vlagland|Roemenië}}<br />{{vlagland|Egipte}}<br />{{vlagland|Frankryk}}<br />{{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
|streek=[[Suid-Europa]]
|streek=[[Suid-Europa]]
|sprekers=13,1 miljoen<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ell |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Greek |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=29 April 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504184844/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ell |archive-date=4 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|sprekers=13,1 miljoen<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gre www.ethnologue.com].</ref>
|rang=111
|rang=111
|skrif=[[Griekse alfabet]]
|skrif=[[Griekse alfabet]]; in die verlede: [[Lineêr B]], [[Sipriese lettergreepskrif]]
|fam1=[[Indo-Europese tale|Indo-Europees]]
|fam2=[[Helleense tale|Helleens]]
|fam2=[[Helleense tale|Helleens]]
|nasie={{Vlagland|Europese Unie}}<br />{{Vlagland|Griekeland}}<br />{{Vlagland|Siprus}}
|nasie={{vlagland|Europese Unie}}<br />{{vlagland|Griekeland}}<br />{{vlagland|Siprus}}
|agentskap=''geen''
|agentskap=''geen''
|iso1=el|iso2=gre (B)T<br/>ell (T)|iso3=ell
|iso1=el|iso2=gre (B)T<br/>ell (T)|iso3=ell
Lyn 16: Lyn 19:
{{Indo-Europees}}
{{Indo-Europees}}


Die '''Griekse taal''' (''Ελληνικά'') is 'n [[Indo-Europees|Indo-Europese]] [[taal]] wat bestaan vanaf ongeveer die veertiende eeu VC in die Kretiese inskrywings genaamd ''Linear B''. Miceense Grieks van hierdie periode word onderskei van latere Klassieke of Antieke Grieks vanaf die agste eeu VC en later, toe tekste in die [[Griekse alfabet]] begin skryf is.
Die '''Griekse taal''' (ελληνικά, ''elliniká'', [eliniˈka], letterlik: "Helleens" of ελληνική γλώσσα, ''ellinikí glóssa'', [eliniˈci ˈɣlosa], {{Audio|Elliniki Glossa.ogg|luister}}, letterlik: "Helleense taal") is 'n [[Indo-Europese tale|Indo-Europese taal]] wat bestaan vanaf ongeveer die 14de eeu v.C. in die Kretiese inskrywings genaamd ''Linear B''. Miceense Grieks van hierdie periode word onderskei van latere Klassieke of Antieke Grieks vanaf die 8ste eeu v.C. en later, toe tekste in die [[Griekse alfabet]] begin skryf is.


[[Moderne Grieks]] is 'n lewende taal en een van die rykste oorblewende tale vandag, met meer as 600,000 woorde. Sekere vakkundiges plaas baie klem op die ooreenkomste met [[millennia]]-oue Griekse tale. Die onderlinge verstaanbaarheid met antieke Grieks is 'n saak van debat: Daar word aangevoer dat 'n "redelik goedgeleerde" spreker van die moderne taal die antieke dialekte sal kan lees, maar dit is nie duidelik gemaak hoeveel van hierdie opvoeding bestaan uit blootstelling tot [[woordeskat]] en [[grammatika]] wat verouderd in normale kommunikasie is nie. Grieks vanuit die Hellenistiese en Bisantynse tye is merkbaar nader aan Moderne Grieks. Vanaf [[1834]] tot [[1976]] was daar 'n poging aangewend om [[Katharevousa|<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Καθαρεύουσα</font>]] /kaTa'revus{/ ("''gereinigde taal''", 'n poging om eeue-oue natuurlike linguistieke verandering aan 'n taal te korrigeer) as die enigste aanvaarbare vorm van Grieks in Griekeland te maak. Ná 1976 is
Moderne Grieks is 'n lewende [[taal]] en een van die rykste oorblywende tale vandag, met meer as 600&nbsp;000 woorde. Sekere vakkundiges plaas baie klem op die ooreenkomste met [[Millennium|millennia]]-oue Griekse tale. Die onderlinge verstaanbaarheid met antieke Grieks is 'n saak van debat: Daar word aangevoer dat 'n "redelik goedgeleerde" spreker van die moderne taal die antieke dialekte sal kan lees, maar dit is nie duidelik gemaak hoeveel van hierdie opvoeding bestaan uit blootstelling tot [[woordeskat]] en [[grammatika]] wat verouderd in normale kommunikasie is nie. Grieks vanuit die [[Hellenistiese Griekeland|Hellenistiese]] en [[Bisantynse Ryk|Bisantynse]] tye is merkbaar nader aan Moderne Grieks. Vanaf 1834 tot 1976 is daar 'n poging aangewend om Καθαρεύουσα (''Katharevousa'', [kaTa'revus], "gereinigde taal", 'n poging om eeue-oue natuurlike linguistieke verandering aan 'n taal te korrigeer) as die enigste aanvaarbare vorm van Grieks in [[Griekeland]] te maak. Ná 1976 is Δημοτική (''Dhimotiki'', [Dimoti'ci], "taal van die mense") uiteindelik deur die Griekse [[regering]] aanvaar as beide die ''[[de facto]]'' en ''[[de jure]]'' vorme van die taal. 'n Groot hoeveelheid woorde en uitdrukkings bly onveranderd deur die eeue behoue, en word gevind in 'n aantal ander tale, insluitend [[Latyn]], [[Nederlands]], [[Italiaans]], [[Duits]], [[Frans]], [[Engels]] en [[Afrikaans]]. Tipiese voorbeelde hiervan sluit meeste terminologiename in, soos ''[[Sterrekunde|astronomie]]'', ''[[demokrasie]]'', ''[[filosofie]]'', ''[[antropologie]]'' ens.
[[Dhimotiki|<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Δημοτική</font>]] /Dimoti'ci/ ("''taal van die mense''") uiteindelik deur die Griekse [[regering]] aanvaar as beide die [[de facto]] en [[de jure]] vorme van die taal. 'n Groot hoeveelheid woorde en uitdrukkings bly onveranderd deur die eeue behoue, en word gevind in 'n aantal ander tale, insluitend [[Latyn]], [[Italiaanse taal|Italiaans]], [[Duitse taal|Duits]], [[Franse taal|Frans]], [[Engelse taal|Engels]] en [[Afrikaans]]. Tipiese voorbeelde hiervan sluit meeste terminologiename in, soos ''astronomie'', ''demokrasie'', ''filosofie'', ''antropologie'' ens.


== Geskiedenis ==
== Geskiedenis ==

=== Oorsprong ===
=== Oorsprong ===
[[Lêer:AncientGreekDialects (Woodard) en.svg|duimnael|links|Antieke verspreiding van Griekse dialekte]]
[[Lêer:Hellenistic Greek.png|duimnael|links|Verspreiding van Grieks in die Hellenistiese tydperk]]
[[Lêer:Modern Greek dialects en.svg|duimnael|links|Moderne verspreiding van Griekse dialekte]]
Daar bestaan baie teorieë oor die oorsprong van die Griekse taal. Een teorie stel voor dat dit ontstaan het met die migrasie van proto-Griekse sprekers na Griekeland, wat in enige periode tussen 3200 v.C. tot 1900 v.C. gebeur het. 'n Ander teorie handhaaf dat Grieks in Griekeland self ontwikkel het vanuit 'n vorige Indo-Europese taal.


Daar bestaan baie teorieë oor die oorspronk van die Griekse taal. Een teorie stel voor dat dit ontstaan het met die migrasie van proto-Griekse sprekers na [[Griekeland]], wat in enige periode tussen [[3200 VC]] tot [[1900 VC]] gebeur het. 'n Ander teorie handhaaf dat Grieks in Griekeland self ontwikkel het vanuit 'n vorige [[Indo-Europees|Indo-Europese]] [[taal]].

<!--
=== Linear B ===
The first known script for writing Greek was the [[Linear B]] [[syllabary]], used for the archaic [[Mycenaean]] dialect. Linear B was not deciphered until [[1953]]. After the fall of the Mycenaean [[civilization]], there was a period of about five hundred years when writing was either not used, or nothing has survived to the present day. Since early classical times, Greek has been written in the [[Greek alphabet]], said to be derived from [[Phoenician]]. This happened about the time of [[Homer]], and there is one obscure, fleeting reference in Homer's poetry suggesting that he might have been aware of writing.
=== Ancient Greek dialects ===
In the archaic and classical periods, there were three main dialects of the Greek language, [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]], [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]], and [[Doric Greek|Doric]], corresponding to the three main tribes of the Greeks, the Aeolians (chiefly living in the islands of the Aegean), the Ionians (mostly settled in modern day Turkey), and the Dorians (primarily the Greeks of the Pelopennesus, such as the Spartans). [[Homer]]'s [[Illiad]] and [[Odyssey]] were written in a kind of literary Ionic with some loan words from the other dialects. Ionic, therefore, became the primary literary language of ancient Greece until the ascendency of Athens in the late fifth century. Doric was standard for Greek lyric poetry, such as [[Pindar]] and the choral odes of the Greek tragedians.

=== Attic Greek ===
Attic Greek, a subdialect of Ionic, was for centuries the language of [[Athens]]. Most surviving [[classical]] [[Greek literature]] appears in Attic Greek, including the extant texts of [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], which were passed down in written form from classical times.

=== Koine Greek ===
As Greeks colonized from [[Asia Minor]] to [[Egypt]] to the [[Middle East]], the Greek language began to evolve into multiple dialects. [[Alexander the Great]] ([[356 BC]]-[[323 BC]]) was instrumental in combining these dialects to form <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Κοινή</font> /ci'ni/. (The Greek word for "common," <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Κοινή</font> is often transliterated into English as ''koine''. Koine Greek is also called "[[New Testament]] Greek" after its most famous work of literature).

Imposing a common Greek dialect allowed Alexander's combined army to communicate with itself. The language was also taught to the inhabitants of the regions that Alexander conquered, turning Greek into a world language.

=== The Hellenistic through the Ottoman periods ===
The Greek language continued to thrive after Alexander, during the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] period ([[323 BC]] to [[281 BC]]). During this period the [[Septuagint]], a Greek translation of the [[Hebrew Bible]], appeared.

For many centuries Greek was the [[lingua franca]] of the [[Roman Empire]]. It was during Roman times that the Greek New Testament appeared. After the empire's fall in [[476]], the Greek language continued to be widely-spoken. Greek was the official language of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] (or [[Byzantine Empire]]), until [[Constantinople]] fell to the [[Turks]] in [[1453]].

The decline of reading and writing among Greek speakers during the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s domination much of the [[Mediterranean]] caused the language to change considerably during their rule. Ottoman rule lasted many places until the end of [[World War I]] in [[1919]].

=== Modern Greek ===
From these roots evolved the [[Modern Greek]] of today. Modern Greek has a somewhat artificial, conservative form called [[Katharevousa|<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Καθαρεύουσα</font>]] /kaTa'revus{/, which includes numerous Ancient Greek words pronounced in a modern way, and the spoken form
[[Dhimotiki|<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Δημοτική</font>]] /Dimoti'ci/, which since [[1976]] is the official language of Greece, instead of
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Καθαρεύουσα</font>.

==Grammar==
Greek, like all of the older [[Indo-European]] languages, is highly inflected, for example, [[noun]]s have five [[Declension|cases]] ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], [[accusative]] and [[vocative]]), three [[Grammatical gender|genders]] ([[masculine]], [[feminine]] and [[neuter]]), and three [[Grammatical number|numbers]] ([[singular]], [[dual]] and [[plural]]). [[Verb]]s have four [[Grammatical mood|moods]], three [[Grammatical voice|voices]], as well as three [[Grammatical person|persons]] and three numbers and various other forms. Modern Greek is one of the few Indo-European languages that has retained a [[synthetic]] [[passive]].
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> Δημοτική</font> has lost the [[dative]] (except in a few expressions like <font face="Arial Unicode MS">εν
τάξει</font> /en 'daxi/, which means OK), Other noticeable changes in the its grammar include the loss of the [[infinitive]], the dual number and the simplification of the system of grammatical prefixes, like [[augment]] and [[reduplication]].
==Phonology==
Greek has [[sandhi]] rules, some written, some not. <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> ν</font> before bilabials and velars is pronounced "m" and "ng" respectively, and is written
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> μ</font> (<font face="Arial Unicode MS">συμπάθεια</font>) and <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> γ</font> (<font face="Arial Unicode MS">συγχρονίζω</font>) when this happens within a word. The word
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> ἐστὶ</font> /es'ti/, which means "is" in Greek gains
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> ν</font>, and the accusative articles <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> τον</font> and
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> την</font> in Modern Greek lose it, depending on the start of the next word; this is called "movable nu". In
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> τον πατέρα</font> "the father" the first word is pronounced "tom", and in Modern Greek (but not Ancient Greek, which had an independent "b" sound) the second word is pronounced "batera" because "mp" is pronounced as "mb".

==Historical sound changes==
The main phonetic changes between Ancient and Modern Greek are a simplification in the [[vowel]] system and a change of some [[consonants]] to [[fricative]] values. Ancient Greek had five short vowels, seven long vowels, and numerous [[diphthongs]]. This has been reduced to a simple five-vowel system. Most noticeably, the sounds
<font face="Arial Unicode MS">i</font>, <font face="Arial Unicode MS"> ē</font>,
<font face="Arial Unicode MS">y</font>, <font face="Arial Unicode MS">ei</font>,
<font face="Arial Unicode MS"> oi</font> have all become <font face="Arial Unicode MS">i</font>.
The consonants b, d, g became v, dh, gh (dh is /D/ and gh is /G/). The [[aspirated]] consonants ph, th, kh became f, th, kh (where the new pronunciation of th is /T/ and the new pronunciation of kh is /x/).

-->
== Skryfstelsel ==
== Skryfstelsel ==
Grieks word geskryf met die Griekse alfabet wat dateer vanuit die 8ste eeu v.C. Die Griekse alfabet bestaan uit 24 letters:
[[Alfa|Α]], [[Beta (letter)|Β]], [[Gamma|Γ]], [[Delta (letter)|Δ]], [[Epsilon|Ε]], [[Zeta (letter)|Ζ]], [[Eta (letter)|Η]], [[Theta|Θ]], [[Iota|Ι]], [[Kappa (letter)|Κ]], [[Lambda|Λ]], [[Mu (letter)|Μ]], [[Nu (letter)|Ν]], [[Ksi|Ξ]], [[Omikron|Ο]], [[Pi (letter)|Π]], [[Rho (letter)|Ρ]], [[Sigma (letter)|Σ]], [[Tau|Τ]], [[Ypsilon|Υ]], [[Phi (letter)|Φ]], [[Chi (letter)|Χ]], [[Psi (letter)|Ψ]], [[Omega|Ω]].


In die verlede het Grieke ander skryfstelsels gebruik: [[Lineêr B]] (hierdie skrif is heeltemal vergete na 12 eeu vC), en die [[Sipriese lettergreepskrif]] (verwant aan Lineêr B), wat in 10-3 eeue VC in Siprus bestaan het).
Grieks word geskryf met die [[Griekse alfabet]] wat dateer vanuit die agste eeu VC. Die Griekse alfabet bestaan uit 24 letters:

[[Alfa (letter)|Α]], [[Beta (letter)|Β]], [[Gamma|Γ]], [[Delta (letter)|Δ]], [[Epsilon|Ε]], [[Zeta (letter)|Ζ]], [[Eta (letter)|Η]], [[Theta|Θ]], [[Iota|Ι]], [[Kappa (letter)|Κ]], [[Lambda|Λ]], [[Mu (letter)|Μ]], [[Nu (letter)|Ν]], [[Xi|Ξ]], [[Omicron|Ο]], [[Pi (letter)|Π]],
[[Rho (letter)|Ρ]], [[Sigma (letter)|Σ]], [[Tau|Τ]], [[Upsilon|Υ]], [[Phi (letter)|Φ]], [[Chi (letter)|Χ]], [[Psi (letter)|Ψ]], [[Omega|Ω]].


== Zolotas se toespraak ==
== Zolotas se toespraak ==
In 1954 het professor Xenophon Zolotas 'n toespraak gemaak by die [[Harvard-universiteit]]. Die toespraak was natuurlik in Engels, maar vol woorde wat afgelei is vanuit Grieks:


''Kyrie,
In [[1954]] het professor [[Xenophon Zolotas]] 'n toespraak gemaak by [[Harvard Universiteit]]. Die toespraak was natuurlik in Engels, maar vol woorde wat afgelei is vanuit Grieks:


I [[:en:eulogy|eulogize]] the [[:en:archon|archon]]s of the Panethnic [[:en:Numismatic|Numismatic]] [[:en:Thesaurus|Thesaurus]] and the [[:en:Ecumenical|Ecumenical]] Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their [[:en:axiom|axioms]], [[:en:method|methods]] and policies, although there is an episode of [[:en:cacophony|cacophony]] of the Trapeza with [[:en:Hellas|Hellas]]. With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the [[:en:synod|synod]]s of our didymous Organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized.
''[[Kyrie]],
Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy. This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a [[:en:prophylaxis|prophylaxis]] from chaos and catastrophe. In parallel, a panethnic unhypocritical economic [[:en:synergy|synergy]] and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic.

I [[:en:eulogy|eulogize]] the [[:en:archon|archon]]s of the Panethnic [[:en:Numismatic|Numismatic]] [[:en:Thesaurus|Thesaurus]] and the [[:en:Ecumenical|Ecumenical]] Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their [[:en:axiom|axiom]]s, [[:en:method|method]]s and policies, although there is an episode of [[:en:cacophony|cacophony]] of the Trapeza with [[:en:Hellas|Hellas]].
With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the [[:en:synod|synod]]s of our didymous Organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized.
Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy. This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a [[:en:prophylaxis|prophylaxis]] from chaos and catastrophe.
In parallel, a panethnic unhypocritical economic [[:en:synergy|synergy]] and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic.
I apologize for my eccentric monologue. I emphasize my eucharistia to you Kyrie, to the [[:en:eugenic|eugenic]] and generous American Ethnos and to the organizers and protagonists of this [[:en:Amphictyony|Amphictyony]] and the gastronomic [[:en:symposium|symposia]].
I apologize for my eccentric monologue. I emphasize my eucharistia to you Kyrie, to the [[:en:eugenic|eugenic]] and generous American Ethnos and to the organizers and protagonists of this [[:en:Amphictyony|Amphictyony]] and the gastronomic [[:en:symposium|symposia]].


Lyn 95: Lyn 48:


== Voorbeelde ==
== Voorbeelde ==
[[Lêer:Beginning Iliad.svg|duimnael|Die sewe beginverse van [[Homeros]] se ''[[Ilias]]'']]
Die [[Onse Vader]] in Grieks ([[Matteus]] 6:9-13):
[[Lêer:Beginning Odyssey.svg|duimnael|Die nege beginverse van Homeros se ''[[Odussee]]'']]

Die [[Onse Vader]] in Grieks ([[Evangelie volgens Matteus|Matteus]] 6:9-13):<br />
<font face="Athena, Gentium, Arial Unicode MS">Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·<br />
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·<br />
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς·<br />
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς·<br />
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·<br />
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·<br />
Lyn 103: Lyn 57:
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ρῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.<br />
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ρῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.<br />
Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας·<br />
Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας·<br />
ἀμήν.</font>
ἀμήν.


== Sien ook ==
== Sien ook ==
* [[Taalfamilies en tale]]
* [[Koine]]
* [[Griekse alfabet]]
* [[Ponties]]
* [[Lys van gedrukte Afrikaans-vreemdtalige woordeboeke]]
* [[Griekse nommers]]
* [[:en:Greeklish|Greeklish]]
* [[:en:Griko language|Griko language]]
* [[:en:Tsakonian|Tsakonian]]
* [[Ponties (taal)]]


== Verwysings ==
== Verwysings ==
Lyn 119: Lyn 69:
== Eksterne skakels ==
== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Greek language|Grieks}}
{{CommonsKategorie|Greek language|Grieks}}
{{Wikt|Grieks}}
{{Interwiki|kode=el}}
{{Interwiki|kode=el}}
* [http://www.xanthi.ilsp.gr/filog/ Learn Greek- Official site of the Greek Institute of language and speech processing]
* [http://www.xanthi.ilsp.gr/filog/ Learn Greek- Official site of the Greek Institute of language and speech processing]
* [http://greek-language.com The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway]
* [http://greek-language.com The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway]
* [http://greek-language.com/historyofgreek/ A Brief History of the Greek Language]
* [http://greek-language.com/historyofgreek/ A Brief History of the Greek Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427043420/http://greek-language.com/historyofgreek/ |date=27 April 2006 }}
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries.
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries.
* [http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/gr.htm Free online resources for learners (both Ancient and Modern Greek)]
* [http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/gr.htm Free online resources for learners (both Ancient and Modern Greek)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040219012341/http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/gr.htm |date=19 Februarie 2004 }}
* [http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/help.htm#english Athena], [[public domain]] [[Polytonic Greek script|polytonic]] greek [[typeface|font]]
* [http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/help.htm#english Athena], public domain polytonic greek font
* [http://www.sil.org/~gaultney/gentium/ Gentium -- a typeface for the nations], a freely available font including polytonic Greek support
* [http://www.sil.org/~gaultney/gentium/ Gentium -- a typeface for the nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412182914/http://www.sil.org/~gaultney/gentium/ |date=12 April 2006 }}, a freely available font including polytonic Greek support
* [http://didymos.kypros.org/LearnGreek/ Learn Greek Online], for people who would like to learn the beauty of modern Greek (with real audio files, totally free)
* [http://didymos.kypros.org/LearnGreek/ Learn Greek Online], for people who would like to learn the beauty of modern Greek (with real audio files, totally free)
* [http://www.textkit.com/ Learn Ancient Greek] at Textkit. There you can find free downloadable Ancient Greek grammars and readers.
* [http://www.textkit.com/ Learn Ancient Greek] at Textkit. There you can find free downloadable Ancient Greek grammars and readers.
Lyn 132: Lyn 83:
* [http://www.kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon Greek–English, English–Greek dictionary].
* [http://www.kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon Greek–English, English–Greek dictionary].
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Greek-english/ Greek–English Dictionary]: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition.
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Greek-english/ Greek–English Dictionary]: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition.
* [http://www.filol.csic.es/dge/ Greek–Spanish dictionary].
* [http://www.filol.csic.es/dge/ Greek–Spanish dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024082830/http://www.filol.csic.es/dge/ |date=24 Oktober 2004 }}.
* [http://europa.eu.int/eurodicautom/Controller European Union Dictionary to/from Greek to all EU languages (Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish)]
* [http://europa.eu.int/eurodicautom/Controller European Union Dictionary to/from Greek to all EU languages (Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929003253/http://europa.eu.int/eurodicautom/Controller |date=29 September 2006 }}


{{Tale van Griekeland}}
[[Kategorie:Indo-Europese tale]]
{{Tale van Hongarye}}
[[Kategorie:Griekeland]]
{{Tale van Oekraïne}}
[[Kategorie:Siprus]]
{{Tale van Roemenië}}
{{Tale van Suid-Afrika}}
{{Normdata}}


[[Kategorie:Grieks| ]]
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[[Kategorie:Tale van Albanië]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Egipte]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Frankryk]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Italië]]
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[[Kategorie:Tale van Oekraïne]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Roemenië]]
[[Kategorie:Tale van Turkye]]

Huidige wysiging sedert 08:40, 31 Desember 2021

Hierdie artikel handel oor die taal. Vir die etniese groep, sien Grieke.
Grieks
ελληνικά
elliniká 
Uitspraak: [eliniˈka]
Gepraat in: Vlag van Griekeland Griekeland
Flag of Cyprus Siprus
Vlag van Turkye Turkye
Vlag van Italië Italië
Vlag van Albanië Albanië
Flag of the Republic of Macedonia Noord-Masedonië
Vlag van Roemenië Roemenië
Vlag van Egipte Egipte
Vlag van Frankryk Frankryk
Vlag van Oekraïne Oekraïne 
Gebied: Suid-Europa
Totale sprekers: 13,1 miljoen[1] 
Rang: 111
Taalfamilie: Indo-Europees
 Helleens
  Grieks 
Skrifstelsel: Griekse alfabet; in die verlede: Lineêr B, Sipriese lettergreepskrif 
Amptelike status
Amptelike taal in: Flag of Europe Europese Unie
Vlag van Griekeland Griekeland
Flag of Cyprus Siprus
Gereguleer deur: geen
Taalkodes
ISO 639-1: el
ISO 639-2: gre (B)T
ell (T)
ISO 639-3: ell 
Verspreiding van Grieks
Nota: Hierdie bladsy kan IFA fonetiese simbole in Unicode bevat.
Indo-Europese tale
Indo-Europese tale
Albanees | Anatolies
Armeens | Balties | Kelties
Germaans | Grieks | Indo-Irannees
Italies | Slawies | Togaars
Proto-Indo-Europees
Taal | Vereniging | Geloof
Kurgan | Yamna | BMAC | Ariaans
Indo-Europese studies

Die Griekse taal (ελληνικά, elliniká, [eliniˈka], letterlik: "Helleens" of ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, [eliniˈci ˈɣlosa], luister (hulp·inligting), letterlik: "Helleense taal") is 'n Indo-Europese taal wat bestaan vanaf ongeveer die 14de eeu v.C. in die Kretiese inskrywings genaamd Linear B. Miceense Grieks van hierdie periode word onderskei van latere Klassieke of Antieke Grieks vanaf die 8ste eeu v.C. en later, toe tekste in die Griekse alfabet begin skryf is.

Moderne Grieks is 'n lewende taal en een van die rykste oorblywende tale vandag, met meer as 600 000 woorde. Sekere vakkundiges plaas baie klem op die ooreenkomste met millennia-oue Griekse tale. Die onderlinge verstaanbaarheid met antieke Grieks is 'n saak van debat: Daar word aangevoer dat 'n "redelik goedgeleerde" spreker van die moderne taal die antieke dialekte sal kan lees, maar dit is nie duidelik gemaak hoeveel van hierdie opvoeding bestaan uit blootstelling tot woordeskat en grammatika wat verouderd in normale kommunikasie is nie. Grieks vanuit die Hellenistiese en Bisantynse tye is merkbaar nader aan Moderne Grieks. Vanaf 1834 tot 1976 is daar 'n poging aangewend om Καθαρεύουσα (Katharevousa, [kaTa'revus], "gereinigde taal", 'n poging om eeue-oue natuurlike linguistieke verandering aan 'n taal te korrigeer) as die enigste aanvaarbare vorm van Grieks in Griekeland te maak. Ná 1976 is Δημοτική (Dhimotiki, [Dimoti'ci], "taal van die mense") uiteindelik deur die Griekse regering aanvaar as beide die de facto en de jure vorme van die taal. 'n Groot hoeveelheid woorde en uitdrukkings bly onveranderd deur die eeue behoue, en word gevind in 'n aantal ander tale, insluitend Latyn, Nederlands, Italiaans, Duits, Frans, Engels en Afrikaans. Tipiese voorbeelde hiervan sluit meeste terminologiename in, soos astronomie, demokrasie, filosofie, antropologie ens.

Geskiedenis

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Oorsprong

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Antieke verspreiding van Griekse dialekte
Verspreiding van Grieks in die Hellenistiese tydperk
Moderne verspreiding van Griekse dialekte

Daar bestaan baie teorieë oor die oorsprong van die Griekse taal. Een teorie stel voor dat dit ontstaan het met die migrasie van proto-Griekse sprekers na Griekeland, wat in enige periode tussen 3200 v.C. tot 1900 v.C. gebeur het. 'n Ander teorie handhaaf dat Grieks in Griekeland self ontwikkel het vanuit 'n vorige Indo-Europese taal.

Skryfstelsel

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Grieks word geskryf met die Griekse alfabet wat dateer vanuit die 8ste eeu v.C. Die Griekse alfabet bestaan uit 24 letters: Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε, Ζ, Η, Θ, Ι, Κ, Λ, Μ, Ν, Ξ, Ο, Π, Ρ, Σ, Τ, Υ, Φ, Χ, Ψ, Ω.

In die verlede het Grieke ander skryfstelsels gebruik: Lineêr B (hierdie skrif is heeltemal vergete na 12 eeu vC), en die Sipriese lettergreepskrif (verwant aan Lineêr B), wat in 10-3 eeue VC in Siprus bestaan het).

Zolotas se toespraak

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In 1954 het professor Xenophon Zolotas 'n toespraak gemaak by die Harvard-universiteit. Die toespraak was natuurlik in Engels, maar vol woorde wat afgelei is vanuit Grieks:

Kyrie,

I eulogize the archons of the Panethnic Numismatic Thesaurus and the Ecumenical Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their axioms, methods and policies, although there is an episode of cacophony of the Trapeza with Hellas. With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the synods of our didymous Organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized. Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy. This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a prophylaxis from chaos and catastrophe. In parallel, a panethnic unhypocritical economic synergy and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic. I apologize for my eccentric monologue. I emphasize my eucharistia to you Kyrie, to the eugenic and generous American Ethnos and to the organizers and protagonists of this Amphictyony and the gastronomic symposia.

Mr Xenophon Zolotas

Voorbeelde

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Die sewe beginverse van Homeros se Ilias
Die nege beginverse van Homeros se Odussee

Die Onse Vader in Grieks (Matteus 6:9-13):
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφελήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ρῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας·
ἀμήν.

Sien ook

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Verwysings

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  1. ↑ "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Greek" (in Engels). Ethnologue. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 4 Mei 2020. Besoek op 29 April 2016.

Eksterne skakels

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Wikipedia
Wikipedia
Sien gerus Wikipedia se uitgawe in Grieks
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